子镜面内位移对中国巨型太阳望远镜主镜控制的影响

针对中国巨型太阳望远镜(CGST)的8m环形太阳望远镜(8m-RST)设计方案,建立了其边缘传感器和光学传感器响应子镜面内位移量的模型,进而分析了子镜面内位移对环形拼接主镜面形保持的影响。考虑了望远镜桁架因望远镜指向和温度改变所引起的子镜面内位移量,发现该位移量会破坏8m-RST的面形保持效果。为解决面内位移对8m-RST面形保持的不利影响,提出了相应的主镜控制模型改进方案。改进方案是:通过在子镜拼缝处加装两组间隙量传感器和一组剪切量传感器,利用增加的探测量估算子镜的面内位移量,进而修正边缘传感器与光学传感器的设定值。当间隙量和剪切量的探测精度优于23nm时,改进方案可以满足CGST的8m-RST方案的面形保持要求。     

700mm光学望远镜结构设计与分析

针对某700mm口径高分辨率光学成像望远镜,提出了一种结构设计方案。对主镜支撑采用9点whiffle-tree底支撑加球头芯轴侧支撑的结构方案,保证主镜具有高面形精度;望远镜镜筒采用碳纤维桁架式结构,既满足望远镜整体重量较轻,又可以保证系统刚度;建立了望远镜有限元模型,分析主镜支撑面形、主次镜相对偏心及系统整体模态特性,其中主镜支撑面形精度可达到λ/40,主、次偏心为0.015mm(水平状态)、0.008mm(竖直状态);使用激光干涉仪及平行光管对望远镜光学指标进行定量检测,光学系统RMS可达到λ/14,鉴别率板检测望远镜分辨率可达到46lp/mm,均接近光学极限水平。为同类望远镜的结构设计提供一定参考价值。     

薄镜面主动光学对光学像差的校正能力分析

建立了薄镜面主动光学的仿真模型,并进行了仿真分析,结果表明薄镜面主动光学可以对低频误差完成较好的校正.为了进一步验证,建立了一套薄镜面主动光学实验系统,开展了薄镜面主动光学实验.结果表明,通过主动光学校正可以把镜面面形校正到磨制时的面形即λ/10.同时发现,薄镜面主动光学对三阶像散和三阶球差的校正能力最好,三叶彗差的校正能力也较好,而三阶彗差最难校正,这对于磨制大型薄镜面具有一定的指导意义.     

薄镜面主动光学对光学像差的校正能力分析

建立了薄镜面主动光学的仿真模型,并进行了仿真分析,结果表明薄镜面主动光学可以对低频误差完成较好的校正.为了进一步验证,建立了一套薄镜面主动光学实验系统,开展了薄镜面主动光学实验.结果表明,通过主动光学校正可以把镜面面形校正到磨制时的面形即λ/10.同时发现,薄镜面主动光学对三阶像散和三阶球差的校正能力最好,三叶彗差的校正能力也较好,而三阶彗差最难校正,这对于磨制大型薄镜面具有一定的指导意义.     

基于AR模型搜索迭代算法的望远镜跟踪误差分析

在大口径光学望远镜观测星体目标时,其跟踪误差主要由风载引起的望远镜跟踪抖动误差和大气湍流引起的跟踪误差组成.建立了望远镜跟踪误差的简化分析模型,提出了一种采用AR模型迭代算法将风载引起的望远镜跟踪抖动误差和大气湍流引起的跟踪误差分离的新方法,并在1.8 m望远镜上进行了实验验证.结果表明,风载引起的望远镜跟踪抖动误差与风向和风速直接相关,实验结果与理论分析比较符合.     

椭圆形平面镜的高精度面形重构技术

为了实现大口径椭圆形光学平面镜的高精度面形测量,提升大口径望远镜系统的像质,本文对椭圆形平面反射镜面形的绝对检测算法进行了研究。首先,对椭圆形镜面进行了多项式正交化拟合研究。接着,对绝对检测算法进行了理论研究,利用正交化绝对检测算法可以有效分离参考镜与待测镜的面形误差,从而实现待测椭圆形平面镜面的高精度面形重构。为了证明上述方法的实际检测精度,本文对250 mm×300 mm的椭圆形镜面进行了绝对检测模拟与检测实验。对参考镜面形精度不高的情况进行了仿真计算,实验中利用光阑在Zygo300 mm口径标准平面镜头中选取250 mm×300 mm椭圆形检测区域,采用150 mm口径Zygo干涉仪对上述椭圆形区域完成绝对检测,并基于上述正交化绝对检测算法对椭圆形平面镜实现了面形重构。实验结果表明,利用本文所述方法可以实现参考镜与椭圆形待测镜面的面形误差分离,绝对检测结果的残差图RMS(Root-mean square)值为0.29 nm,证明了本文所述方法的可行性。利用上述方法可以实现椭圆形平面反射镜的高精度面形重构。     

1.5m级大口径标准镜面支撑系统的研究

现阶段科研检测仪器对光学镜面的面形精度要求越来越高.光学镜面的口径越大,自重导致的变形问题越严重.为了保证大口径标准镜在法线水平状态下的面形精度,提出了侧面钢带支撑和杠杆平衡重锤卸荷的组合支撑结构,与传统使用的钢带支撑、水银带支撑方式作了比较,并通过ansys有限元分析软件建立的模型对几种不同侧支撑方法进行了分析比较,...     

基于接触有限元方法的镜面面形仿真技术研究

为考察在外载作用下某镜体镜面面形的变化是否满足设计要求,研究在预紧力及重力作用下镜面面形的变化规律,使用接触非线性有限元方法对镜体组件进行了仿真,采用基于Zernike多项式的光机集成仿真接口程序对面形数据进行了处理,得到了消除刚体位移后表征面形变化的参数和表示刚体位移系数的分布曲线。结果表明在预紧力和重力作用下刚体位移明显,镜面平移占据了刚体位移的主要方面,基于集成仿真技术的面形处理程序可有效地消除刚体位移;预紧力存在在不同方向重力作用下对面形的影响略有不同,与预紧力相比,重力作用对面形的影响较小。在预紧力作用下面形仿真数据对于镜体设计、装调具有一定指导意义,也说明基于接触方法面形仿真的工程适用性。     

校正空间分块镜复位误差所需的最少自由度的确定

可收展式分块镜共相位成像技术是实现光学系统超大口径、超高分辨率成像的关键技术。分块镜复位误差会引起各子镜之间的共相位误差和整个拼接镜面的面形误差。合理确定校正分块镜复位误差所需的自由度具有非常重要的意义。计算机仿真分析了分块镜的复位误差对拼接镜面面形误差的影响。结果表明,所需的校正自由度的个数不仅与展开机构的复位精度有关,而且与分块镜镜面的几何参数有关。     

基于色散条纹传感器的拼接镜面共相的实验研究

研制极大望远镜的拼接主镜时,为使得望远镜系统成像质量达到衍射极限,子镜的定位精度需要满足共相位要求,那么必须对子镜之间的平移误差进行实时精确检测和校正.在对色散条纹检测和色散哈特曼检测原理分析的基础上,建造了一台色散条纹传感器,并在室内拼接镜面主动光学实验系统上开展检测实验,验证了检测信号和平移误差之间存在确定的函数关...     

Space solar telescope in soft X-ray and EUV band

In this paper we have reviewed our achievements in soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) optics. Up to now, the research system of soft X-ray and EUV optics has been established, including light sources, detectors, calibrations, optical testing and machining of super smooth mirrors, and fabrications of multilayer film mirrors. Based on our achievements, we have developed two types of solar space telescopes for the soft X-ray and EUV space solar observations. One is an EUV multilayer normal incident telescope array including 4 different operation wavelength telescopes. The operation wavelengths of the EUV telescope are 13.0, 17.1, 19.5 and 30.4 nm. The other is a complex space solar telescope, which is composed of an EUV multilayer normal incident telescope and a soft X-ray grazing incident telescope. The EUV multilayer normal incident telescope stands in the central part of the soft X-ray grazing incident telescope. The normal incident telescope and the grazing incident telescope have a common detector. The different operation wavelengths can be changed by rotating a filter wheel.     

基于成像清晰度函数的非球面反射镜位置校正实验研究

在具有双曲面、抛物面或椭圆面反射镜的成像光学系统中,反射镜的位置误差通常具有对成像质量影响灵敏的特点.因此,在该类光学系统装调或工作过程中反射镜位置存在误差时需要对该反射镜进行精确调整.目前,反射镜位置校正的方法多基于对系统波前误差的测量,从而判断其位置误差.然而在系统工作过程中可能无法进行光学系统的波前测量,或者需要复杂的光学系统才能实现波前误差的测量.本文以焦平面图像清晰度作为评价函数,采用随机并行梯度下降算法对反射镜位置进行调整,使系统成像质量达到最佳.针对迭代过程中反射镜位置发生变化时图像偏离探测器靶面而无法探测的问题,本文采用了一种反射镜垂直光轴平移和旋转相结合的调整方法.在保证图像位置不变化的条件下对系统像差进行校正.室内实验验证了该方法具有可行性,校正后的成像质量达到衍射极限.     

基于带状弹簧的空间望远镜精密展开技术进展

采用带状弹簧构造的可折叠多杆并联结构对卡塞格林型望远镜的次镜进行支撑,并结合在轨调节,可以实现口径＜1 m的可展开空间望远镜。描述了基于带状弹簧的可展开空间望远镜的结构特点,介绍了近年来发表的四杆支撑、八杆支撑、三杆支撑和六杆支撑等4种基于带状弹簧的空间望远镜精密展开技术的研究进展。建议针对带状弹簧空间望远镜的精密展开技术,应进一步开展结构动力学建模、结构优化以及误差的光电测量和校正等方面的研究。此外,在模拟微重力环境下展开实验也有助于推动展开动力学和展开精度的研究,而非对称展开结构将是今后该项技术的研究方向之一。认为开展基于带状弹簧的空间望远镜精密展开技术的研究将促进基于微小卫星平台的高分辨率遥感成像和自由空间光通信技术的发展。     

Conceptual design of a phase-shifting telescope-interferometer

This paper deals with the theoretical principle and optical design of a phase-shifting telescope-interferometer. What is called a “telescope-interferometer” (T-I) is indeed a novel, recently proposed wavefront error (WFE) sensing technique, whose basic idea consists in combining the main pupil of a telescope with a second, off-axis reference arm. Then a weak modulation of the point spread function (PSF) is generated at the focal plane, allowing for direct phase measurements. We propose a notable improvement of the method, inspired from classical principles of phase-shifting interferometry. Herein are presented the alternative principle and its achievable measurement accuracy. The technique shows high performance excepted on narrow areas located near the pupil boundary. It is applicable to both ground or space telescopes and is suitable for the co-phasing of segmented mirrors, which is of prime importance in view of future giant telescope projects.     

光学天文望远镜的足迹

文章以较为轻松的笔调概述了光学天文望远镜400年的发展史.全文分7个部分,内容包括望远镜的诞生、像差和消色差透镜、传统的反射望远镜和折射望远镜、施密特望远镜的作用、当代巨型望远镜的出现、空间望远镜,以及对月基望远镜的憧憬.     

地基大口径望远镜系统结构技术综述

概述了地基大口径望远镜的发展状况,阐述了口径变大的意义及实现的关键技术途径。概括了当前大口径望远镜的应用价值。介绍了国外5种典型的大口径望远镜系统,它们代表了当前地基大口径望远镜发展的最高技术水平。从跟踪架、主望远镜筒、主镜支撑及次镜支撑调整几个方面论述了大口径望远镜的结构特点及关键技术。最后,总结了大口径望远镜系统的发展趋势,指出其光学系统已从同轴系统向离轴系统发展并极具应用前景。     

LINC-NIRVANA: MCAO toward Extremely Large Telescopes

LINC-NIRVANA is a Fizeau (imaging) interferometer exploiting the full spatial resolution of a 23 m class telescope in the combined beam of the Large Binocular Telescope supported through Multi-Conjugated Adaptive Optics (MCAO). By means of science cases, we show how LINC-NIRVANA takes advantage of the MCAO, increasing the sky coverage of the instrument and the field of view for the Fringe and Flexure tracker. We introduce the MCAO system of LINC-NIRVANA in detail, which in a first step will be installed with two deformable mirrors per arm and has the provision to be upgraded with a third mirror. The MCAO system implements several novel concepts proposed for extremely large telescopes, such as layer oriented MCAO, optical co-adding of guide stars, or Multiple Field of View sensing. LINC-NIRVANA will demonstrate some of the concepts for the first time on sky. To cite this article: W. Gaessler et. al., C. R. Physique 6 (2005).     

Optical Designs for Large Detector Arrays on Spherical-Primary Orbital/Sub-Orbital Telescopes

We discuss the guidelines to the optical design for relatively small-aperture sub-millimeter telescopes employing a spherical primary and large-format bolometer arrays. Although optical solutions for large ground optical telescopes using a spherical primary are discussed in the literature, these configurations are not acceptable for orbital or sub-orbital platforms. As a baseline telescope design we will use BLAST, the Balloon-borne Large-Aperture Sub-millimeter Telescope, which will be employing bolometer arrays at 250 m, 350m and 500 m, and will carry a 2.0 m spherical primary mirror during the first flight. We examine two different sets of optical solutions that might be used on future spherical-primary small aperture telescopes: first, we discuss configurations employing on-axis optical elements to correct the spherical aberration introduced by the primary. Then, we present several optical solutions using off-axis, cooled mirrors. These configurations are discussed in relation to optical performance and various operational design constraints. A preliminary optical design for BLAST is also discussed.     

Carrier-envelope phase shift caused by variation of grating separation

The effects of variation of the grating separation in a stretcher on the carrier-envelope (CE) phase of amplified pulses are investigated. By translating one of the telescope mirrors in the stretcher with a piezoelectric transducer, it is found that a 1 mum change of the distance causes a 3.7+/-1.2 rad shift of the CE phase, which is consistent with theoretical estimations. The results indicate that optical mounts used for gratings and telescope mirrors must be interferometrically stable; otherwise their vibration and thermal drift will cause significant phase error. The CE phase drift was corrected by feedback controlling the grating separation.