HL-2A中性束大功率离子源的研制

2007年3月,为HL-2A中性束注入器研制的大功率离子源在核工业西南物理研究院成功通过了测试.该离子源为圆柱结构的桶式离子源型;加速器采用三电极的加减速系统.实验运行参数如下:灯丝加热电流1100A,电压12V,弧放电电压120V,弧放电电流1050A,等离子体密度达2.5×1012/cm3,离子流密度0.44A/cm2;在距等离子体电极5mm的平面上,等离子体的均匀性好于5%,工作脉宽2s.离子源物理设计、工程考虑、实验研究结果等将在本文介绍.     

大功率多磁极会切场离子源的弧放电特性分析

为了在HL-2A上实现3MW的中性束注入, 我院自主研制了直径为260mm, 高度为240mm的大功率多磁极会切场离子源. 目前, 它的性能已达到并超过了最初设计指标, 放电脉冲为1s时, 最大离子流密度为0.44A/cm²; 放电脉冲为3s时, 等离子体离子流密度0.24A/cm²; 等离子体非均匀性都在5%—7%范围之内. 目前, 它是我国国内等离子体密度最高, 放电功率最大的长脉冲桶式离子源. 本文通过实验数据与理论相结合的方式对弧放电特性进行分析.     

含氢电极脉冲放电等离子体特性诊断

利用飞行时间质谱法诊断了含氢电极脉冲真空弧离子源放电等离子体成分、离子电荷状态及离子扩散速度等特性.实验结果表明,含氢电极脉冲真空弧离子源放电等离子体的离子成分主要由H+,Ti+,Ti2+和Ti3+组成,其中Ti2+占主要部分.当放电电流为40～80 A时,Ti离子的平均电荷数在1.95～2.13之间,随着放电电流的增...     

大功率多磁极会切场离子源的弧放电特性分析

为了在HL-2A上实现3MW的中性束注入,我院自主研制了直径为260ram,高度为240ram的大功率多磁极会切场离子源.目前,它的性能已达到并超过了最初设计指标,放电脉冲为ls时,最大离子流密度为0.44A/cm2;放电脉冲为3s时,等离子体离子流密度0.24A/cin2;等离子体非均匀性都在5%-7%范围之内.目?它是我国国内等离子体密度最高,放电功率最大的长脉冲桶式离子源.本文通过实验数据与理论相结合的方式对弧放电特性进行分析.     

常压下气体放电等离子体振荡的实验与理论研究

在实验上研究了高压交流电弧发生器电极间隙的气体放电及等离子体振荡, 观察到了气体放电过程中的纳秒脉冲.以电子的流体运动方程和麦克斯韦方程为理论基础, 利用δ函数来描述交变外电场作用下电极处的电子堆积现象,建立了常压下气体放电时等离子体在外电场中振荡的理论模型,通过Laplace变换求解出电极间的放电电压.理论与实验结果基本符合, 从而可估算出实验中等离子体的电子数密度为1.3× 10¹²/m³.     

大面积热阴极系统设计及初步实验结果

建立了能满足大面积热阴极系统需要的2MeV热阴极实验平台, 并配合研制了直径为100mm的B型储备式热阴极. 在二极管电压为1.8MV、脉宽90ns(FWHM)、阴极工作温度为1350℃情况下, 利用法拉第筒获得了1000A的发射电流, 发射电流密度约12A/cm². 实验结果表明, 利用大面极热阴极获得高亮度强流电子束在工程上是可以实现的. 实验结果也表明, 阴极发射能力强烈依靠于二极管真空和阴极工作温度.     

5MW中性束弧电源DC/DC变换器的设计与实现

中性束离子源弧放电具有气体放电等离子体的非线性特性,工作时还会受到气体压强、外磁场、阴极状态等因素的影响,采用晶闸管相控调压技术的弧电源很难实现对这种大功率电弧的稳定的闭环控制。为此,提出了一种多相多重的大电流DC/DC变换器,具有响应速度快、电流上升时间短、电流纹波小等特点,大幅提高了离子源弧放电闭环控制的稳定性。设计了滤波电感能量回馈电路,弧电源可以根据中性束系统的需要使弧电流快速减小0%~100%(可调),然后根据控制信号迅速恢复正常弧电流输出,形成一个弧电流凹坑。电源还采用超级电容储能技术,使电源体积减小了2/3,电网容量小于10kV·A。离子源放电时不会受到电网波动的影响,弧放电更加稳定。实验数据显示:该电源最大输出为220kW/1500A,电流纹波在1%以内,电流上升时间约100μs,最大超调量小于3%,可以满足5 MW中性束离子源及系统的要求。     

HL-2A装置中性束离子源引出系统束流分析

在中性束离子源引出过程中,详细分析了引出束流的产生,这有利于得到更准确的引出功率和引出电极表面的热功率沉积情况。根据HL-2A装置中性束离子源引出电极的电连接方式和束流引出的物理过程,对离子源束流引出过程进行了分析,给出抑制极电流产生的主要来源。通过分析放电气压扫描实验中的结果发现:随着放电气压的增加,不同弧放电电流情况下抑制极电流均逐渐增加,且抑制极电流与引出电流的比值近似线性增加。针对引出离子束流经过引出电极的过程建立了物理模型。计算了抑制极电流与引出电流的比值与放电气压的依赖关系,计算结果与实验结果一致,验证了引出束流分析结果的合理性。     

毛细管放电复合X光激光机制的理论研究

 以毛细管放电泵浦产生的C等离子体中,复合机制产生类H-C离子3d_5/2-2p_3/2跃迁激光线为例,研究毛细管放电复合X光激光中的物理机制。提出在C气中掺入适量的惰气来抑制等离子体被压得过细以至密度过高;在设计实验方案时 ,应该使等离子体在电流峰值之后进入膨胀冷却阶段;还要适当降低毛细管中等离子体初始 密度以增大毛细管半径,使工艺上更容易实现。     

空气放电非平衡等离子体的模拟计算

 基于空气放电非平衡等离子体动力学,对空气放电进行了数值计算,分析了放电后等离子体中的主要粒子（N₂(v6),N₂(A3),O₂(a1),O和O₃）数密度随起始温度、电子数密度和约化场强的变化趋势。计算结果表明,随着初始温度的升高,空气放电产生的粒子数密度增加。温度为300 K时,放电产生的O原子数密度最大值约为4.90×⁷ cm^-3,而当温度升高到400 K和500 K时,O原子数密度的最大值则相应地增加到5.2×10¹⁰ cm^-3和5.51×10¹⁰ cm^-3。约化场强的影响与温度类似,其中氮气的振动激发态N₂(v6)数密度随约化场强的变化幅度不明显。电子数密度增加,粒子数密度大幅增加,氮分子的激发态N₂(A3)粒子数密度与电子数密度保持严格的线性关系。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.