取代烷基侧链长度对二维纳米结构的影响

合成了一系列烷基取代的间苯三酚衍生物,并在大气条件下用扫描隧道显微镜研究了它们在高定向裂解石墨表面的吸附和组装行为.实验结果表明,这些自组装分子具有条状结构特征.在链长较短的分子图像中,两条平行的烷氧基链肩并肩地排列在苯环的一侧,另一条烷氧基链则排列在苯环的另一侧,链与链之间彼此相互交错排列形成均一的烷基条带.当链长增加时,这种高稳定性和密排结构遭到破坏,出现单个分子和分子对共存的组装结构.这是由于烷基链与烷基链之间以及烷基链与基底之间的作用力共同决定的.通过调控分子烷基链的长度可以得到不同的表面二维纳米结构.     

用于氢键组装的星形光电材料的合成与表征

合成了一系列具有光电活性的星状共轭分子, 并在端基上引入了不同个数或不同类型的氢键基团. 包括端基上分别带有1, 2和3个羧酸基团的星状芴分子, 以及结构更为刚性的3个端基均为2,4-二胺基三嗪环的三聚茚分子, 以此形成一个系列的分子结构, 便于进行系统性研究. 同时我们对这些星状分子进行了紫外和荧光光谱的表征, 发现星状核和长烷基侧链能有效地阻止分子间π-π堆积和增大固态薄膜的无定形态. 最终这些功能性分子将有望由氢键诱导在石墨或者金属表面形成有序的自组装结构.     

枝状分子表面组装结构的形成与结构转变

本文是对近期有关枝状分子在石墨表面吸附组装研究的综述.利用扫描隧道显微技术,系统研究了5-甲氧基间苯二酸类枝状分子在石墨表面组装结构的形成及结构转变,发现虽然该类枝状分子大都可以在石墨表面自发有序组装,但是最终形成的组装结构不仅与分子本身结构例如烷基链的数目有关,与分子浓度有关,还与所用溶剂有关.分子浓度和溶剂的变化,影响组装体系内的相互作用力如分子与基底间的作用力、分子间氢键的作用力等,影响分子迁移和结构转变的动力学过程,从而影响枝状分子组装的最终结构.研究揭示了特定体系中枝状分子组装结构与分子浓度、所用溶剂的定量和定性关系.研究结果有助于认识和掌握枝状分子组装规律,进而可以通过改变相关技术参数,调控得到不同的枝状分子表面组装体,为实现可控构筑分子表面组装结构提供了新的思路.     

Graphene功能分子在HOPG上自组装结构的密度泛函研究

Graphene自组装超分子结构,是指FTBC-Cn(n=4,6,8,12)分子有序自组装在高定向裂解石墨(HOPG)上形成的自组装超分子结构,是一种新型二维固体表面材料.其中FTBC-Cn分子是由三角形扶手椅型graphene每边添加2条含有n(n=4,6,8,12)个C原子的烷基链所形成具有曲面结构的一种分子.采用...     

利用给体-π-受体分子模板在Au(111)电极表面构筑富勒烯带状结构(英文)

富勒烯与功能分子之间的电荷作用已经被广泛应用于功能性器件的构筑中.这些功能器件的性能与电极表面的薄膜排布结构有着密切关系.因此,研究电极表面的富勒烯和功能分子的组装结构对这些器件的构筑和功能的发挥有着重要意义.本文利用电化学扫描隧道显微镜技术,在HClO4溶液中系统研究了C60分子与有机电子给体-π-受体分子C16H33O-I3CNQ[Z-β-(5-hexadecyloxy-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-indolium)-α-cyano-4-styryl dicyanomethanide]在Au(111)电极表面的二维组装结构.研究发现:C16H33O-I3CNQ分子在Au(111)电极表面组装形成具有短程有序性的条陇状结构;而C60分子在C16H33O-I3CNQ模板之上组装形成了带状结构.C60分子带状结构的形成方向受到了C16H33O-I3CNQ分子中电子给体-π-受体部分排列结构的影响.C60分子与C16H33O-I3CNQ分子之间的π-π堆积作用和电荷转移作用对这种带状结构的形成有着密切关系.这一结果为利用富勒烯和功能分子之间的作用构筑功能器件提供了一种新的制备方法.     

β-联碳酰基类衍生物有序自组装膜的STM研究

在大气条件下, 利用扫描隧道显微镜研究了四个β-联碳酰基类衍生物在高定向裂解石墨(HOPG)表面的自组装结构. 研究分子的结构中均包含π电子共轭体系和烷基链. 实验研究了分子结构对自组装结构的影响, 并利用分子结构的变化实现了自组装膜结构的调控. 结果表明, 在甲苯溶剂中制备的这些自组装结构均长程有序, 分子间氢键和偶极相互作用是影响自组装膜结构变化的重要因素.     

N-乙氧羰基-N'-取代芳基硫脲晶体中的弱相互作用及超分子结构研究

合成了3种N-乙氧羰基-N'-取代芳基硫脲并确定了其晶体结构,晶体结构表明,在这些化合物中存在分子内及分子间的氢键,分子间的氢键将化合物1和2组装成了一维链状的超分子结构,由于空间因素,化合物3没有形成类似于1,2中的氢键组装成的链状超分子结构,而是形成了氢键链接的二聚体.同时在化合物1,3中还存在分子间的芳环间的π-π相互作用.在化合物1的晶体中,这种π-π相互作用使相邻的超分子链之间相互关联.化合物3的晶体中,相邻的二聚体间又通过π-π相互作用连接成了无限延伸的一维链状结构.     

二元组装体集群时的高选择性杂化重组行为

多样性自组装体在混合时,通常表现出互不干扰的自分类性,能高度选择性地自分类堆积.但结构极为相似的组装子在相互混合时,会发生交互作用并表现出重组现象.文中合成和观测了具有芳香环边墙和不同酰胺侧链的C型甘脲分子夹为组装单元的混合组装行为.研究发现,此类分子在各自以单一态物质溶解于CDCl3时,能通过π-π相互作用和氢键形成二聚自组装体;若将两种具有不同酰胺侧链的C型甘脲分子夹两两混合,从理论上推测应有三种二聚自组装堆积态存在：A·A、B·B、A·B.但经1HNMR分析发现了一个有趣的现象,即当酰胺侧链上的取代基R′分别为具有C-H结构（如1和2）与PhF5基（5）的组装体两两混合时,二聚组装主要呈现出高度选择性杂化重组的A·B结构态.这种取代基控制的高选择性重组行为可能是基于π-π相互作用、N—H…O氢键,以及C—H…π等三重作用力的协同结果.     

分子间相互作用对聚肽共聚物/聚苯乙烯衍生物共混体系自组装形貌影响的研究

合成了两亲性的聚(γ-苄基-L-谷氨酸酯)-b-聚乙二醇(PBLG-b-PEG)聚肽刚-柔嵌段共聚物和聚苯乙烯(PS)均聚物及多种聚苯乙烯衍生物,包括聚(4-乙酰氧基苯乙烯)(PAS)均聚物、聚(4-羟基苯乙烯)(PVPh)均聚物和聚(苯乙烯-co-4-乙酰氧基苯乙烯)(P(S-co-AS))共聚物.用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等表征了聚合物的结构、分子量及分布.采用共溶剂溶解、选择性溶剂透析的方法,制备了PBLG-b-PEG嵌段共聚物与不同PS衍生物(包括PS均聚物)共混体系的自组装聚集体,利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等表征了自组装体的形貌和结构.研究发现,不同的分子间相互作用(如π-π共轭作用、偶极-偶极相互作用、氢键作用等)对共混体系的自组装形貌有显著的影响.PBLG-b-PEG/PS共混体系自组装可形成表面具有条纹结构的"毛线球"聚集体,该体系中PBLG和PS之间形成π-π共轭作用,相互作用强度相对较弱;PBLG-b-PEG/PAS共混体系自组装可形成表面基本光滑并有轻微凹陷的球形聚集体,该体系中PBLG和PAS之间除了π-π共轭作用,还可形成相对较强的偶极-偶极相互作用;而PBLG-b-PEG/PVPh共混体系自组装得到了囊泡,该体系中PBLG与PVPh之间可形成π-π共轭和氢键作用,相互作用强度进一步增强.对于PBLG-b-PEG/P(S-co-AS)共混体系,可通过改变P(S-co-AS)共聚物中AS摩尔分数和制备温度来调控自组装聚集体表面的条纹形貌.根据PBLG链段与不同PS衍生物(包括PS均聚物)之间不同的分子间相互作用,提出了上述聚集体形貌转变的机理.     

异代酯基枝状分子表面组装及结构转化机理的STM研究

利用扫描隧道显微技术(STM)研究了3种异代酯基Janus枝状分子(G₁G₂COOCH₃, G₀G₃COOCH₃, G₁G₃COOCH₃)在高定向裂解石墨(HOPG)表面的组装结构. 室温下, G₁G₂COOCH₃, G₀G₃COOCH₃和G₁G₃COOCH₃分别在表面形成有序、局部有序及无序结构. 将样品加热至60~80 ℃后, 表面无序结构可以转化为有序的二聚体密堆积结构. 实验结果表明, 随着枝状分子代数的增加, 分子之间及分子与基底之间作用力增强, 室温下分子组装行为更依赖于分子吸附动力学过程, 组装结构趋于无序化, 而加热可以增强枝状分子在表面的活动性, 调整分子的位置关系, 使表面无序结构转化为热力学稳定的有序二聚体密堆积组装结构.     

Microstructures of 2,5-dialkyl benzene sulfonate micelles studied using H NMR

Micellization of a series of newly synthesized dialkyl benzene sulfonates was studied using proton chemical shift changes, spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation NMR spectroscopy, and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (2D NOESY). The o-substituted chains are normal alkyl chains with varying lengths, and the m-substituted ones are branched alkyl chains. The results showed that the longer the o-substituted normal alkyl chain, the more the methylene groups participated in the formation of the rigid surface layers of the hydrophobic micellar cores. Consequently, the larger was the area per molecule adsorbed on the interface between oil and water at saturation. The branched m-substituted alkyl chains of the dialkyl benzene sulfonates were less tightly packed than the o-substituted normal alkyl chains in the hydrophobic micellar cores. The shorter the m-substituted branched alkyl chains, the looser they were packed in the hydrophobic micellar cores. The relative arrangement of the surfactant molecules in the micelles was elucidated.     

LB film structure of poly(2-methoxy,5-(8-methoxy-3,6-dioxa-1-undecoxy)-p-phenylene vinylene) studied by spectroscopy

A PPV derivative, poly(2-methoxy,5-(8-methoxy-3,6-dioxa-1-undecoxy)-p-phenylene vinylene), has been synthesized by the Gilch route to study the influence of a long alkyl side chain and a di(ethylene oxide) methyl ether group on the multilayer structure obtained by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. UV-visible, PL, and FTIR spectra are applied to study the conformation and orientation of the MMDU-PPV molecules in multilayer organization. MMDU-PPV is apt to form a transferable monolayer film, in which the plane of its pi system is perpendicular to the air-water interface. The adjacent conjugated main chains of MMDU-PPV in LB films are aligned in parallel fashion and packed with the plane of its pi system approximately perpendicular to the layer plane and not organized to compact pi-stacking structure for introducing di(ethylene oxide) methyl ether (DEOM) side chains to conjugated main chains. The long alkyl side chains are characterized by all trans-zigzag conformation and average tilt angle of 36+/-1.5 degrees. The layer-by-layer multilayer of MMDU-PPV obtained by Langmuir-Blodgett technique exhibits some in-plane anisotropy and more pure photoluminescence than that of the dilute MMDU-PPV solution.     

2,5-双取代烷基苯磺酸钠胶束微结构的1H NMR研究

利用核磁共振化学位移变化, 自旋-自旋弛豫和2D NOESY(two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy)研究了一系列新合成的双取代烷基苯磺酸盐的胶束化. 结果表明, 邻位取代的是正烷烃链, 间位取代的是支烷烃链. 而且, 邻位取代的烷烃链越长, 参与形成胶束疏水核表面层的亚甲基个数越多. 因此, 每个分子在饱和吸附的油水界面上的面积越大. 间位取代的分支链在胶束疏水核中堆积得没有邻位取代的正烷烃链紧密. 分支链越短, 堆积得越不紧密. 描述了胶束中分子的相对排列.     

Coincidence of the molecular organization of beta-substituted oligothiophenes in two-dimensional layers and three-dimensional crystals

The molecular arrangements of three different alkyl-substituted oligothiophenes both in two-dimensional adsorbed layers at a substrate interface and in bulk three-dimensional crystals were studied. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to investigate the ordering of the conjugated oligomers in two-dimensional layers adsorbed on graphite. These data were compared with the X-ray structure determinations of single crystals revealing the arrangement in the three-dimensional bulk material. Quaterthiophenes 1 and 2, bearing dodecyl and hexyl side chains, respectively, exhibit a lamella-type stacking of the conjugated backbone concomitant with an interlocking of the alkyl side chains both on the surface and in the crystal. In contrast, the arrangement of propyl-substituted quaterthiophene 3 is rather "herringbone-like" due to the reduced interactions of the shorter alkyl side chains. In all three cases, evidently, the two-dimensional ordering at the graphite surface is coincident with the molecular packing in one cross-section of the three-dimensional crystal.     

Supramolecular staircase via self-assembly of disklike molecules at the solid-liquid interface.

A series of soluble hexabenzocoronene (HBC) derivatives with pendant optically active (S)-3,7-dimethyloctanyl and (R,S)-3,7-dimethyloctanyl (mixture of stereoisomers) hydrocarbon side chains with and without a phenylene spacer were assembled into differently ordered arrays at the interface between a solution and the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Molecularly resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images revealed that all derivatives self-assemble into oriented crystals in quasi-two dimensions. However, while for the alkyl-substituted HBCs (1,4) all of the single aromatic cores within a monolayer exhibit the same contrast in the STM, the single aromatic cores with a phenylene group between the alkyl side chains and the aromatic core (2a,2b,3) exhibit different contrasts within a monolayer. For the disks carrying racemic branched or n-alkyl side chains (2b,3) a random distribution of the two different contrasts within the 2D-crystal is observed, while the optically active phenylene-alkyl-substituted HBC (2a) exhibits a periodical distribution of three contrasts within the monolayer. We attribute the different contrasts of the aromatic cores in the presence of the phenylene groups to a loss of the planarity of the whole molecule and different conformations, which allow the conjugated disks to attain different equilibrium positions above the surface of HOPG. In the case of the optically active side chains a regular superstructure with three distinctly different positions such as in a staircase is attained. The self-assembly processes are governed by the interplay of intramolecular as well as intermolecular and interfacial interactions. In the present case, the interactions may induce both the molecules to acquire well distinct positions along the z axis and to adopt different conformations. The reported results open new avenues of exploration. For instance, the different couplings of conjugated molecules with the substrate at different separations can be investigated by means of scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). Furthermore, experiments on the STM tip-induced switching of single molecules embedded in a monolayer appear feasible.     

Novel Ladder π‐Conjugated Materials—Sila‐Pentathienoacenes: Synthesis,Structure, and Electronic Properties

A novel series of ladder π‐conjugated materials—sila‐pentathienoacenes ( Si‐PTA ) are synthesized and characterized. Crystal structures of the compounds show that the length of alkyl chains substituting on the thiophene ring has a significant influence on molecular packing. A densely packed structure with an interfacial distance of about 3.66 Å between the adjacent molecules is observed for the compound with shorter alkyl chains. However, a large interfacial distance (7.99 Å) is obtained for another compound because of the insertion of long alkyl chains between two planes. The investigation of the optical and electrochemical properties shows that the silylene bridge incorporated into the pentathienoacene framework exerts a clear effect on the electronic properties by the σ*–π* conjugation. Although only a slight enhancement is observed for the HOMO levels, with respect to that of pentathienoacene, the LUMO levels are significantly lowered. The observed electronic properties are consistent with the theoretical calculations.     

侧链含自由基单元的1,4-吡咯并吡咯二酮共轭聚合物的合成和半导体性质研究

合成了两个侧链含有2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基单元(TEMPO)的1,4-吡咯并吡咯二酮(DPP)共轭聚合物PDPP4T-1和PDPP4T-2,并开展了其半导体性质研究。薄膜场效应晶体管器件测试结果显示,相对于不含TEMPO的聚合物PDPP4T,PDPP4T-1和PDPP4T-2的场效应器件性能有所降低,不过,含TEMPO的聚合物器件性能最高仍达到了2.12cm~2·V~(-1)·s~(-1)。进一步通过原子力显微镜和X射线衍射对TEMPO引入后导致性能降低的可能原因进行了研究。     

Chiral expression at the solid-liquid interface: a joint experimental and theoretical study of the self-assembly of chiral porphyrins on graphite

The chiral organization of an enantiopure functional molecule on an achiral surface has been studied with the aim of understanding the influence of stereogenic centers on the self-assembly in two dimensions. A chiral tetra meso-amidophenyl-substituted porphyrin containing long hydrophobic tails at the periphery of the conjugated pi-electron system was prepared for this purpose. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of the compound at the graphite-heptanol interface reveal a chiral arrangement of the molecules, with the porphyrin rows tilted by 13 degrees with respect to the normal to the graphite axes. In terms of molecular modeling, a combination of molecular dynamics simulations on systems constrained by periodic boundary conditions and on unconstrained large molecular aggregates has been applied to reach a quantitative interpretation on both the density of the layer and its orientation with respect to the graphite surface. The results show clearly that (i) the methyl groups of the stereogenic point toward the graphite surface and (ii) the porphyrin molecules self-assemble into an interdigitated structure where the alkyl chains align along one of the graphite axes and the porphyrin cores are slightly shifted with respect to one another. The direction of this shift, which defines the chirality of the monolayer, is set by the chirality of the stereogenic centers. Such an arrangement results in the formation of a dense chiral monolayer that is further stabilized by hydrogen bonding with protic solvents.     

Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of (A)[FeIII(oxalate)Cl2] (A = alkyl ammonium cations) with anionic 1D [FeIII(oxalate)Cl2]- chains

The use of alkyl ammonium cations resulted in four compounds of (A)[FeIII(ox)Cl2] (A = Et3NH+ (1a, 1b), Me4N+ (2), and n-Bu4N+ (3); ox = oxalate), whose structures and magnetic properties were characterized. In all cases, the metal Fe(III) ions are six-coordinated by four oxygen atoms from two bischelating oxalate ligands and the two terminal Cl- ions in the cis position. Thus they form similar anionic 1D [FeIII(ox)Cl2]- chains. The chains are separated by alkyl ammonium cations in the lattice, and the cation size seems to control the interchain separation and packing patterns in the solid. A parallel arrangement of the [FeIII(ox)Cl2]- chains is observed for 1a, 2, and 3, while a crossed one is observed for 1b, which is a polymorph of 1a. Magnetic studies reveal the antiferromagnetic intrachain interactions in all compounds. The last three compounds, 1b, 2, and 3, show spin canting below 14.5, 9.5, and 3.8 K, respectively. The dipolar interaction over the interchain distance is proposed to be the result of 3D magnetic ordering in the materials.     

Amphiphilic hairy disks with branched hydrophilic tails and a hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene core

Amphiphilic discotic molecules with hydrophilic side branches consisting of hexaphenyl hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene and hexabiphenyl hexa-peri-hexabiphenylcoronene as the aromatic core and hexa-substituted oligoethers as the branched peripheral chains have been synthesized, and their microstructure has been characterized. The discotic molecules based on dibranched oligoether side chains have been observed to self-organize into a well-ordered hexagonal columnar structure within liquid crystalline phases, which possessed an exceptionally high thermal stability and an unusually wide temperature range over >300 degrees C. We suggest that a combination of the large lateral dimensions of the rigid cores and disordered structure of the oxygen-containing branches tails is a driving force to the formation of a highly ordered columnar structure in the bulk state with enhanced molecular segregation. In contrast to the thermotropic phase behavior that favors the formation of highly ordered columnar aggregates through a strong stacking interaction, the hexabenzocoronene cores are packed in a face-on arrangement at the air/water interface and on solid surfaces with surface domains composed of an array of 7 x 7 molecules. We suggest a crablike molecular conformation and cluster-segregated monolayers with 6-fold symmetry and unusual face-on packing on a solid surface. Preliminary spectroscopic studies in the bulk state have shown that the molecules based on a hexaaromatic-substituted core may serve as functional supramolecular materials with high energy transfer characteristic within the columns due to near-perfect columnar ordering, which is unchanged over a wide temperature range. We believe that an absence of the crystallization phenomenon of side-branched oligoether chains is critical for the formation of long-range columnar ordering with strong intracolumnar correlation of conjugated disks important for high carrier mobility.