声弹性应力测量

本文简要评述了声弹性应力测量方法的理论、实验技术和应用等方面的发展概况。平面声弹性技术已取得进展。声弹性用于三维应力和残余应力测量仍有不少困难。     

黏弹性半空间体内部作用水平力时的理论分析

研究假定半无限体为线性黏弹性介质,土体在内部水平集中力作用下的应力球张量和应变球张量之间符合弹性关系,而应力偏张量和应变偏张量之间符合三参数固体黏弹性应力应变关系.利用半空间体内部受水平向集中力的Mindlin弹性理论解,根据弹性--弹黏性相应原理,系统推导了水平集中力作用在半无限体内部时的应力与位移分量的黏弹性解.通过对应力与位移分量在拉氏域内的解答进行Laplace逆变换,给出了应力与位移分量的时域解.作为黏弹性解答的应用,基于上述解答给出了水平向均布荷栽下作用在半空间体内部时的黏弹性位移计算公式,并编制了便于工程应用的计算程序.结果验证与深埋锚板的算例分析表明,本文的理论解答对实际工程具有一定的理论及应用价值.     

有限单元法在超声导波检测技术中的应用

超声导波检测技术具有对波导结构中的缺陷进行远距离无损检测的能力,多年来一直是无损检测领域关注的热点之一.有限单元法具有对各种复杂动力学问题进行计算的能力,已成为超声导波检测技术研究的重要工具.本文结合超声导波检测技术研究领域中的热点问题,对相关的有限单元法进行了简要综述.介绍了有限单元法的发展及其在多物理场耦合机制下导波的激励与接收、线弹性和黏弹性结构中导波的传播特性、非线性超声导波等多个方面的应用研究情况. 最后,基于超声导波检测技术研究趋势展望了相关有限单元法的未来研究重点和发展方向.      

弹性理论方程的不变解

基于李群和李代数理论,分析了固体力学中微分方程的群分析的基本原理和应用.总结了群分析在弹性理论领域取得的一些重要成果,特别是弹性动力学中的拉梅方程和非线性弹性理论方程方面,得到了弹性理论方程的一系列不变解.预测了群分析在弹性理论领域的进一步发展方向.     

《热弹性学》

热弹性学是研究热对弹性固体的形变和应力影响的一门学科。最近三十年来,热弹性学有了很大发展,它的基本理论业已确立,且成功地解决了许多工程上的问题。由李灏和颜汉洪编译,湖北教育出版社出版的《热弹性学》一书即将出版,就要和读者见面了本书主要根据H. Parkus的《热弹性学》和J. L. Nowinski的《热弹性学的理论与应用》两专著,编译介绍了热弹性学的基本理论和应用。全书包括线性理论、二维问题、     

双层球壳结构准静态线性化学弹性问题的位移势函数解

本文研究了各向同性固体的化学-力学耦合问题,在传统化学弹性理论描述的扩散-变形耦合关系基础上,进一步考虑了化学反应与固体变形的相互作用关系,发展了等温状态下固体-扩散-反应-变形耦合的线性化学弹性理论,拓展了化学弹性力学的应用范围．该理论能够同时描述固体内介质扩散和固体与介质之间化学反应两个不同时间尺度的化学过程,并给出由此引起的弹性范围内的应变和应力．为应用该模型求解具体化学弹性问题,本文通过构造扩散-反应位移势函数来获得位移特解形式,再与齐次Lamé方程通解叠加获得完整解;针对反应控制问题,引入化学弹性准静态假设,将反应-扩散-变形全耦合的瞬态过程分解为两个可解耦的相继过程,从而获得相应位移解．基于此解法,本文获得了反应控制的双层球壳结构化学弹性问题的解析解,并分析了化学反应、几何结构和弹性模量对应力分布的影响．     

应力波的激光产生和检测

应力波的激光产生和检测，是一个受到各领域专家关注的、在无损检测和应用力学等方面有着极大应用潜力和研究兴趣的新兴领域。针对其力学方面、实验技术和应用前景等，本文对有关原理、方法、技术和实用进行了简要的归纳与总结。     

数字相关法在超声应力信号处理中的应用

研究了数字相关法在超声应力检测中回波时间差的自动识别计算.采用数字模拟分析,对相关运算算法的可靠性进行了验证.分析了不同采样频率和相关窗口长度对相关计算的影响,并应用插值技术提高了时间差的计算精度.该方法对实验采集的超声纵波、横波及表面波的时间差分析均适用.通过对不同应力状态下采集的超声表面波信号的处理,得到了Q235钢中超声表面波传播时间差与应力的实验关系曲线,为超声应力检测奠定了基础.     

光弹性实验——(一)光弹性实验原理和方法的介绍

一、引言 光弹性实验是科学实验的一种,它利用偏振光通过由透明的和各向同性的光敏塑料制成的受力模型,以获得应力光图。然后,用应力状态理论,求出模型中任一截面的应力分布情况。最后,按相似理论将模型的应力换算为与之对应的结构或零件的应力。可见,它是一门与晶体光学、高分子化学、相似理论和固体力学紧密结合的,用实验方法对结构物或零件进行应力分析的科学。     

弹性大变形问题中的应力状态描述、奇异性问题和余能原理

对弹性大变形理论中的3方面问题进行了综述.首先,对各种应变度量的共轭应力进行综述.大变形问题引起的应力状态描述的复杂性引起了许多学者的兴趣,对这个问题的研究也促进了大变形弹性理论的发展.在各种特定问题中,人们提出了不同的应力张量来描述应力状态,如Caucby应力张量、第一类和第一二类Piola-Kirchhoff应力张...     

The Physical Fundamentals of the Ultrasonic Nondestructive Stress Analysis of Solids

Theoretical and experimental works on acoustoelasticity are briefly generalized. Studies conducted and scientific results obtained at the S. P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics and E. O. Paton Institute of Electric Welding of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are highlighted. Special features of these works and their difference from those of other authors are pointed out. The basic principles and laws governing the propagation of longitudinal, shear, and surface waves in bi- and triaxially stressed bodies are briefly stated with regard for the orthotropy and nonlinear properties of the material. The experimentally proven principles and laws for elastic waves propagating in initially stressed bodies are formulated. The physical fundamentals of the ultrasonic nondestructive technique for determining bi- and triaxial stresses in solids are described. The determination of bi- and triaxial residual stresses in specimens and structural members is demonstrated by examples. The basic principles of the related (dielectric and electromagnetic) methods for stress analysis of polymeric materials are stated. The application of the electromagnetic method to the stress analysis of some polymeric materials is considered     

Acoustoelastic determination of stress in slightly orthotropic materials

A method is proposed to determine stresses in acoustoelasticity by making use of orthotropic stress-acoustic relations and the equations of equilibrium. It is derived theoretically that shear stress is determined ny ultrasonic data ofB and ?, which denote a magnitude of acoustic birefringence and its principal direction, respectively. Other stress components are obtained by numerical integration of the equilibrium equation with the shear stress thus determined. Experiments were carried out to show the validity and usefulment of the method. This method was applied to the measurement of stress field on a plate with a circular hole subjected to axial tension. Ultrasonic measurements were made by a Y-cut quartz transducer with 5-MHz fundamental frequency. The specimen was cut out from 1100 aluminum plate of 4-mm thickness, which shows a slight orthotropy due to roll working. The values ofB and ? were measured in both stressed and unstressed state. Then, stress distributions were determined by the method proposed here, and are compared with the known theoretical distributions.     

MAGNETIC STRIPS TO SIMULATE LAYERED BRITTLE SOLIDS IN CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE EXPERIMENTS

A characteristic of the fracture and cleavage experiments is that they are usually intrinsically destructive. Cracks do not completely heal in an unstressed system, even in crystals such as mica. Here, we used magnetic solids composed of magnetic strips for the non-destructive cleavage and brittle fracture experiments. Between the magnetic strips materials with different mechanical characteristics can be inserted, such as Teflon or foam strips, to change the mechanical properties of the solid. For the cleavage experiments, we developed an apparatus where parameters such as the main involved force can be measured easily. By inserting flaws, the magnetic solid can be used in dynamic fracture experiments, with the advantages of simulating macroscopically a non-destructive experiment in an easier way, that happen in real materials with much higher velocities. The apparatus and the used magnetic solid may be useful for demonstrations of fractures in classes.     

超声纯横波法测试45#钢的内部应力

声各向同性的金属材料在应力作用下,材料表现出声各向异性,这是用声弹性法分析材料内部应力的基础。本文用垂直于应力方向传播的超声纯横波对45#钢进行测试,测试时横波的偏振化方向分别平行和垂直于应力方向。实验结果表明:材料在拉、压应力作用下,相互正交的两超声纯横波的声速都发生了变化,且声各向异性因子与应力成线性关系。利用此关系可测试材料内部应力,提供了一种无损测试材料内部应力的方法,另外本实验方法也可以对材料内部残余应力进行评估。实验中利用回振法测量声速,可测量声速的微小变化,精度高。     

超声表面波检测金属材料表面应力的实验研究

本文应用声弹性理论研究了表面波在金属材料表面的传播速度和表面应力之间的关系,优化了表面波声弹性公式,建立了应力和表面波相对传播时间差的关系。通过构造实用的微型表面波探头,采用数字相关法计算了不同应力下的表面被传播时间差,确定了A3钢的表面波传播时间差与应力的关系式。同时分析了试件表面粗糙度和平整度对表面波速度变化的影响,最后给出了金属材料在不同表面条件下的实验分析结果。     

微磁检测应力和塑性区的磁弹塑耦合理论

金属磁记忆微磁检测方法, 利用铁磁材料局部磁性状态的变化, 进行应力集中或塑性区域位置及程度的检测与评价. 面向微磁信号的定量理论分析可对其工程领域应用提供重要指导. 本文介绍铁磁材料微弱环境磁场下的磁弹塑性本构进展, 及其在微磁信号分析方面的应用. 力磁本构关系方面, 针对微磁检测弱磁化条件, 基于有效场理论构建了受弹塑性载荷铁磁材料的理想磁化本构的显式解析式, 并结合接近原理分析了恒定外加微弱磁场下应力-应变对材料磁化强度的影响. 检测信号分析方面, 基于弹性力学理论、静磁学理论和新建立的磁弹塑性本构关系, 建立并求解了微弱磁场下铁磁试件中弹性应力或塑性区诱导的表面磁信号的二维分析模型. 结合实验结果证实其在刻画弹塑性因素对微磁信号影响规律方面的能力, 并详细分析了微磁信号的特征量与局部弹性应力或塑性区的尺寸间的相关关系. 相比已有力磁本构关系, 本文建立的显式解析形式的理想磁化更加简洁, 有助于提升对力磁耦合效应的定量化理解和应用.      

Free oscillatory shear measurements —an interesting application of constant stress rheometers in the creep mode

A constant stress rheometer in the creep mode was used to perform free oscillatory shear measurements on soft solids. The results obtained are in good to excellent agreement compared to forced oscillatory shear measurement data. Depending on the rheologic properties of the sample and the moment of inertia of the rotating device of the measurement system, free oscillations are suited to confirm or supplemented forced oscillatory measurement results.Dedicated to Professor W. Nitsch on the occasion of his 60^th birthday.     

Stress Level Measurement in Prestressed Steel Strands Using Acoustoelastic Effect

In-situ health monitoring of the tensioning components such as strands, tendons, bars, anchorage bolts, etc. used in civil engineering structures, namely bridges, dams, nuclear power plants, etc. is extremely important to ensure security of users and environment. This paper deals with a guided ultrasonic wave procedure for monitoring the stress levels in seven-wire steel strands (15.7 mm in diameter). For this purpose, simplified acoustoelastic formulations were derived from the acoustoelasticity theory and acoustoelastic measurements were performed. The results from acoustoelastic calibration tests and an anchorage block of seven-wire steel strands are presented and discussed. They show the potential and the suitability of the proposed guided wave method for evaluating the service stress levels in the prestressed seven-wire steel strands.     

Acoustoelasticity model of inhomogeneously deformed bodies

We consider a mathematical model of dynamics of small elastic perturbations in an inhomogeneously deformed rigid body, where for the determining parameters of a local state we take the tensor characteristics of a given actual (strained) configuration (the Cauchy stress tensor and the Hencky or Almansi or Figner strain measure). An iteration algorithm is developed to solve the Cauchy problem stated in the framework of this model for a system of hyperbolic equations with variable coefficients that describes the propagation of elastic pulses in an inhomogeneous deformed continuum. In the case of two-dimensional stress fields, we obtain acoustoelasticity integral relations between the probing pulse parameters and the initial strain (stress) distribution in the direction of pulse propagation in the strained body. We also consider an example of application of the obtained integral relations in the inverse acoustic tomography problem for residual strains in a strip.