WS2/CuGa2O4复合材料的制备及其气敏性

采用共沉淀法制备了CuGa₂O₄纳米材料,并利用水热法制备了一系列WS₂/CuGa₂O₄复合材料。结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对制备的材料进行了物相组成、表面形貌以及元素价态的分析。研究了WS₂的复合量对CuGa₂O₄材料检测乙醇气体敏感性能的影响。实验结果表明,当WS₂与CuGa₂O₄质量比为1%时,该复合材料制备的传感器在室温下对100μL·L^-1乙醇气体表现出345.3的灵敏度,响应时间和恢复时间分别为184和69 s,且最低检测限为0.1μL·L^-1。     

Co掺杂La1.5Sr0.5Ni1-xCoxO4+δ阴极材料的制备及其电化学稳定性能

利用溶胶凝胶法合成了La_1.5Sr_0.5NiO_4+δ掺杂Co的阴极材料La_1.5Sr_0.5Ni_1-xCo_xO_4+δ (x=0、0.2、0.4、0.6)。通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、热重、热膨胀系数的测定和扫描电镜等技术探究了材料的相结构、元素组成、热力学性能和表面形貌。结果表明,所合成的样品为具有类钙钛矿型结构的单一纯相,掺杂Co元素使材料的热膨胀系数有所提高。将该材料应用于固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)阴极,进行了电导率及电化学阻抗谱的测定。结果发现,La_1.5Sr_0.5Ni_1-xCo_xO_4+δ的电导率随着Co元素掺杂量的提高而升高,当x=0.4时La_1.5Sr_0.5Ni_0.6Co_0.4O_4+δ     

Li2O-CaO-Gd2O3-SiO2:Eu,Bi体系的结构和发光性能之间的关系

用X射线粉末衍射法研究了Li₂O-CaO-Gd₂O₃-SiO₂:Eu,Bi发光体系的物相组成随Gd₂O₃含量的变化,探讨了不同硅酸盐物种和结构对Eu³⁺和Bi³⁺发光特性的影响。结果表明,无Gd₂O₃组分时发光体是β-CaSiO₄多晶体,当Gd₂O₃/SiO₂比超过2.5%时,Ca₂Gd₈(SiO₄)₆O₂和LiGd₉(SiO₄)₆O₂物相逐渐增加,当其成为主要物相时,EU³⁺发光呈数倍增强,这2种含钆物相的结构既利于EU³⁺的红光发射又利于敏化剂向激活剂传输能量,所形成的固熔体是优良的发光基质材料。     

CaF2-Al2O3-MgO电渣微结构的原位拉曼光谱及27Al魔角旋转核磁共振研究

运用原位拉曼光谱和 ²⁷Al魔角旋转核磁共振研究了CaF₂-Al₂O₃-MgO电渣重熔渣晶体、 玻璃和熔体的微结构及铝配位数的变化. 利用X射线粉末衍射分析获得该晶体样品中存在的物相, 分别基于密度泛函理论及量子化学从头算分析了S-6530晶体和熔体中相关物相的拉曼振动波数及散射活性, 并对其主要振动模式进行了归属. 结果表明, S-6530晶体中铝主要以六配位形式存在, 并有少量的四、 五配位. 在升温过程中, 其中MgAl₂O₄物相的Al-O多面体由[AlO₆]转变成[AlO₄]与[AlO₅]共存. Al在熔体和玻璃结构中主要以[AlO₄]四面体的形式存在, 其占比高达71.1%, 相较于其晶态, [AlO₅]的占比也增加至28.6%. 基于构建的熔体团簇模型的量子化学从头算表明, [AlO₄]构型倾向于以Q₃, Q₄连接方式为主的层状和架状结构, 而[AlO₅]构型则倾向于单体形式.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定黏土中的主次组分

采用熔融玻璃片制样,选用标准样品,以经验α系数和散射线内标法校正元素谱线重叠干扰和基体效应,使用ZSX Primus Ⅱ X射线荧光光谱仪对黏土样品中的Al₂O₃、SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、CaO、MgO、K₂O、Na₂O、MnO、P₂O₅、TiO₂、Cu、Cr等组分进行测定,分析结果与标准值和化学值相吻合,12次测定的相对标准偏差小于10%.     

氧化钨纳米棒团簇的制备及电催化性能

以氯化钨为前驱体,通过溶剂热法制备了WO₃和W₁₈O₄₉并将其应用在染料敏化太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cells,DSSCs)和电解水析氢反应(hydrogen evolution reaction,HER)中。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对WO₃和W₁₈O₄₉的结构和形貌进行表征。结果表明：WO₃和W₁₈O₄₉均为单斜相,其形貌表现为定向排列的纳米棒组成的团簇。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电子顺磁共振(EPR)表明W₁₈O₄₉中含有丰富的氧空位。基于氧空位优异的电化学特性,W₁₈O₄₉对电极组装的DSSC获得了7.41%的光电能量转换效率(power conversion efficiency,PCE),高于WO     

Y-Mn-O负载的Ni基催化剂用于乙酸自热重整产氢

为了有效地从生物质衍生的乙酸中获得高氢气产率,通过水热法合成了一系列的NiMnY催化剂并用于乙酸自热重整(ATR)过程中,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附测试、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)探究催化剂中的内在联系。在Ni_0.39Mn_0.61YO_3.11±δ催化剂中,经焙烧后形成了类钙钛矿型(Ni,Mn)YO3物相;经氢气还原后,转化为含有Mn O、Y₂O₃和高分散Ni纳米粒子的热稳定的Ni-Mn-Y-O物种。Ni_0.39Mn_0.61YO_3.11±δ具有高效稳定的产氢催化性能,乙酸转化率高达100%,氢气产率达到2.68 mol_(H₂)·mol_HAc^-1。     

p区金属氧化物Ga2O3和Sb2O3光催化降解盐酸四环素性能差异

对沉淀法合成的p区金属氧化物Ga₂O₃和Sb₂O₃紫外光光催化降解盐酸四环素的性能进行了研究,讨论了制备条件对光催化性能的影响。最佳制备条件下得到的Ga₂O₃-900和Sb₂O₃-500样品光催化性能存在巨大差异,通过X射线粉末衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、N2吸附-脱附测试、荧光光谱、拉曼光谱、电化学分析及活性物种捕获实验等对样品进行分析,研究二者光催化降解盐酸四环素的机理,揭示影响光催化性能差异的本质因素。结果表明,Ga₂O₃和Sb₂O₃光催化性能差异主要归结于二者不同的电子和晶体结构、表面所含羟基数量及光催化降解机理。     

Cu-Zr复合氧化物催化耦合甘油和CO2合成碳酸甘油酯

采用水热法合成了一系列不同Cu-Zr物质的量比的Cu_1-xZr_xO₂双金属氧化物,以此为催化剂,将生物柴油生产过程副产物甘油与温室气体CO₂耦合反应制备精细化工产品碳酸甘油酯。结果表明,Zr掺杂量不同,催化剂对甘油羰基化反应效果呈现明显差距,最佳反应条件下,Cu_0.99Zr_0.01O₂催化剂具有最佳催化性能,甘油转化率和碳酸甘油酯选择性分别达到64.1%和85.9%。并且发现与纯CuO和纯ZrO₂相比,Cu_1-xZr_xO₂复合氧化物在甘油与CO₂耦合反应体系中表现出更强的催化活性,结合X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N₂吸附-脱附、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、程序升温脱附(TPD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-...     

SiO2/MnFe2O4磁性固相萃取-HPLC测定水中喹诺酮类抗生素

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO₂/MnFe₂O₄复合材料,使用X-射线衍射仪、全自动物理吸附仪、振动样品磁强计、场发射扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱仪对其进行了表征。将其作为磁性固相萃取材料,建立了SiO₂/MnFe₂O₄磁性固相萃取-高效液相色谱法(MSPE-HPLC)测定水中氟罗沙星(FLE)、氧氟沙星(OFX)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、环丙沙星(CIP)和恩诺沙星(ENR)的新方法。磁性固相萃取的最佳条件为：SiO₂/MnFe₂O₄用量50 mg,萃取20 min后,用4 mL氨水/甲醇(12/88, V/V)混合液洗脱4 min。最佳条件下,SiO₂/MnFe₂O₄对FLE, OFX, NOR, CIP, ENR的富集倍数分别为57.3, 62.5, 53.2, 49.8和51.5倍。MSPE-HPLC测定5种抗生素的线性范围为...     

金属有机框架材料UTSA-74高效去除水溶液中的砷

利用水热法合成金属有机框架材料UTSA-74,并用它同时去除水中的As(Ⅴ)和As(Ⅲ)。 批次实验结果表明,在低质量浓度情况下(~1 mg/L),UTSA-74对As(Ⅴ)的去除率高达95%。 对As(Ⅲ)的去除率达85%。 经拟合,本实验符合拟二级动力学及Freundlich等温吸附模型。 本文还探究了共存离子(如Cl^-、NO₃^-、PO₄^3-)干扰影响,结果表明PO₄^3-的存在会抑制吸附的进行,可能是由于竞争吸附位点所致。 此外,本文对吸附后的材料进行洗脱(0.1 mol/L NaOH),将洗脱后的UTSA-74材料再次进行吸附探究,反复3次,其去除率仍可达70%左右。 为探究其中机理,本文通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)对吸附前后材料进行表征,结果表明吸附过程中可能形成了Zn—O—As,以此促进吸附反应的进行。 综上所述,UTSA-74可以作为一种处理砷的新型吸附剂,具有一定的实用价值。     

混煤燃烧过程中砷/硒与飞灰中矿物质之间的高温原位反应

为了研究混煤燃烧过程中痕量元素与飞灰中矿物质的原位反应，选取烟煤（HLH）、无烟煤（ZW）及其混煤在1150 ℃时的沉降炉中进行燃烧，并分别收集和分析了高温段灰分（HTA）和低温段灰分（LTA）中砷和硒残留率。结果表明，砷在高温段灰分中的残留率低于低温段灰，说明在烟气冷却过程中砷会被灰重新吸附。ZW、Z3H1、Z1H1、Z1H3、HLH的高温段灰中砷的残留率分别为60.31%、26.85%、13.29%、20.23%、36.11%，说明混煤的高温段灰比原煤更难捕获砷。同时，硒在五种煤样的高温段灰中的残留率分别为24.68%、23.60%、20.58%、15.19%和38.13%，其残留规律与砷相同。此外，X射线衍射（XRD）分析结果表明，混煤燃烧过程中矿物形态发生了明显变化。与原煤不同的是，混煤的HTA中出现了莫来石，且莫来石的峰值随着混煤中ZW比例的增加而增强。这与HTA中砷和硒的残留趋势一致。说明在混煤燃烧过程中，矿物质种类的变化以及矿物质与痕量元素的原位反应对砷和硒的排放有显著影响。     

The chemical state of arsenic in minerals of environmental interest--an XPS and an XAES study

A systematic analytical study using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES) has been carried out to characterize the chemical state of arsenic in complex environmental samples. The conventional approach, which relies on the chemical shift of the core levels As3d, provides ambiguous results in determining the chemical environment of arsenic. A more accurate approach, based on the Auger parameter and on the Wagner (Chemical State) plot, which combines AsLMM kinetic energy and As3d binding energy, was adopted. This novel method for determining the chemical state of arsenic was employed to completely characterize arsenic in complex environmental samples.     

XPS and XAES analysis of copper,arsenic and sulfur chemical state in enargites

Enargite, a copper arsenic sulfide with the formula Cu₃AsS₄ is of environmental concern due to its potential to release toxic arsenic species. The oxidation and dissolution of enargite are governed by the composition and chemical state of the outermost surface layer. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the enargite surface can be initially obtained on the basis of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) binding energy and intensity data. However, a more precise determination of the chemical state of the principal elements of enargite (copper, arsenic and sulfur) in the altered surface layer and in the bulk of the mineral requires a combined analysis based on XPS photoelectron lines and the corresponding X‐ray excited Auger lines. On the basis of results obtained on natural and synthetic enargite samples and on standards of sulfides and oxides, the Auger parameter α′ of different compounds was calculated and the Wagner chemical state plots were drawn for arsenic, copper and sulfur. Arsenic in enargite is found to be in a chemical environment similar to that of arsenides or elemental arsenic, whereas copper in enargite is in a chemical state that corresponds to copper sulfide, Cu₂S, for all samples irrespective of surface treatment (natural or freshly cleaved). Only sulfur changed from a chemical state similar to that of copper or iron sulfide in freshly cleaved samples to another state in natural enargite in the as‐received state. Thus, it is the sulfur atom at the surface of enargite that is most susceptible to changes in the enargite surface state and composition. A more detailed interpretation of this behavior, based on differences in the initial and final state effects, is proposed here. The concept of Auger parameter and chemical state plot, used here for the first time for investigating enargite, has proved to be a method to unambiguously assign the chemical state of the principal elements copper, arsenic and sulfur in these minerals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization of sediment reference materials by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

The chemical composition of surface layers of three sediment reference materials, Pond Sediment (Japan NIES CRM No. 2), River Sediment (US NBS SRM 1645) and Estuarine Sediment (US NBS SRM 1646), has been studied comparatively by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The composition of River Sediment as determined by XPS is peculiar in that the concentration of Cr is much higher but that of Si is much lower than that expected from the bulk composition of the sample. This can be attributed to the structure of the sediment particles, which consist of silica-rich cores covered by surface layers rich in Cr(III). Organic substances are predominant in the surface layers of all three materials, as indicated by the C 1s and N 1s lines. The elemental composition of the surface layers can be reasonably related to the origin of the sediments. The bonding states of some elements in the sediment samples, deduced from the photoelectron binding energies, are briefly discussed.     

煤中矿物质及其燃烧后的变化分析

以淮北煤田6煤层煤为样品，采用中子活化法、化学方法、X射线衍射及扫描电镜等方法对煤及其灰样品中的矿物质、微量元素进行了分析，在此基础上，研究了样品中主要矿物的种类及其形成时的影响因素，分析了它们在燃烧前后的主要变化。通过分析可知，样品中主要含有高岭石、石英、方解石和黄铁矿以及多种微量元素；在燃烧过程中，微量元素的含量以及矿物的种类发生了变化，并形成高温稳定的矿物种类。     

高温弱还原气氛下煤灰中矿物质的定量研究

利用X射线衍射(XRD)研究了1 100-1 500℃条件下弱还原性气氛下胜利褐煤和高平无烟煤煤灰中矿物质的变化,利用Siroquant定量软件计算了高温灰样中矿物质和无定形相的含量,结合化学成分分析,利用差减法计算了煤灰中无定形相的化学组成。结果表明,利用XRD、Siroquant软件并结合化学成分分析,可以对煤灰中的矿物质及无定形相进行定量分析,并可获得不同温度下无定形相的化学组成变化。不同温度范围内煤灰中无定形相的形态不同,当温度低于1 100℃时,煤灰中无定形相主要是未结晶或结晶度较差的氧化物,而随着温度的升高,矿物质发生熔融并形成了玻璃态物质,此时的无定形相则是以熔融的硅酸盐和硅铝酸盐为主。煤灰的硅铝比越低,高温下越容易生成莫来石。     

A simple method using on-line continuous leaching and ion exchange chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation analysis of bio-accessible arsenic in rice

A simple method for the speciation analysis of bio-accessible arsenic (As) in rice was developed using a continuous on-line leaching method to release the bio-accessible fraction. The continuous on-line leaching method has several advantages over commonly used batch methods including quicker and easier sample preparation, reduced risk of contamination and access to real time leaching data. The bio-accessibility of As in the samples was monitored using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results from a certified reference material as well as cooked and uncooked white rice showed that the majority of As was leached by saliva. Results obtained using the continuous on-line leaching method were comparable to those obtained using a batch method. Speciation analysis of the saliva leachate was performed using ion exchange chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The four most toxic forms of As (As(III), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and As(V)) were clearly separated within 5 min in a single chromatographic run. Over 92% of bio-accessible As in the certified reference material and uncooked white rice sample was in the form of DMA and As(V), whereas it was present as DMA and As(III) in the cooked white rice.     

低相对分子质量有机酸对α-FeO(OH)吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响

制备并表征了α-FeO(OH),探究了4种低相对分子质量有机酸(LMW)对α-FeO(OH)吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响,并阐明了机理。 单一和混合LMW对α-FeO(OH)吸附As(Ⅲ)均有抑制作用,4种LMW的影响大小顺序为:草酸(OA)>柠檬酸(CA)>乳酸(LA)、水杨酸(SA)。 混合LMW的影响为:OA会加剧CA对α-FeO(OH)吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响,而SA几乎不起作用。 当ρ(As(Ⅲ))较低,LMW通过与α-FeO(OH)的静电引力、与α-FeO(OH)表面的铁离子形成配合物、生成沉淀从而影响α-FeO(OH)对As(Ⅲ)的吸附;当ρ(As(Ⅲ))较高,LMW还通过阻碍As(Ⅲ)在α-FeO(OH)上的扩散和沉淀作用产生影响。 实验结果为土壤中As(Ⅲ)的迁移转化、污染治理提供技术支撑。     

氧化钙对流化床燃煤飞灰中砷的淋滤特性影响

在实验室小型流化床实验装置上,利用添加氧化钙研究了原煤中钙硫比变化对燃煤过程中砷在飞灰中的富集规律和飞灰中砷的浸出特性的影响。实验结果表明,增加钙硫比能有效促进砷在飞灰中富集,降低砷的排放。砷与氧化钙的反应受制于钙的硫化反应控制。飞灰中砷的浸出与滤液pH值关系显著,碱性飞灰导致滤液pH值增大,能有效抑制飞灰中砷的浸出。碱性飞灰中砷的浸出历程为飞灰中砷在短时间内快速溶出;随着滤液pH值增大,溶出的砷与钙发生二次反应形成钙砷化合物沉淀,降低滤液中砷浓度。