Comparative toxicity study of Ag, Au, and Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticles on Daphnia magna

A comparative assessment of the 48-h acute toxicity of aqueous nanoparticles synthesized using the same methodology, including Au, Ag, and Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticles, was conducted to determine their ecological effect in freshwater environments through the use of Daphnia magna, using their mortality as a toxicological endpoint. D. magna are one of the standard organisms used for ecotoxicity studies due to their sensitivity to chemical toxicants. Particle suspensions used in toxicity testing were well-characterized through a combination of absorbance measurements, atomic force or electron microscopy, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and dynamic light scattering to determine composition, aggregation state, and particle size. The toxicity of all nanoparticles tested was found to be dose and composition dependent. The concentration of Au nanoparticles that killed 50% of the test organisms (LC₅₀) ranged from 65–75 mg/L. In addition, three different sized Ag nanoparticles (diameters = 36, 52, and 66 nm) were studied to analyze the toxicological effects of particle size on D. magna; however, it was found that toxicity was not a function of size and ranged from 3–4 μg/L for all three sets of Ag nanoparticles tested. This was possibly due to the large degree of aggregation when these nanoparticles were suspended in standard synthetic freshwater. Moreover, the LC₅₀ values for Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticles were found to be between that of Ag and Au but much closer to that of Ag. The bimetallic particles containing 80% Ag and 20% Au were found to have a significantly lower toxicity to Daphnia (LC₅₀ of 15 μg/L) compared to Ag nanoparticles, while the toxicity of the nanoparticles containing 20% Ag and 80% Au was greater than expected at 12 μg/L. The comparison results confirm that Ag nanoparticles were much more toxic than Au nanoparticles, and that the introduction of gold into silver nanoparticles may lower their environmental impact by lowering the amount of Ag which is bioavailable.     

Thermal stability of Ag–Au,Cu–Au,and Ag–Cu bimetallic nanoparticles supported on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

The formation of Ag–Au, Cu–Au, and Ag–Cu bimetallic particles on the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Samples with the core–shell structure of particles were prepared by sequential thermal vacuum deposition. The thermal stability of the samples was studied over a wide range of temperatures (25-400°C) under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. The heating of the samples to ~250°C leads to the formation of bimetallic alloy particles with a relatively uniform distribution of metals in the bulk. The thermal stability of the samples with respect to sintering depends on the nature of the supported metals. Thus, the Ag–Au particles exhibited the highest thermal resistance (~350°C) under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions, whereas the Ag–Cu particles agglomerated even at ~250°C.     

THE GEOMETRY AND ORBITAL INTERACTION OF TRIATOMIC CLUSTERS FOR Cu,Ag,Au(Ⅱ)

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Au/Ag2O与Ag掺杂的Au粉催化剂上CO氧化反应：Au-Ag双金属催化剂活性位

有关用于各种氧化反应中Au-Ag双金属催化剂存在显著协同效应的来源有两种观点：(1) AgOx块与体相Au表面的接触界面起重要作用,体相Au的表面是催化活性位;(2) Au-Ag双金属催化剂中形成的Au-Ag合金中电荷从Ag转移到Au上,可能对催化剂活性起作用。因此,确定Au表面上Ag是以氧化物还是以金属合金形式存在可能是深度理解该协同效应的关键。
　　为了检测和验证催化剂活性的增加是由于Ag2O与Au纳米粒子的紧密接触,在密闭循环反应体系中比较研究了Au/Ag2O和Ag2O催化剂上CO氧化反应。将CO/O2摩尔比为2的混合气通入到这二个催化剂上来跟踪压力降低的速率。因而检测了气体的消耗量和CO2的生成量。结果发现,在稳态下Au/Ag2O和Ag2O催化剂的压力降低的速率不存在差别。这两个催化剂上压力的降低是由于Ag2O中表面晶格氧被混合气中CO的还原所致。 Au/Ag2O催化剂上得到的结果与以前研究的具有氧化表面的Ag掺杂的Au粉末(Ag/Au-b)上的一致,也表明AgOx块与体相Au表面界面周边不大可能是CO氧化反应催化活性位。基于具有稳态表面的Ag/Au-b样品上的研究结果,我们认为AgOx物种被还原为0价态Ag而形成的Ag-Au合金很可能是催化活性位。     

Solid-Phase Surface Adsorption in Ag–Au|F–, H2O and Ag–Au|ClO–4, H2O Systems: Allowing for the Solid-Solution Nonideality

Integral and differential (with respect to the composition) isotherms of changes in the interfacial free energy (_m– ), the charge density q, and the surface composition X _Au of alloys equilibrated with an aqueous surface-inactive electrolyte are obtained in terms of a finite-thickness interfacial layer, with use of concentration dependences of activity coefficients of components of a polycrystalline binary alloy. Using ac measurements of the double-layer parameters, it is stated that the surface-active component in the Ag–Au|F^–, H₂O and Ag–Au|ClO^– ₄, H₂O systems at 298 K is gold. The Ag–Au solid solution shows negative deviations from Raoult's law, except for the compositions X _Au 0.04 and X _Au 0.80, where the solid solution properties approach those of an ideal solution.     

The Ligand-Exchange Reactions of Rod-Like Au25-nMn (M=Au,Ag, Cu,Pd, Pt) Nanoclusters with Cysteine – A Density Functional Theory Study

The atomic precision of ultrasmall noble-metal nanoclusters (NMNs) is fundamental for elucidating structure-property relationships and probing their practical applications. So far, the atomic structure of NMNs protected by organic ligands has been widely elucidated, whereas the precise atomic structure of NMNs protected by water-soluble ligands (such as peptides and nucleic acid), has been rarely reported. With the concept of “precision to precision”, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to probe the thermodynamic plausibility and inherent determinants for synthesizing atomically precise, water-soluble NMNs via the framework-maintained two-phase ligand-exchange method. A series of rod-like Au_25-nM_n (M=Au, Ag, Cu, Pd, Pt) NMNs with the same framework but varied ligands and metal compositions was chosen as the modeling reactants, and cysteine was used as the modeling water-soluble ligand. It was found that the acidity of the reaction remarkably affects the thermodynamic facility of the ligand exchange reactions. Ligand effects (structural distortion and acidity) dominate the overall thermodynamic facility of the ligand-exchange reaction, while the number and type of doped metal atom(s) has little influence.     

Mass Spectrometric Studies on Metal-hexafluorobenzene Anionic Complexes（M=Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, Pb and Bi）

The anionic products from the reactions between metal(M=Ag, Au, Pd, Pt, Pb and Bi) vapour produced by laser ablation and hexafluorobenzene seeded in carrier gas(Ar) were studied by means of a homemade reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry(RTOF-MS). Experimental results show that the dominant products were [MmC6F6]-complexes for the reactions of Ag, Au, Pd and Pt with C6F6, while the dominant products were [MmC6F5]-complexes for the reactions of Pb and Bi with C6F6. The formation mechanisms of the prod...     

MTl(M=Cu,Au,Ag)分子的势能函数与稳定性的密度泛函研究

根据原子分子反应静力学原理导出了MTl (M＝Cu, Ag, Au)分子基态电子状态及其离解极限, 并在B3LYP/LANL2DZ水平上计算了平衡几何、振动频率和解离能. 利用Murrell-Sorbie 函数拟合出了解析势能函数, 并计算出光谱参数和力常数. 计算结果表明该分子体系是稳定存在的, 其中AuTl分子具有强较稳定性.     

Surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on Hg/Ag–Au film

Mercury or silver was electrodeposited on an Au surface to form an Hg–Au or Ag–Au film. Wavelength-modulation SPR biosensors based on this Hg/Ag–Au film were then used to determine human IgG and rabbit IgG. When direct immunoreactions were performed on the Au sensing surface, the range of concentrations of human IgG and rabbit IgG that could be determined were 2.00–40.00 μg/ml and 2.50–40.00 μg/ml, respectively. When Hg was electrodeposited onto the Au film for 1200 s, the range of concentrations of human IgG and rabbit IgG that could be determined were 0.50–40.00 μg/ml and 0.63–40.00 μg/ml, respectively. When Ag was electrodeposited onto the Au film for 1500 s, the range of concentrations of human IgG and rabbit IgG that could be determined were 0.25–20.00 and 0.42–20.00 μg/ml, respectively. The biosensor based on Ag–Au film was therefore found to be the most sensitive of the three types of biosensor tested, giving limits of determination that were up to eight times lower than those obtained with a biosensor based on Au film alone. Figure The relationship between the concentration of human IgG and the shift in the resonant wavelength Δλ _eq for different Ag electrodeposition times     

Theoretical predictions of the nitrogen heterocyclic compounds with metal and noble gas (metal = Cu,Ag, Au)

Here, we report a new type of Ng-containing compounds formed between the Ng-M group and nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, (CH₂)_nHNCuNg⁺ (n = 2, 3), (CH)₄NMNg, and (CH)₅NCuNg⁺ (M = Cu, Ag, Au; Ng = Ar, Kr, Xe). Quantum chemistry computations were carried out to optimize their geometric structures and calculate the dissociation energies, dissociation enthalpy, and dissociation free energy change. The stability of these Ng-bonding complexes was inspected by investigating the three dissociation processes of the these compounds into (a) Ng, M, and nitrogen heterocycle C_nN; (b) C_nN + MNg⁺; and (c) C_nNM + Ng, which are all endothermic and nonspontaneous, these dissociation processes are also turned out to be endergonic in nature at standard state. The natural bond orbital, atoms in molecules, and energy decomposition analysis based on the molecular wavefunction show that the M-Ng and M-N bonds have some covalent and electrostatic characters.     

冠醚树脂对Au,Pt,Pd的吸附及微量Au的富集

本文叙述了冠醚树脂对Au、Pt、Pd配合物的吸附及金的分离富集。在王水介质中三种金属分别以HAuCl_4、H_2PtCl_6、H_2PdCl_6形式存在,离解时有H_3O~+离子和相应的阴离子生成。冠醚树脂吸附时,H_3O~+离子与冠醚环上的氧原子结合,而相应的AuCl_4、PtCl_6~(2-)、PdCl_6~(2-)则以对阴离子配位在外。实验结果表明,冠醚树脂的种类,王水浓度,配合物浓度,碱金属阳离子和卤素阴离子的存在均影响吸附。冠醚树脂对Au的吸附容量为19mg/g树脂以上,可用于Au的富集。     

The effects of surface ligands and counter cations on the stability of anionic thiolated M12Ag32 （M=Au,Ag） nanoclusters

The stabilities of [M12Ag32（SR）30]4- （M = Ag, Au and SR = SPhF2, SPhCF3, SPhF） clusters having the same structure but different surface ligands or counter cations were systematically studied. It was clearly revealed that a subtle structural change in the surface ligands or counter cations could significantly alter the overall stability of [M12Ag32（SR）30]4 although they all had an electronic structure of 18-electron superatom shell closure. SPhF2 was found as a better surface ligand than SPhCF3 or SPhF to stabilize [M12Ag32（SR）30]4-. And the use of more bulky [（PPhj）2N]＋ as the counter cations was revealed to be more deleterious to the overall stability of [M12Ag32（SR）30]4- clusters than PPh4＋. [Au12Ag32（SR）30]4- was much more stable than [Ag44（SR）30]4 with the same surface ligands and counter cations. An exceptional stability was observed on （PPh4）4[Au12Ag32（SPhF2）30] which was stable in DMF for more than 8 days in air at 80 ℃. More research efforts are still needed to deeply understand why a small structural change could result in a significant change in the stability of noble metal nanoclusters.     

A Highly Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Spermine Biosensor Based on Au−Ag Bimetallic Nanoclusters

In this study, we found that spermine (SPM) could enhance electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensity of Au−Ag bimetallic nanoclusters (Au−Ag BNCs) with triethylamine (TEA) as a co-reactant. An ECL sensor was fabricated to detect SPM, which contained Au−Ag BNCs as ECL emitters and conductive hydrogel containing polyaniline-amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (PANI-ATMP) as an immobilizing matrix. The increased ECL intensity of SPM was linear with the logarithm of concentrations of SPM in the range of 1 pM to 10 μM with high selectivity, excellent stability, and the limit of detection is 0.11 pM (S/N=3). This sensor realized the detection of SPM in urine samples, which was fast and economic, possessing potential applications for SPM detection in clinical and bioanalysis.     

缺陷石墨烯吸附Au、Ag、Cu的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论的投影缀加波方法研究了Au、Ag、Cu吸附在缺陷石墨烯单侧和双侧的体系,对吸附体系的吸附能、磁性、电荷转移和电子结构进行了计算和分析.缺陷石墨烯吸附Au、Ag、Cu体系的吸附能比本征石墨烯增加2 eV以上,说明三种金属原子更容易吸附在缺陷位置;吸附体系的电荷密度差分和电子结构的结果表明,Au、Ag、Cu与缺陷石墨烯之间均为化学吸附.计算吸附体系的磁性发现,单侧吸附时三种吸附体系均有磁性,磁矩大约为1μB;双侧吸附时,三种吸附体系磁矩大约为2μB.     

New potential-energy functions for Cu, Ag and Au solids and their applications to computer simulations on metallic surfaces

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缺陷石墨烯吸附Au、Ag、Cu的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论的投影缀加波方法研究了Au、Ag、Cu吸附在缺陷石墨烯单侧和双侧的体系,对吸附体系的吸附能、磁性、电荷转移和电子结构进行了计算和分析. 缺陷石墨烯吸附Au、Ag、Cu体系的吸附能比本征石墨烯增加2 eV以上,说明三种金属原子更容易吸附在缺陷位置;吸附体系的电荷密度差分和电子结构的结果表明,Au、Ag、Cu与缺陷石墨烯之间均为化学吸附. 计算吸附体系的磁性发现,单侧吸附时三种吸附体系均有磁性,磁矩大约为1μ_B;双侧吸附时,三种吸附体系磁矩大约为2μ_B.