碳碳双键催化加氢的研究进展

综述了近年来碳碳双键催化加氢的研究进展;分别针对以氢气为氢源的催化加氢反应和以非氢气为氢源的催化转移加氢反应进行了分析概括;指出其中催化转移加氢(包括光照下转移加氢)具有反应条件温和且操作安全简便的优势,应用前景广阔.     

Multiphase heterogeneous catalytic enantioselective hydrogenation of acetophenone over cinchona-modified Pt/C

The multiphase heterogeneous enantioselective hydrogenation of acetophenone in the presence of cinchona-modified Pt/C was investigated. The system demonstrated the feasibility of this reaction on non-activated ketones. The reaction proceeded selectively, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, towards the formation of 1-phenylethanol, with up to 20% ee (enantiomeric excess) of either enantiomer depending on the modifier used. A mode of action of the modifier is proposed to account for the mechanism. A comparison with other systems indicates that the investigated system likely acts by a different mechanism, and that it is quite specific for acetophenone.     

以Pd/C为催化剂的松香加氢反应机理

松香是由松树分泌的松脂经蒸馏而得,其主要成分为枞酸型树脂酸(C19H29COOH)[1]。由于枞酸型树脂酸含有共轭双键,易与大气中的氧作用,使松香的颜色加深、质变脆、热稳定性差、品级下降。松香经催化加氢反应,改变了枞酸型树脂酸的双键结构,使其趋于脂环的稳定结构,消除了松香因共     

Selective catalytic hydrogenation of acetylenes

The products of the stepwise catalytic hydrogenation of undeca-1,7-diyne (I) have been examined and the sequence of the reduction established. The ethynyl group may be protected during catalytic hydrogenation by conversion into the corresponding 1-bromoacetylene.

Certain palladium catalysts have been shown to produce substantial amounts of trans-ethylene in the catalytic partial reduction of several acetylenic hydrocarbons. Catalytic stereomutation of cis- to trans-ethylene has been observed, the extent of which depends on the relative proportions of catalyst and unsaturated hydrocarbon.     

Investigations by (13)C NMR spectroscopy of ethene-initiated catalytic CO hydrogenation

13C NMR spectroscopy shows that the n-alkene and n-alkane products from the catalytic hydrogenation of CO in the presence of (13)C(2)H(4) probes over Ru/150 degrees C, Co/180 degrees C, Fe/220 degrees C, or Rh/190 degrees C (1 atm, CO:H(2) 1:1, "mild conditions") contain terminal (13)CH(3)(13)CH(2)- units. This is consistent with their formation by a regiospecific polymerization of C(1) species derived from CO and initiated by (13)C(2)H(4). Although the activities toward individual products differed somewhat, similar distributions and similar product labeling patterns were obtained over all the four catalysts. 1-Butene and the higher 1-n-alkenes from all the catalysts were largely (13)CH(3)(13)CH(2)(CH(2))(n)()CH=CH(2) (n = 0-3), propene formed over Ru or Co was (13)CH(3)(13)CH=CH(2), while both (13)CH(3)(13)CH=CH(2) and (13)CH(2)=(13)CHCH(3) were formed over Fe or Rh. Comparison of the conclusions from these probe experiments with those from isotope transient experiments by other workers indicates that the ethene initiator does not significantly modify the course of the CO hydrogenation. The reaction products are largely kinetically determined, and the primary products are mainly linear 1-n-alkenes, while the n-alkanes and 2-n-alkenes largely arise via secondary processes. Since the distribution of products and the labeling in them is so similar, it is concluded that one basic primary mechanism applies over all the four metals. Several different reaction paths involving a polymerization of surface methylene, [CH(2(ad))], have been proposed. Although the predictions based on several of these mechanisms agree with many of the results, the alkenyl + [CH(2(ad))] mechanism, initiated by a surface vinyl [CH(2)=CH((ad))], most easily accommodates the experimental evidence. An alternative path involving sequential addition of surface methylidyne and hydride either to a growing alkylidene chain (alkylidene + [CH(ad) + H(ad)]) or to an alkyl chain (alkyl + [CH((ad)) + H(ad)]) has recently been proposed by van Santen and Ciobica. The [CH(2(ad))] mechanism offers an easier explanation for the formation of the various alkenes, the distribution of products, and of the initiation, while the [CH(ad) + H(ad)] mechanism can explain any n-alkanes formed as primary products and not derived from alkenes. At higher reaction temperatures over Ru and Co, considerable (13)C(1) incorporation (from natural abundance in the CO and from cleavage of the (13)C(2)H(4) probe) was found in all the hydrocarbons. Thus, at higher temperatures (13)C(1(ad)) in addition to (13)C(2(ad)) species participate in both chain growth and initiation. In summary, adsorbed CO is transformed very easily into surface C(1(ad)), probably [CH(2(ad))] in equilibrium with [CH((ad))+H(ad)], which act as the propagating species.     

Pd-C-induced catalytic transfer hydrogenation with triethylsilane

In situ generation of molecular hydrogen by addition of triethylsilane to palladium-charcoal catalyst results in rapid and efficient reduction of multiple bonds, azides, imines, and nitro groups, as well as benzyl group and allyl group deprotection under mild, neutral conditions.     

A novel liquid system of catalytic hydrogenation

On the basis that endothermic aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons for H2 produc- tion and exothermic liquid phase hydrogenation of organic compounds are carried out under extremely close conditions of temperature and pressure over the same type of catalyst, a novel liquid system of catalytic hydrogenation has been proposed, in which hydrogen produced from aqueous-phase re- forming of oxygenated hydrocarbons is in situ used for liquid phase hydrogenation of organic com- pounds. The usage of active hydrogen generated from aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hy- drocarbons for liquid catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds could lead to increasing the se- lectivity to H2 in the aqueous-phase reforming due to the prompt removal of hydrogen on the active centers of the catalyst. Meanwhile, this novel liquid system of catalytic hydrogenation might be a po- tential method to improve the selectivity to the desired product in liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds. On the other hand, for this novel liquid system of catalytic hydrogenation, some special facilities for H2 generation, storage and transportation in traditional liquid phase hydrogenation industry process are yet not needed. Thus, it would simplify the working process of liquid phase hy- drogenation and increase the energy usage and hydrogen productivity.     

Hydrogenolysis of carbon-fluorine bonds in catalytic hydrogenation

In contrast to the strong stability of saturated fluorine compounds in catalytic hydrogenation, allylic and vinylic fluorine atoms are displace by hydrogen relatively readily. Hydrogenolysis of carbon-fluorine bonds accompanies addition of hydrogen across double bonds in methyl 4-fluoro-3-methyl-2-pentenoate, in fluoromaleic, fluorofumaric, difluoromaleic and difluorofumaric acids. The extent of hydrogenolysis is affected by the catalyst and by the solvent. A concerted mechanism is offered to explain the readiness of the hydrogenolysis in allylic and vinylic fluorides.     

Recent topics in catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones

Asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones (AHK) was revolutionized in 1987 and again in 1995 when Ru(CH₃COO)₂(binap)/HCl and RuCl₂(binap)/diamine, respectively, were developed. Since then, the number of reports on Ru-catalyzed AHK has increased exponentially, and the utility of other precious metals (Os, Rh, Ir, and Pd) has also been shown. The utilization of inexpensive base metals (Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) has been a recent trend. This digest summarizes the key advances in AHK in the past decade by categorizing the chiral ligands into six types: (i) diphosphines, (ii) diphosphines/diamines, (iii) tridentate or tetradentate phosphine amines, (iv) diamines, (v) tetradentate amines, and (vi) tetradentate thioether amines.     

氯代苯胺液相催化加氢合成环己酮

提出了一种催化降解氯代苯胺高选择性合成环己酮的技术.在La修饰Pd/Al2O3催化剂作用下,通过催化加氢的方法实现了由多氯代苯胺(2,4,6-三氯苯胺和2,4,-二氯苯胺)高选择性地合成环己酮(不含环己醇).在优化的反应条件下,2,4,6-三氯苯胺加氢生成环己酮的转化率和选择性分别为100%和98.6%(没有检测到环己醇);2,4,-二氯苯胺加氢生成环己酮的转化率和选择性均为100%.氯代苯胺在Pd/La-Al2O3催化剂表面首先发生加氢脱氯/N-甲基化等反应生成苯胺、N-甲基苯胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺等中间产物,随后这些中间产物发生苯环加氢、氨基水解/醇解等反应得到环己酮;氯代苯胺上Cl元素的存在和体系中水的含量是影响环己酮选择性的重要因素.     

Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of liquid carboxylated nitrile rubber

Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of olefinic bonds in liquid carboxylated nitrile rubber (L-XNBR) has been carried out selectively in the presence of nitrile and carboxyl functionality using a six-membered cyclopalladate complex of 2-benzoyl pyridine as catalyst. The degree of hydrogenation has been calculated from IR and NMR spectroscopic studies. For example, 68% hydrogenation has been obtained for a sample (containing 0.057 carboxyl equivalent/100 g and 26.1% acrylonitrile) under 2.7 MPa hydrogenation pressure, 0.18 mmol/L catalyst, at 333 K for 1 h in acetone solution. The overall extent of hydrogenation depends on the catalyst-to-double-bond ratio. The kinetics of hydrogenation of L-XNBR has been investigated. The reaction exhibits a pseudo-first order dependence on the concentration of the substrate. The rate constant of the reaction is reduced by the increase in carboxyl and nitrile content of the polymer. The effect of temperature on reaction kinetics has also been studied and the activation energy of hydrogenation of L-XNBR is 20.2 kJ/mol. Intrinsic viscosity of the polymer remains unchanged during the reaction. A significant lowering of the glass transition temperature and improvement of thermal stability have been observed on hydrogenation. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

原位液相催化氮烷基化法反应

以胺和醇为原料,在Ni-Sn/Al2O3催化下液相合成氮烷基胺类化合物。反应工艺为连续式反应,醇既是烷基化试剂,又是供氢体和溶剂。考察了180 ℃下不同的胺与各类醇在Ni-Sn/Al2O3催化作用下的氮烷基化反应。研究表明该烷基化反应具有普遍的适用性,多数胺与甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇反应,具有较高的氮烷基化总产率。一些胺与醇反应产率甚至在99%以上。本文作了催化剂稳定性测试,并通过XRD和TEM对催化剂进行了表征,分析了催化剂失活的原因。研究表明,该催化剂具有很高的稳定性可保持高活性超过480 h,Lewis酸中心是氮烷基化反应的活性中心,随着反应进行,Lewis酸中心转化为Brφnested酸中心,致使催化剂活性降低。     

Characteristics of the catalytic hydrogenation of 5-methylfurfural

The hydrogenation of 5-methylfurfural in the vapor and liquid phases was studied in the presence of catalysts: Pd/C (KDF), Pd/Al₃O₃, copper-chromite (GIPKh-105) and Raney-Ni. The chief characteristics of the conversion of the aldehyde group of 5-methylfurfural depending on the nature of the catalyst and the reaction conditions were established. The greater reactivity of 5-methylfurfural in the hydrogenation reaction, compared with furfural, was revealed.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1460–1464, November, 1990.     

New catalytic system for the hydrogenation of ketones

Alcohols are produced in high yield by hydrogenation of several aliphatic and aromatic ketones with rhodium complexes as catalysts in the presence of strong alkali.     

Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide

Owing to the increasing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO(2)), human life and the ecological environment have been affected by global warming and climate changes. To mitigate the concentration of CO(2) in the atmosphere various strategies have been implemented such as separation, storage, and utilization of CO(2). Although it has been explored for many years, hydrogenation reaction, an important representative among chemical conversions of CO(2), offers challenging opportunities for sustainable development in energy and the environment. Indeed, the hydrogenation of CO(2) not only reduces the increasing CO(2) buildup but also produces fuels and chemicals. In this critical review we discuss recent developments in this area, with emphases on catalytic reactivity, reactor innovation, and reaction mechanism. We also provide an overview regarding the challenges and opportunities for future research in the field (319 references).     

Reactivity of alkylphenols in liquid phase catalytic hydrogenation

The rate of liquid-phase hydrogenation of monoalkylphenols without solvent and in the absence of rate control by hydrogen diffusion to the catalyst indicate that the alkylphenol reactivity and the selectivity depend on the position and size of the alkyl substituent, affecting the electronic state of the aromatic ring and the charge on the carbonyl carbon atom of the ketone intermediate.

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