甘油水溶液氢键特性的分子动力学模拟

为了研究低温保护剂溶液的结构和物理化学特性, 以甘油为保护剂, 采用分子动力学方法, 对不同浓度的甘油和水的二元体系进行了模拟. 得到了不同浓度的甘油水溶液在2 ns内的分子动力学运动轨迹, 通过对后1 ns内运动轨迹的分析, 得到了各个原子对的径向分布函数和甘油分子的构型分布. 根据氢键的图形定义, 分析了氢键的结构和动力学特性. 计算了不同浓度下体系中平均每个原子(O和H)和分子(甘油和水)参与氢键个数的百分比分布及其平均值. 同时还计算了所有氢键、水分子之间的氢键以及甘油与水分子之间的氢键的生存周期.     

冷冻过程中胞内溶液均相成核温度的确定

为了研究冷冻过程中胞内溶液均相成核温度下降值与平衡凝固点下降值的关系, 提出了一种求解变组元系统成核温度的方法, 并联合细胞脱水方程, 进行了数值求解. 研究发现, 甘油-氯化钠-水三元系统的均相成核温度下降与平衡凝固点下降存在如下的线性关系: ⊿Th=1.17⊿Tm, 表明水溶液均相成核温度与溶质有关.     

基于光波导分光光谱技术研究蛋白质与亚甲基蓝的竞争吸附行为

通过利用时间分辨光波导分光光谱技术原位测量从蛋白质-亚甲基蓝(MB)混合水溶液吸附到亲水玻璃光波导表面的MB可见光吸收谱,观测到在溶液pH值低于蛋白质等电点时MB与牛血清蛋白(BSA)以及MB与血红蛋白(Hb)存在竞争吸附行为,进一步测得这种竞争吸附行为对蛋白质浓度十分敏感,可以用于简单测定溶液中的蛋白质含量.基于Langmuir等温吸附理论推导出了两种分子竞争吸附的动力学方程,并利用该动力学方程对实验测得的吸光度随时间变化曲线进行了最佳拟合,揭示了玻璃表面吸附的MB分子个数在达到最大值后随时间呈指数衰减,同时得出拟合参数与蛋白质浓度呈准线性关系.     

基于修正的Mazur方程的细胞最优化低温保存方案理论预测

为了理论预测细胞最优化低温保存方案,提出了冷冻过程细胞内变组分、变温三元溶液系统的冰晶成核及其生长模型.数值模拟结果表明:(1)较高降温速率下,胞内冰体积份额随初始甘油浓度的增加呈线性减小.(2)实现溶液玻璃化的临界降温速率随初始甘油浓度的增加而减小:没有甘油存在时,1.25×1013℃/min;初始甘油浓度为7.4mol·L-1时,为20℃/min;当初始甘油浓度大于7.4mol·L-1时,所有降温速率均能达到玻璃化保存.本研究通过获得初始甘油浓度和降温速率二维平面图中可实现细胞内玻璃化的区域,从而提供了一种细胞最优化低温保存方案的理论预测方法.     

高效液相色谱法测定人耳酚甘油滴耳液中苯酚含量

采用高效液相色谱HPLC法测定人耳酚甘油滴耳液中苯酚含量。结果表明苯酚浓度在23.0~184 mg/L的浓度范围内,色谱峰面积与苯酚浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 7);苯酚对照品溶液连续进样6次,保留时间的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.44%,峰面积相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.15%;用该方法分析6份独立包装的人耳酚甘油滴耳液中苯酚含量,含量检出值的RSD为3.1%;回收率试验的总回收率为93%,RSD为0.02%。本方法可以准确的测定苯酚含量,方法操作简便、快速、重现性好,适用于人耳酚甘油滴耳液中苯酚含量的测定。     

甘油-水-氯化钠三元溶液中甘油浓度对甘油自扩散系数的影响

利用分子动力学模拟方法研究了浓度对甘油-水-氯化钠三元溶液中甘油自扩散系数的影响. 随着甘油浓度的增大, 甘油的自扩散系数逐渐减小. 氢键分析表明, 甘油自扩散系数的减小来源于其参与的甘油-水氢键数目的减少和甘油-甘油氢键数目的增加.     

氯酚在D301树脂上吸附机理的研究

研究了酸性条件下氯酚在大孔弱碱树脂D301上的吸附机理.研究表明,在一定的吸附质浓度及pH值下,D301树脂对对氯酚和邻氯酚的吸附量与溶液平衡浓度之间存在良好的线性关系,吸附过程类似于固相萃取过程,且分配系数与相应pH值下X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测得的树脂上自由叔胺基团含量呈线性关系.     

先辐射后冻融法制备聚乙烯醇/水溶性壳聚糖/甘油水凝胶的云南白药药物释放性能研究

采用先辐射后冻融的方法制备了一系列聚乙烯醇(PVA)/水溶性壳聚糖/甘油水凝胶,通过浸泡法在水凝胶中载入云南白药,并且研究了溶液pH值、离子强度、冻融次数和PVA浓度对水凝胶溶胀性能和云南白药释放性能的影响.研究发现水凝胶的溶胀度随溶液离子强度的增大而下降,且酸性溶液大于中性溶液.水溶性壳聚糖的加入有利于云南白药载入凝胶,同时使云南白药的释放具有pH和离子强度敏感性.云南白药的释放量在模拟体液中最大,在中性溶液中次之,在水和酸性溶液中最小,与溶胀度变化关系相反.而水凝胶的溶胀度和云南白药释放量均随冻融次数和PVA浓度的增大而下降.分析表明,云南白药在不同介质中的释放量主要取决于药物和溶液中离子的交换能力;在相同介质中,不同凝胶的药物释放量受溶胀度影响明显.凝胶溶胀速率远大于药物释放速率说明后者主要由扩散过程控制.药物释放的pH敏感性表明该水凝胶具备用作云南白药的口服载体的潜力.     

1-1型单组分盐溶液中荷电膜膜电位的研究

根据固定电荷模型和非线性最小二乘法, 研究膜体积电荷密度为定值和其大小随电解质主体溶液浓度呈指数变化的两种初始条件下, 五种纳滤膜(NTR 7450, ESNA 1, ESNA 1-LF, LES 90和UTC 60)在不同浓度的氯化钠和氯化钾溶液中的膜电位, 获得膜体积电荷密度与电解质主体溶液浓度的关系. 结果表明, 当体积电荷密度随浓度呈指数变化时, 拟合的膜电位与实验结果更接近, 得到的固定电荷密度更精确. 膜电位的大小与膜两侧电解质溶液浓度的比值相关. 在较高浓度时, 膜电位的值还与扩散系数相关; 其中阴阳离子的扩散系数之比大于1.0是膜电位反号的标志. 在中间浓度时, 膜电位随电解质主体溶液浓度近似呈线性变化.     

乙二醇和丙三醇水溶液冻结特性的研究

利用差示扫描量热仪（Pyris-Diamond DSC），研究了乙二醇（甘醇）和丙三醇（甘油）水溶液的过冷行为、水合性质和它们的玻璃化转变温度及反玻璃化温度，分析了它们与分子中羟基个数的关系.进行了12组共24种不同浓度(质量分数）的溶液的差示扫描量热实验.过冷度的实验结果表明，在浓度相等的情况下，两种低温保护剂水溶液冻结的过冷度有相同的变化规律.水合实验的结果表明，浓度相同时，二者结合水的能力大体相当.玻璃化转变的实验表明，二者玻璃化转变温度与反玻璃化温度存在明显差异.     

Hydrogen bonding and the cryoprotective properties of glycerol/water mixtures

Molecular dynamics simulations and infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the hydrogen bond patterns of glycerol and its mixtures with water. The ability of glycerol/water mixtures to inhibit ice crystallization is linked to the concentration of glycerol and the hydrogen bonding patterns formed by these solutions. At low glycerol concentrations, sufficient amounts of bulk-like water exist, and at low temperature, these solutions demonstrate crystallization. As the glycerol concentration is increased, the bulk-like water pool is eventually depleted. Water in the first hydration shell becomes concentrated around the polar groups of glycerol, and the alkyl groups of glycerol self-associate. Glycerol-glycerol hydrogen bonds become the dominant interaction in the first hydration shell, and the percolation nature of the water network is disturbed. At glycerol concentrations beyond this point, glycerol/water mixtures remain glassy at low temperatures and the glycerol-water hydrogen bond favors a more linear arrangement. High glycerol concentration mixtures mimic the strong hydrogen bonding pattern seen in ice, yet crystallization does not occur. Hydrogen bond patterns are discussed in terms of hydrogen bond angle distributions and average hydrogen bond number. Shift in infrared frequency of related stretch and bend modes is also reviewed.     

Spectroscopic and acoustic study in binary mixtures of glycerol with several alkanols

Speeds of sound and densities of glycerol + methanol, glycerol + ethanol and glycerol + 2-propanol, were measured over the entire composition range at 298.15 K. The excess volumes, the isentropic compressibilities, molar isentropic compressibilities and excess molar isentropic compressibilities and excess speeds of sound were estimated from the densities and speeds of sound. The results indicated the presence of interactions between unlike molecules through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The excess volumes, excess molar isentropic compressibilities and excess speeds of sound of the binary mixtures were fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. The infrared spectra of glycerol + methanol, glycerol + ethanol and glycerol + 2-propanol have been recorded for various concentrations at room temperature. IR stretching frequencies, bandwidths and relative intensities have been estimated and analysed. Acoustic and spectroscopic measurements showed a good correlation to explain the existence of interactions between unlike molecules through intermolecular hydrogen bonding.     

Glucose solvation by the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride: a simulation study

Simulations of beta-glucose in the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride have been performed in order to examine the solvation environment of the carbohydrate. Both single molecule and 1:5 glucose:ionic liquid (16.7 wt %) solutions are studied, and the hydrogen bonding between sugar and solvent is examined. The primary solvation shell around the perimeter of the glucose ring consists predominantly of chloride anions which hydrogen bond to the hydroxyl groups. A small presence of the cation is also found, with the association occurring through the weakly acidic hydrogen at the 2-position of the imidazolium ring interacting with the oxygen atoms of the sugar secondary hydroxyls. An average chloride coordination number of 4 is found around the glucose for both the single molecule and high concentration simulations, despite the reduced chloride:glucose ratio in the latter case. In relation to the cation, the glucose molecules occupy positions above and below the plane of the imidazolium ring. Importantly, even at high glucose concentrations, no significant change in the anion-cation interactions and overall liquid structure of the ionic liquid is found, indicating that the glucose is readily accommodated by the solvent at this concentration. Dominant contributions to the sugar-ionic liquid interaction energy come from favorable hydrogen bonding (electrostatic) interactions between hydroxyls and chlorides, although a small favorable van der Waals energy contribution is also seen between the sugar and cations suggesting that the cation could be tailored in order to further improve the dissolution of glucose/cellulose in ionic liquid systems.     

甘油对冰晶生长抑制作用的分子动力学模拟

采用分子模拟方法研究了正交晶系冰晶(020)生长面在不同浓度甘油水溶液中的生长情况. 通过统计分析氢键数、 密度分布函数、 均方根偏差和原子间径向分布函数研究了水分子和甘油分子的动态行为. 结果表明, 甘油分子在水溶液中可与水分子形成大量氢键, 这使水分子间的氢键作用受到抑制, 降低了水分子的扩散性, 致使冰晶不易成核和生长; 另外, 一些甘油分子可代替水分子吸附在晶面上, 甚至占据晶格位点, 这种行为打破了冰晶的对称性并且降低了冰晶的生长速率. 因此, 甘油可同时在晶面和液相中抑制冰晶的生长.     

氢键准则在DMSO水溶液中应用的评价

利用分子动力学模拟方法, 分别采用几何准则和能量准则分析了不同浓度下的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)水溶液的氢键统计和动力学等特性. 结果显示, 两种氢键准则可以很好地反映出溶液的氢键性质随浓度的变化趋势. 通过分析比较发现, 由于几何准则不能有效地排除具有弱对势能的分子对, 因此其统计的氢键数量要大于能量准则的结果.此外, 能量准则对于分子间相对取向的区分存在不足, 进而引起氢键寿命的计算结果偏大.因此,为使氢键分析更加准确, 本文建议使用几何-能量混合型氢键准则.     

The progression of strong and weak hydrogen bonds in a series of ethylenediammonium dithiocyanate derivatives--a new bonding protocol for macromolecules?

The experimental charge densities for a series of sym-N-methyl-substituted ethylenediammonium dithiocyanate salts have been investigated based on low-temperature and high-resolution X-ray diffraction data. This series of organic dications provides both strong and weak hydrogen bonding networks that vary depending on the N-H : SCN(-) (donor/acceptor) ratios. The number of N-HN hydrogen bonds connected to each cation increases (linear to bifurcated) as the number of N-H donor groups increases. The bifurcated thiocyanate anions also form a less energetic N-HS hydrogen bond. The presence of more than one hydrogen bond acceptor on each thiocyanate anion results in a competition between the sulfur and nitrogen atoms in forming both strong and weak hydrogen bonds. The formation of a significant number of weak hydrogen bonds is shown to play a crucial role in stabilizing these organic ionic crystals. The progression of these organic dications (smaller to larger N-H : SCN(-) ratios) results in the weaker hydrogen bonds playing a smaller role in stabilizing the crystalline structures. In addition, the electron density along the saddle point has been shown to vary significantly from weak hydrogen bonds to van der Waals interactions. This has led to a better understanding of the progression of hydrogen bonding in the crystalline states of sym-N-methyl substituted ethylenediammonium dithiocyanate salts and provides insight into the relationship between strong and weak hydrogen bonds in organic ionic crystals.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous solutions of ethanolamines

We report on molecular dynamics simulations performed at constant temperature and pressure to study ethanolamines as pure components and in aqueous solutions. A new geometric integration algorithm that preserves the correct phase space volume is employed to study molecules having up to three ethanol chains. The most stable geometry, rotational barriers, and atomic charges were obtained by ab initio calculations in the gas phase. The calculated dipole moments agree well with available experimental data. The most stable conformation, due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, has a ringlike structure in one of the ethanol chains, leading to high molecular stability. All molecular dynamics simulations were performed in the liquid phase. The interaction parameters are the same for the atoms in the ethanol chains, reducing the number of variables in the potential model. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is also analyzed, and it is shown that water associates at low water mole fractions. The force field reproduced (within 1%) the experimental liquid densities at different temperatures of pure components and aqueous solutions at 313 K. The excess and partial molar volumes are analyzed as a function of ethanolamine concentration.     

Molecular dynamics study of effects of temperature and concentration on hydrogen-bond abilities of ethylene glycol and glycerol: implications for cryopreservation

The state of intracellular water is important in all phases of cryopreservation. Intracellular water can be transported out of the cell, transferred into its solid phase, or blocked by cryoprotectants and proteins in the cytoplasm. The purpose of the present study is to determine the amount of hydrogen-bonded water in aqueous ethylene glycol and glycerol solutions. The effects of temperature and concentration on the density and the hydrogen bonding characteristics of the solution are evaluated quantitatively in this study. To achieve these aims, a series of molecular dynamics simulations of ethylene glycol/water and glycerol/water mixtures of molalities ranging from 1 to 5 m are conducted at 1 atm and at 273, 285, and 298 K, respectively. The simulation results show that temperature and concentration have variable effects on solution density. The proportion of the hydrogen-bonded water by solute molecules increases with rising molality. The ability of the solute molecules to hydrogen bond with water molecules weakens as the solution becomes more concentrated. Moreover, it turns out that the solution concentration can influence the hydrogen bonding characteristics more greatly than the temperature. The glycerol molecule should be a stronger "water blocker" than the ethylene glycol molecule corresponding to the same conditions. These findings provide insight into the cryoprotective mechanisms of ethylene glycol and glycerol in aqueous solutions, which will confer benefits on the cryopreservation.