矩形通道高宽比对单相层流特性的影响

通过分析壁面切应力,比较了不同高宽比矩形通道宽边和窄边壁面摩擦阻力特性. 结果表明宽边摩擦阻力随高宽比的减小而急剧增加;窄边摩擦阻力变化趋势与宽边相反,但变化幅度比宽边小;总摩擦阻力随高宽比的减小而增大. 宽边摩擦阻力占总摩擦阻力的份额随高宽比的增加而减小,且高宽比越大,变化速率越慢. 高宽比对窄边局部切应力的影响很小,对宽边局部切应力的大小和分布形状均有明显影响. 采用能量梯度法,对不同高宽比矩形通道内单相层流-湍流转捩雷诺数进行求解,并将理论计算结果整理成多项式,其预测值和实验值有很好的一致性.     

绕流直接数值模拟误差分析

对于无边界绕流问题的计算流体力学模拟通常是将物体置于“足够大”的槽道中，而通过不断改变槽道尺寸以及离散网格密度，后验对比方式来检查模拟误差。本文结合多种经典流场理论，提出一种简单的先验误差估计方法来确定槽道尺寸以及相应的网格分布。在此方法中，对于槽道尺寸的确定基于线性叠加原理（即在极小雷诺数下采用Stokes理论解叠加，而在其他雷诺数条件下采用势流理论解叠加），来估计槽道尺寸对绕流结果的影响。而对网格尺寸与分布，则是使用多项式逼近中的基本误差分析工具，应用到速度边界层，远场势流，以及Rankine涡等简单流动，从而确定整个绕流问题中的离散误差。为了验证前面的理论分析结果，本文模拟了相当大雷诺数范围内的二维翼型以及三维圆球绕流，所得数值结果非常好地验证了理论分析。结果表明，对于Stokes流动问题，槽道尺寸需要大约100倍于物体特征尺寸来保证其结果与无边界绕流相差不超过1%；而在雷诺数超过大约100时，槽道尺寸只需10倍（二维绕流）或者5倍（三维绕流）于物体特征尺寸来达到同等精度。在此先验误差估计方法可应用于一般化的绕流问题。     

正方形排列四圆柱体绕流特性及互扰效应研究

基于计算流体动力学理论,运用大涡模拟方法对雷诺数Re=3900三维正方形排列四圆柱体结构群的绕流问题进行数值计算,主要分析来流攻角与间距比两个参数对四圆柱体结构群流体参数及流场模态的影响。结果表明:来流攻角与间距比均对四圆柱体结构群绕流特性有较强的影响;来流攻角θ=0°、22.5°、45°下,临界间距比分别为3.5、4.0、3.0;间距比的变化会导致下游圆柱表面压力系数分布发生改变;另一方面,间距比较小时,四圆柱体结构之间的互扰作用均以临近效应为主;随间距比增大,上游圆柱尾流对下游圆柱有显著影响,其互扰作用会转变尾激效应。     

表面活性剂减阻水溶液突扩流的阻力特性

为揭示胶束水溶液突扩流的减阻特性,实验研究了质量分数为1×10-4, 2 ×10-4的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵水溶液通过管径比为1:1.52的突扩的流动阻力行为. 实验结果表明,在直管段最大减阻率都可达到70%的两给定质量分数的胶束水溶液,其突扩局部阻力系数,在较低雷诺数区域,较牛顿流体仅有10%~20%程度的降低,呈现局部低减阻特性;在较高雷诺数区域远大于牛顿流体,尤其当突扩进口流快失去减阻能力时,甚至接近牛顿流体的1.5倍,呈现明显的局部增阻行为. 胶束水溶液减阻流,在突扩下游再次形成充分发展流所需的下游长度,远大于牛顿流体的7.8倍下游管径(45倍突扩台阶高度),流入突扩前完全失去减阻能力的质量分数为2×10-4的胶束水溶液流,所需的突扩下游长度达到最大,约合158倍下游管径(920倍突扩台阶高度). 通过胶束水溶液流变特性的实验分析认为,减阻水溶液突扩流的阻力行为与它的胶束网联结构的形成及松弛的时间特性密切相关.      

近壁湍流统计性质研究

采用大涡模拟方法,模拟了槽道湍流,得到了不同雷诺数下槽道湍流的结果. 在此基础上,研究了平均速度、雷诺应力、脉动动能和脉动速度均方根的分布;讨论了平均速度的壁面律问题;给出了雷诺应力、脉动动能和脉动速度均方根随雷诺数的变化规律,其中雷诺应力、脉动动能给出了定量公式.      

汶川地震滑坡与地震参数及地质地貌因素之间的相关关系

采用大涡模拟方法,模拟了槽道湍流,得到了不同雷诺数下槽道湍流的结果. 在此基 础上,研究了平均速度、雷诺应力、脉动动能和脉动速度均方根的分布;讨论了平均速度的 壁面律问题;给出了雷诺应力、脉动动能和脉动速度均方根随雷诺数的变化规律,其中雷诺 应力、脉动动能给出了定量公式.     

管间距对串联双圆柱表面压力分布特性的影响研究

对气液两相流中串联双圆柱表面压力分布特性进行了系统的实验研究 ,着重讨论了管间距的影响。实验双圆柱的间距比分别为 2 .0 ,3.0 ,4.0 ;截面含气率的范围为0～ 0 .3;来流雷诺数的范围为 3× 1 0 4 ～ 8× 1 0 4 。     

表面活性剂减阻水溶液突扩流的阻力特性

为揭示胶束水溶液突扩流的减阻特性,实验研究了质量分数为1×10~(-4),2×10~(-4)的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵水溶液通过管径比为1:1.52的突扩的流动阻力行为.实验结果表明,在直管段最大减阻率都可达到70%的两给定质量分数的胶束水溶液,其突扩局部阻力系数,在较低雷诺数区域,较牛顿流体仅有10%～20%程度的降低,呈现局部低减阻特性;在较高雷诺数区域远大于牛顿流体,尤其当突扩进口流快失去减阻能力时,甚至接近牛顿流体的1.5倍,呈现明显的局部增阻行为.胶束水溶液减阻流,在突扩下游再次形成充分发展流所需的下游长度,远大于牛顿流体的7.8倍下游管径(45倍突扩台阶高度),流入突扩前完全失去减阻能力的质量分数为2×10~(-4)的胶束水溶液流,所需的突扩下游长度达到最大,约合158倍下游管径(920倍突扩台阶高度).通过胶束水溶液流变特性的实验分析认为,减阻水溶液突扩流的阻力行为与它的胶束网联结构的形成及松弛的时间特性密切相关.     

有限长正方形棱柱绕流的双稳态现象

运用大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES) 方法对有限长正方形棱柱绕流进行了研究. 棱柱高宽比为5,一端固定于平板上,另一端为自由端. 平板表面边界层厚度可忽略不计. 基于自由流速度和棱柱宽度的雷诺数为3 900. 由计算结果发现,有限长棱柱的尾流在自由端后下扫流的作用下具有显著的三维性. 尾流中会交替出现两种典型的流动状态:一种是柱体两侧所脱落的涡在尾流中形成类似卡门涡街的交错排列状态;另一种是柱体尾流中涡团对称分布且无明显的周期性. 两种典型流动状态的交替出现,对有限长棱柱气动力特性有直接的影响.     

串列双圆柱体绕流特性与互扰效应研究

基于大涡模拟(LES)方法对亚临界雷诺数(Re=3900)下三维串列双圆柱体绕流问题进行了数值计算。首先,通过求解单圆柱算例来验证计算模型及参数的正确性。然后,着重分析了不同间距比对双圆柱体的流体力系数的影响,并阐述了双圆柱体流场特性变化及其互扰效应内在机理。研究表明:雷诺数Re=3900时,串列双圆柱体绕流临界间距比在3.9～4.0之间;随着间距比的增加,双圆柱体临近流场中二次涡团形成的区域与三维涡结构均会发生变化,导致其结构表面所受的流体力系数在时间与空间上变化的规律性逐渐减弱;达到临界间距比时,流体力系数的变化会呈现出较强的规律性。     

Flow and heat transfer performance of a mini-channel radiator with cylinder disturbed flow

Mini-channel heat sinks have relatively low Nusselt number due to small Reynolds number. For heat transfer enhancement purpose, a mini-channel radiator with cylinder disturbed flow was proposed. The disturbed flow was created by a circular cylinder placed horizontally in front of channels entrance. The performance of heat transfer and pressure drop with/without disturbed flow was studied experimentally. It was found that the friction factor of mini-channel flow was larger than that of the macro-channel flow due to larger surface roughness, and the pressure drop caused by cylinder disturbed flow was less than 5%. It also concluded that the average Nusselt number increases with augment of Reynolds and Prandtl number. The Nusselt number correlations as the function of the Reynolds and Prandtl number were given for evaluation the heat removal performance of similar heat radiators. There is an inflexion point in the empirical formulas when the channel length equals to the thermal entrance length. For the mini-channels heat radiators with disturbed flow, the inflexion Reynolds number is larger than that of without disturbed flow. Due to the flow pulsing caused by circular cylinder placed in front of channels entrance, the thermal entrance length increases. On the other hand, for both mini-channels with or without disturbed flow, the thermal resistance increases with the decrease of pressure drop.     

电磁极宽度对圆柱绕流场影响的数值分析

在雷诺数Re=200的情况,利用Maxwell方程直接数值计算表面包覆电极与磁极圆柱体产生的电磁力分布,将其加入到动量方程中,在各种电磁力作用参数和电磁极宽度的组合下,对表面覆盖电磁极圆柱体在弱电解质中的绕流场结构及其升阻力特性进行了数值模拟与分析.结果表明,当电磁极宽度较小时,圆柱体绕流场的分离点越容易接近后驻点,而电磁力对总阻力的影响并不明显,但对压差和摩擦阻力均有明显影响.当电磁极宽度较大时,圆柱体尾部区域越容易产生射流现象,而且总阻力随电磁力作用参数和电磁极宽度增大而减小.在电磁力尚不足以完全抑制周期性涡脱落的情况下,升力幅值随电磁力作用参数增大而减小,但随电磁极宽度则先减小后略有增加,升力脉动频率则均随电磁力作用参数和电磁极宽度增大而增加.研究表明,电磁力可以有效地改善圆柱体绕流场结构,达到减小圆柱体阻力并抑制其脉动升力之目的,因此是圆柱型结构的一种有效流动控制手段.     

Calculation of oseen flows past a circular cylinder at low reynolds numbers

The velocity, pressure, vorticity and streamfunction are computed in the Oseen hydrodynamic field of an unbounded fluid past a circular cylinder in the Reynolds Number range going from 0.4 to 12. The boundary condition is satisfied by means of the method of least squares that determines suitable coefficients for Faxén series. Particular investigation is made of the wake region in which calculations are made of flow patterns, velocity and vorticity distributions. It is shown that, attached vortices arise at the rear of the cylinder at Reynolds Number Re=3.025. Calculated drag coefficients are in good agreement with known results of the works of several authors up to a Reynolds Number of 20.     

GROUND EFFECT OF FLOW AROUND AN ELLIPTIC CYLINDER IN A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

The flow characteristics around an elliptic cylinder with an axis ratio of AR=2 located near a flat plate were investigated experimentally. The elliptic cylinder was embedded in a turbulent boundary layer whose thickness is larger than the cylinder height. For comparison, the same experiment was carried out for a circular cylinder having the same vertical height. The Reynolds number based on the height of the cylinder cross-section was 14000. The pressure distributions on the cylinder surface and on the flat plate were measured for various gap distances between the cylinder and the plate. The wake velocity profiles behind the cylinder were measured using hot-wire anemometry. In the near-wake region, the vortices are shed regularly only when the gap ratio is greater than the critical value of G/B=0·4. The critical gap ratio is larger than that of a circular cylinder. The variation of surface pressure distributions on the elliptic cylinder with respect to the gap ratio is much smaller than that on the circular cylinder. This trend is more evident on the upper surface than the lower one. The surface pressures on the flat plate recover faster than those for the case of the circular cylinder at downstream locations. As the gap ratio increases, the drag coefficient of the cylinder itself increases, but the lift coefficient decreases. For all gap ratios tested in this study, the drag coefficient of the elliptic cylinder is about half that of the circular cylinder. The ground effect of the cylinder at small gap ratio constrains the flow passing through the gap, and restricts the vortex shedding from the cylinder, especially in the lower side of the cylinder wake. This constraint effect is more severe for the elliptic cylinder, compared to the circular cylinder. The wake region behind the elliptic cylinder is relatively small and the velocity profiles tend to approach rapidly to those of a flat plate boundary layer     

Experimental investigation on resistance characteristics in micro/mini cylinder group

Friction factors associated with forced flow of de-ionized water over staggered and in-line micro/mini cylinder group plates with 3.5 mm width and 40 mm length, which are made of micro/mini cylinders with hydraulic diameter of 0.5 mm and the heights of 1.0 mm, 0.75 mm, 0.5 mm and 0.25 mm, respectively, have been experimentally investigated over Reynolds number ranging from 25 to 800. The flux and the pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet of micro/mini cylinder group are measured and the experimental results are compared with those of convectional correlations. The investigation shows the value of fRe is approximately the constant in micro/mini cylinder group plates when the flow is purely laminar state. Except test sections with 0.25 mm cylinder height, the values of fRe for other test sections increase when Re > 100, as the results of the appearance of vortex resistance, the enhancement of stream pulse and the acceleration of stream frequency. For test section with 0.25 mm cylinder height, the values of fRe rapidly and oscillatingly increase at Re > 150 due to the influence of the scale effect, tip clearance effect and the roughness effect on the cylinder surface and bottom of micro/mini cylinder group plates. The friction factor in a staggered array is much larger than that at in-line array for micro/mini cylinder group plates and the higher the cylinder height is, the lower the friction factor becomes.     

湍流涡致振动频率特性

用数值模拟方法对固定圆柱湍流涡脱落频率与弹性圆柱湍流涡致振动频率特性进行了研究,湍流计算模型采用标准κ-ε模型,压力泊松方程提法基于非交错网格系统.研究结果表明:固定圆柱湍流绕流涡脱落频率基本不随雷诺数而变,对于同一固有频率弹性圆柱,涡振频率基本不随雷诺数而变;对于某一固定雷诺数流动涡振频率在一定范围内与系统固有频率有关.     

Pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of turbulent flow in annular tubes with internal wave-like longitudinal fins

Measured were pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics with uniform axial heat input using air as the working fluid in both the entrance and fully developed regions of annular tubes with wave-like longitudinal fins. Five series of experiments were performed for turbulent flow and heat transfer in the annular tubes with number of waves equal to 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20, respectively. The test tube has a double-pipe structure with the inner blocked tubes as an insertion. The wave-like fins are in the annulus and span its full width. The friction factor and Nusselt number in the fully developed region were obtained. The friction factor and Nusselt number can be well corrected by a power-law correction in the Reynolds number range tested. In order to evaluate the thermal performance of the longitudinal finned tubes over a plain circular tube, comparisons were made under three conditions: (1) identical pumping power; (2) identical pressure drop and (3) identical mass flow. It was found that under the three constraints all the wave-like finned tubes can enhance heat transfer with the tube with wave number 20 being superior. Finally, discussion on the enhancement mechanism is conducted and a general correlation for the fully developed heat transfer is provided, which can cover all the fifty data of the five tubes with a mean deviation of 9.3%.     

A unified theory of turbulent flow

Summary A general theory of turbulent flow is applied to incompressible flow in a circular pipe. The theoretical mean velocity distribution is found to be in good agreement with experiment, but there is some discrepancy in the normal stress distribution. The available pressure drop data are used to estimate the value of the apparent wall velocity as a function of Reynolds number and roughness. It is found that the results can be represented by simple expressions which in turn imply simple expressions for the pressure drop as a function of Reynolds number and roughness. However, it has not been possible to derive these results from fundamental considerations. The basis of Reynolds analogy and the application of the theory to channel flow are also discussed.     

Heat transfer and flow around a circular cylinder with tripping-wires

An experimental study was conducted on the heat transfer under the condition of constant heat flux and the flow around a circular cylinder with tripping-wires, which were affixed at ± 65° from the forward stagnation point on the cylinder surface. The testing fluid was air and the Reynolds number Red, based on the cylinder diameter, ranged from 1.2 × 10⁴ to 5.2×10⁴. Especially investigated are the interactions between the heat transfer and the flow in the critical flow state, in relation to the static pressure distribution along the cylinder surface and the mean and turbulent fluctuating velocities in the wake. It is found that the heat transfer from the cylinder to the cross flow is in very close connection with the width of near wake.     

Three-dimensional numerical study and field synergy principle analysis of wavy fin heat exchangers with elliptic tubes

Three dimensional numerical studies were performed for laminar heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of wavy fin heat exchangers with elliptic/circular tubes by body-fitted coordinates system. The simulation results of circular tube were compared with the experiment data, then circular and elliptic (e = b/a = 0.6) arrangements with the same minimum flow cross-sectional area were compared. A max relative heat transfer gain of up to 30% is observed in the elliptic arrangement, and corresponding friction factor only increased by about 10%. The effects of five factors on wavy fin and elliptic tube heat exchangers were examined: Reynolds number (based on the smaller ellipse axis, 500  4000), eccentricity (b/a, 0.6  1.0), fin pitch (F_p/2b, 0.05  0.4), fin thickness (F_t/2b, 0.006  0.04) and tube spanwise pitch (S₁/2b, 1.0  2.0). The results show that with the increasing of Reynolds number and fin thickness, decreasing of the eccentricity and spanwise tube pitch, the heat transfer of the finned tube bank are enhanced with some penalty in pressure drop. There is an optimum fin pitch (F_p/2b = 0.1) for heat transfer, but friction factor always decreases with increase of fin pitch. And when F_p/2b is larger than 0.25, it has little effects on heat transfer and pressure drop. The results were also analyzed from the view point of field synergy principle. It was found that the effects of the five factors on the heat transfer performance can be well described by the field synergy principle.