行波和驻波模式下热声振荡的临界温度梯度

热声机械作为一种能量转化装置。其效率于传统发动机还有较大差距。本文讨论了热声发动机在驻波和行波两种不同工作状态下,其声功率产生的临界温度梯度与流道尺寸和工作介质的关系,得出了两种模式下最佳的工作条件。结果表明;采用行波形式的热声发动机结构,可以有效降低临界温度梯度,提高热致声的效率,同时可以利用一些低品位来做为热声发动机的高温端。     

Stability analysis of thermally induced spontaneous gas oscillations in straight and looped tubes

A gas in a tube spontaneously oscillates when the temperature gradient applied along the wall of the tube is higher than the critical value. This spontaneous gas oscillation is caused by the thermal interaction between the gas and the tube wall. The stability limit of the thermally induced gas oscillation is numerically investigated by using the linear stability theory and a transfer matrix method. It is well known that an acoustic wave excited by the spontaneous gas oscillation occurring in a looped tube is different from that in a straight tube with two ends; a traveling acoustic wave is induced in a looped tube, whereas a standing acoustic wave is caused in a straight tube. The conditions for the stability limits in both tube types were calculated. The calculated and measured conditions were compared and were found to be in good agreement. Calculations performed by varying the value of the Prandtl number of the gas were used to determine the reasons for the existence of the stability limits of the looped and straight tubes.     

A simple model of ultrasound propagation in a cavitating liquid. Part I: Theory, nonlinear attenuation and traveling wave generation

The bubbles involved in sonochemistry and other applications of cavitation oscillate inertially. A correct estimation of the wave attenuation in such bubbly media requires a realistic estimation of the power dissipated by the oscillation of each bubble, by thermal diffusion in the gas and viscous friction in the liquid. Both quantities and calculated numerically for a single inertial bubble driven at 20 kHz, and are found to be several orders of magnitude larger than the linear prediction. Viscous dissipation is found to be the predominant cause of energy loss for bubbles small enough. Then, the classical nonlinear Caflish equations describing the propagation of acoustic waves in a bubbly liquid are recast and simplified conveniently. The main harmonic part of the sound field is found to fulfill a nonlinear Helmholtz equation, where the imaginary part of the squared wave number is directly correlated with the energy lost by a single bubble. For low acoustic driving, linear theory is recovered, but for larger drivings, namely above the Blake threshold, the attenuation coefficient is found to be more than 3 orders of magnitude larger then the linear prediction. A huge attenuation of the wave is thus expected in regions where inertial bubbles are present, which is confirmed by numerical simulations of the nonlinear Helmholtz equation in a 1D standing wave configuration. The expected strong attenuation is not only observed but furthermore, the examination of the phase between the pressure field and its gradient clearly demonstrates that a traveling wave appears in the medium.     

Computational study of impulsively generated standing slow acoustic waves in a solar coronal loop

We numerically investigated standing slow acoustic waves impulsively excited in a solar coronal loop by gas pressure and mass density perturbations in one-dimensional space. The corresponding computer model is described by the hydrodynamic equations that are solved numerically by means of the so-called flux limiters methods on uniformly structured mesh. We discuss the fundamental mode and the first harmonic mode which are generated in dependence on position of the initial perturbation in the numerical box. We show how the standing slow acoustic waves are generated in the corona, where they are trapped in space between two dense layers as in the resonator, and how their energy leaks from the corona to the dense layers. We found that this leakage increases with the decrease of the density jump at the transition region. We also studied the case when the perturbation is initiated at the transition region. We found that even in this case the standing wave is formed, but their energetics is influenced by the evaporation of the plasma from the transition region into the corona.     

Chimera states in an ensemble of linearly locally coupled bistable oscillators

Effects of quantum deviation of a two-level atom at coherent scattering on an inhomogeneous optical potential created by crossed electromagnetic fields are considered. The region of interaction is formed by a lowfrequency quantized standing wave from a micromaser and a coherent traveling optical wave generated by an optical fiber located inside a cavity. The atom interacts with both fields under the conditions of two-photon two-wave resonance. It is shown that two effects of quantum deviation of translational motion of the atom can be observed. Interaction with the standing wave is caused under these conditions by a harmonic potential the character of scattering of the atom on which depends significantly on the initial conditions of preparation of the atom and quantized mode. The other effect—deviation of the atom by the classical traveling wave—is also completely quantum mechanical under these conditions and is produced by the noncommutative contribution of the kinetic energy operator of the atom and the interaction energy.     

Theoretical and numerical calculations for the time-averaged acoustic force and torque acting on a rigid cylinder of arbitrary size in a low viscosity fluid

In this paper, theoretical calculations as well as numerical simulations are performed for the time-averaged acoustic force and torque on a rigid cylinder of arbitrary size in a fluid with low viscosity, i.e., the acoustic boundary layer is thin compared to the cylinder radius. An exact analytical solution and its approximation are proposed in the form of an infinite series including Bessel functions. These solutions can be evaluated easily by a mathematical software package such as mathematica and matlab. Three types of incident waves, plane traveling wave, plane standing wave, and dual orthogonal standing waves, are investigated in detail. It is found that for a small particle, the viscous effects for an incident standing wave may be neglected but those for an incident traveling wave are notable. A nonzero viscous torque is experienced by the rigid cylinder when subjected to dual orthogonal standing waves with a phase shift even when the cylinder is located at equilibrium positions without imposed acoustic forces. Furthermore, numerical simulations are carried out based on the FVM algorithm to verify the proposed theoretical formulas. The theoretical results and the numerical ones agree with each other very well in all the cases considered.     

An aeroacoustically driven thermoacoustic heat pump

The mean flow of gas in a pipe past a cavity can excite the resonant acoustic modes of the cavity--much like blowing across the top of a bottle. The periodic shedding of vortices from the leading edge of the mouth of the cavity feeds energy into the acoustic modes which, in turn, affect the shedding of the next vortex. This so-called aeroacoustic whistle can excite very high amplitude acoustic standing waves within a cavity defined by coaxial side branches closed at their ends. The amplitude of these standing waves can easily be 20% of the ambient pressure at optimal gas flow rates and ambient pressures within the main pipe. A standing wave thermoacoustic heat pump is a device which utilizes the in-phase pressure and displacement oscillations to pump heat across a porous medium thereby establishing, or maintaining, a temperature gradient. Experimental results of a combined system of aeroacoustic sound source and a simple thermoacoustic stack will be presented.     

Acoustical power amplification and damping by temperature gradients

Ceperley proposed a concept of a traveling wave heat engine ["A pistonless Stirling engine-The traveling wave heat engine," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 1508-1513 (1979).] that provided a starting point of thermoacoustics today. This paper verifies experimentally his idea through observation of amplification and strong damping of a plane acoustic traveling wave as it passes through axial temperature gradients. The acoustic power gain is shown to obey a universal curve specified by a dimensionless parameter ωτα; ω is the angular frequency and τα is the relaxation time for the gas to thermally equilibrate with channel walls. As an application of his idea, a three-stage acoustic power amplifier is developed, which attains the gain up to 10 with a moderate temperature ratio of 2.3.     

一维非线性声波传播特性

针对一维非线性声波的传播问题进行了有限元仿真和实验研究. 首先推导了一维非线性声波方程的有限元形式, 含有高阶矩阵的非线性项导致声波具有波形畸变、谐波滋生、基频信号能量向高次谐波传递等非线性特性. 编制有限元程序对一维非线性声波进行了计算并对仿真得到的畸变非线性声波信号进行处理, 分析其传播性质和物理意义. 为验证有限元计算结果, 开展了水中的非线性声波传播的实验研究, 得到了不同输入信号幅度激励下和不同传播距离的畸变非线性声波信号. 然后对基波和二次谐波的传播性质进行详细讨论, 分析了二次谐波幅度与传播距离和输入信号幅度的变化关系及其意义, 拟合出二次谐波幅度随传播距离变化的方程并阐述了拟合方程的物理意义. 结果表明, 数值仿真信号及其频谱均与实验结果有较好的一致性, 证实计算方法和结果的正确性, 并提出了具有一定物理意义的二次谐波随传播距离变化的简单数学关系. 最后还对固体中的非线性声波传播性质进行了初步探讨. 本研究工作可为流体介质中的非线性声传播问题提供理论和实验依据.     

高梯度行波电子直线加速器

本文评述了一种采用射频功率反馈的高梯度行波电子直线加速器,详细计算了它们的能量增益和瞬态特性。最后简要地比较了它与高梯度驻波直线加速器的性能及特点。     

Simulation of ultrasonic-driven gas separations

The separation of components in a gas mixture is important for a wide range of applications. One method for achieving this separation is by passing a traveling acoustic wave through the gas mixture, which creates a flux of the lighter components away from the transducer. A series of simulations was performed to assess the effectiveness of this method for separating a binary mixture of argon and helium using the lattice kinetics method. The energy transport equation was modified to account for adiabatic expansion and compression. The species transport equation was modified to include a barodiffusion term. Simulations were performed on two different scales; detailed acoustic wave simulations to determine the net component flux as a function of local concentration, pressure, etc. and device scale simulations to predict the gas composition as a function of time inside a gas separation cylinder. The method is first validated using data from literature and then applied to mixtures of argon and helium. Results are presented and discussed.     

高速压气机不稳定流动声测量技术研究

本文叙述了用声测量技术研究高速压气机的旋转不稳定特性、失速先兆及失速过程,建立了一套测量方法、测量系统,测量了高速压气机管道内声场的时域波形、频谱和管道声模态,结果分析表明:在没有激波的条件下高速压气机的管道声场中也存在低速压气机中可能存在的不稳定分量,但在有激波存在时无法分辨激波分量和不稳定分量,也未发现激波噪声分量的模态特征。所建立的测量系统具有高速、大容量、连续采集多通道信号的能力,并有快速计算频谱和模态的功能,使这种测量技术可成为一种常规研究压气机不稳定特性、失速机理和失速过程的有效方法。     

光子带隙谐振腔回旋管振荡器的自洽非线性理论

定义了光子带隙谐振腔(photonic-band-gap cavity, PBGC)的等效半径,论证了使用该半径将PBGC等效为具有模式选择性的金属圆柱谐振腔的有效性,揭示了其在PBGC设计过程中的指导性作用.基于等效半径的运用,建立起光子带隙谐振腔回旋管振荡器(PBG回旋管)的自洽非线性理论,并对工作于TE₃₂模的PBG回旋管作了理论分析和数值计算.目前的研究表明:高频电磁场沿角向呈行波或驻波的不同极化形式对PBG回旋管的注-波互作用过程具有较大的影响;较之电子回旋基波,该器件中二 关键词： 光子带隙谐振腔 等效半径 回旋管 自洽非线性理论     

Pekeris波导中简正波的复声强及其应用

在Pekeris波导模型下,关注了简正波的矢量场,讨论了简正波水平复声强和垂直复声强的表述,并分析了其特征.单阶简正波在水平方向是行波,相应的水平复声强仅为有功的;在垂直方向为驻波,相应的垂直复声强仅为无功的.而多阶简正波相互干涉,因此总声场的复声强既有有功分量,也有无功分量,其中只有有功分量参与声能的输运,但无功分量是反映声场信息的重要组成部分.通过对垂直(交互)复声强无功分量和水平交互复声强有功分量的数值分析,对于甚低频率的点源声场,发现当声源深度变化时,上述声场分量的正负号呈有规变化,当接收传感器置 关键词： 目标深度分类 复声强 矢量场 Pekeris波导     

Shock waves in nanomechanical resonators

We study the formation of shock waves in a nanomechanical resonator with an embedded two-dimensional electron gas using surface acoustic waves. The mechanical displacement of the nanoresonator is read out via the induced acoustoelectric current. Applying acoustical standing waves, we are able to determine the so-called anomalous acoustocurrent. This current is found only in the regime of shock wave formation.     

Numerical model for nonlinear standing waves and weak shocks in thermoviscous fluids.

Nonlinear standing waves in a one-dimensional tube are studied numerically by using a finite-difference algorithm. The numerical code models the acoustic field in resonators for homogeneous, thermoviscous fluids. Calculations are performed exclusively in the time domain, and all harmonic components are obtained by one resolution. The fully nonlinear differential equation is written in Lagrangian coordinates. It is solved without truncation. Effects of absorption are included. Displacement and pressure wave forms are calculated at different locations and results are shown for different excitation levels and tube lengths. Amplitude distributions along the resonator axis for every harmonic component are also evaluated. Simulations are performed for amplitudes ranging from linear to strongly nonlinear and weak shock. A very good concordance with classic experimental and analytical results is obtained.     

Physical forces exerted by microbubbles on a surface in a traveling wave field

The effect of a wave with a varying traveling component on the bubble activity as well as the physical force generated by microbubbles on a surface has been studied. The acoustic emission from a collection of bubbles is measured in a 928 kHz sound field. Particle removal tests on a surface, which actually measures the applied physical force by the bubbles on that surface, indicate a very strong dependence on the angle of incidence. In other words, when the traveling wave component is maximized, the average physical force applied by microbubbles reaches a maximum. Almost complete particle removal for 78 nm silica particles was obtained for a traveling wave, while particle removal efficiency was reduced to only a few percent when a standing wave was applied. This increase in particle removal for a traveling wave is probably caused by a decrease in bubble trapping at nodes and antinodes in a standing wave field.     

Open cycle traveling wave thermoacoustics: mean temperature difference at the regenerator interface

In an open cycle traveling wave thermoacoustic engine, the hot heat exchanger is replaced by a steady flow of hot gas into the regenerator to provide the thermal energy input to the engine. The steady-state operation of such a device requires that a potentially large mean temperature difference exist between the incoming gas and the solid material at the regenerator's hot side, due in part to isentropic gas oscillations in the open space adjacent to the regenerator. The magnitude of this temperature difference will have a significant effect on the efficiencies of these open cycle devices. To help assess the feasibility of such thermoacoustic engines, a numerical model is developed that predicts the dependence of the mean temperature difference upon the important design and operating parameters of the open cycle thermoacoustic engine, including the acoustic pressure, mean mass flow rate, acoustic phase angles, and conductive heat loss. Using this model, it is also shown that the temperature difference at the regenerator interface is approximately proportional to the sum of the acoustic power output and the conductive heat loss at this location.     

Optimal acoustic fields in compact thermoacoustic refrigerators

Thermoacoustic refrigerators have been developed during the last 15 years, employing quasi-standing resonant acoustic waves inside fluid-filled cavities to transfer heat along a stack region. Because higher efficiency can be reached when a significant travelling wave component exists in the resonator, specific resonant thermoacoustic devices have been designed allowing to adjust more or less the ratio of travelling and standing wave components. However, the acoustic pressure field and the particle velocity field do not appear to be the optimal ones, for the thermal quantities of interest. Thus, it is the aim of the paper to present a new kind of thermoacoustic standing wave-like device which allows to control easily and independently the pressure field and the particle velocity field, after investigating the optimal acoustic field, in the stack region, for the main parameters of interest, i.e. the temperature gradient, the thermoacoustic heat flow and the coefficient of performance.