X射线吸收精细结构技术在放射性核素界面反应中的应用

X射线吸收精细结构（X-ray absorption fine structure,XAFS）技术是同步辐射应用的一个最重要方向之一,XAFS技术可以原位探测中心原子的2—3个邻近配位壳层,获得中心原子的电子结构和微观化学结构信息,已成为微观领域最重要的结构分析工具。在环境科学领域,XAFS技术可以在分子水平上研究污染...     

X射线荧光光谱分析

作为《分析试验室》定期评述“X射线荧光光谱分析”系列评论第八篇,本文收集国内学者在1998年7月至2000年6月期间公开发表在国内外期刊和国际会议文集上的129篇论文,并对此期间对我国X射线荧光光谱分析的概况、发展和国际上的地位进行了讲述,内容包括仪器及维修、基体校正、数据处理方法、谱分析方法的研究、标样及样品制备、全反射X射线荧光光谱、同步辐射光源X射线荧光光谱、粒子激发X射线发射、X射线荧光光谱分析方法研究及其应用。     

同步辐射及相关核分析技术在纳米材料生物效应研究中的应用

伴随纳米技术的发展,纳米材料的生物效应研究成为热点,然而这一新兴的研究领域对传统的研究方法提出了挑战,其深入研究有赖于方法学的发展。同步辐射是具有高亮度、高准直、宽频谱等优异性质的光源,其在元素分析及物质原子或分子尺度的结构表征方面具有独特的优势。本文介绍了同步辐射及相关核分析技术,主要包括同步辐射X荧光分析、同步辐射X射线吸收光谱(扩展X射线吸收精细结构EXAFS,X射线吸收近边结构XANES)、同步辐射圆二色谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱、中子活化分析、同位素示踪技术等在纳米生物效应研究中的应用,结合本实验室以及国内外的研究工作详细阐述了基于同步辐射以及相关核分析方法应用于纳米材料表征及其在生物体内的定量、分布、结构分析等方面的最新进展。     

X射线荧光光谱分析

本文评述了我国在2002年7月～2004年6月间X射线荧光光谱, 包括粒子激发的X射线光谱的发展和应用, 内容包括仪器的研制、维护和维修、样品制备技术、 X射线荧光光谱基础研究、谱处理、分析方法研究和应用.     

X射线荧光光谱分析

本文评述了我国在2005年至2006年X射线荧光光谱,包括粒子激发的X射线光谱的发展和应用,内容包括仪器研制、激发源、探测器、软件、仪器改造、仪器维护和维修、样品制备技术、分析方法研究和应用.     

手性化合物绝对构型确定的方法与应用

手性分子绝对构型(AC)的确定在手性化学研究与应用中至关重要.近年测定手性化合物AC的各种方法,根据其原理可主要分为三大类.第一类是在手性环境下激发手性化合物的原子核从而测定手性化合物AC的核磁共振(NMR)法,包括应用芳环抗磁屏蔽效应的NMR法和应用配糖位移效应的NMR法;第二类是基于原子共振散射的X射线衍射(XRD...     

X射线光谱分析在激发、探测和应用领域的研究进展

随着微热量计和超导隧道结X射线探测器的出现，其能量分辨率在近年有了惊人的提高；多种新型X射线激发源得到了应用；X射线活体与文物等原位分析技术取得了显著进步。本文对上述已取得突破性或显著性进展的研究成果进行了评述。     

固体催化剂活性中心的分子设计及其XAFS表征

表面金属有机化学是设计制备组成和结构明确的表面金属物种的一条有效途径。同步辐射X射线吸收精细结构光谱技术(XAFS)是当前表征固体催化剂活性中心结构的有力工具。二者结合为在分子水平上设计构筑催化中心提供了一条可借鉴的分子研究途径和方法,已发展成为催化基础研究的重要方向之一。本文综述了过去十年内,我们研究组在利用表面金属有机化学方法在沸石分子筛孔道表面分子构筑单分散金属氧活性单元和XAFS在表征多相催化材料活性位结构方面取得的一些进展。简要介绍了XAFS技术的基本物理原理、实验方法、数据分析及在表征催化材料方面的优缺点,并回顾了固体表面金属有机化学的化学基础。借助表面金属有机化学的理论和方法实现了在沸石分子筛表面分子构筑“单点”单核或“单点”多核金属钛、铜和铁催化活性中心。通过对其微观结构的详细表征,并结合其催化性能的研究建立起活性与组成、结构三者之间的关联,阐明了这些金属物种化学态与其催化活性之间的本质联系。研究结果从分子层面揭示了MCM-41表面Cu ₂的热解化学机制,给出了具有明确组成和微观结构的CuO、Cu₂O和Cu(0)/MCM-41材料的新制备途径, 并阐明了含铜介孔分子筛催化苯酚羟基化反应中Cu活性中心的作用本质以及铁核性相关的苯酚羟化机制;基于分子构筑的、结构和组成明确的双核二铁 簇,发现并提出了铁催化HC-NO选择性催化还原反应新途径;借助X射线精细结构分析光谱技术鉴别了含铁、钛沸石分子筛光催化剂和N掺杂二氧化钛可见光催化剂的光活性物种及局域结构,提出了“表面激发光催化作用模型”新概念。     

1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-六苯基硅杂环戊二烯X射线谱的理论研究

近年来苯基硅杂环戊二烯作为一类高效的有机发光二极管材料被广泛研究。本工作利用密度泛函理论结合芯态空穴近似研究了1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-六苯基硅杂环戊二烯分子中碳原子K壳层和硅原子L壳层的X射线光电子能谱和近边X射线吸收精细结构谱,与实验谱线符合较好。通过理论结果对实验测量的1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-六苯基硅杂环戊二烯分子的X射线谱进行了分析和标定。我们发现碳原子K壳层X射线光电子能谱在低能区283.8eV处的谱峰是由于与硅原子成键的两个电负性较强的碳原子导致的。碳原子K壳层近边X射线吸收精细结构谱中最强的吸收峰与苯分子的吸收峰类似。硅原子L壳层近边X射线吸收精细结构谱两个主要吸收峰分别来自于σ_Si-C^*和π_Si-Ph^*跃迁。     

X射线荧光光光谱分析

评述了我国在2007～2008年X射线荧光光谱,包括质子激发的X射线光谱的发展和应用,内容包括仪器、软件、仪器改造、仪器维护和维修、基础研究和分析方法研究及其应用.     

Reactions of polyethylene surfaces with the downstream products of an air plasma: Gas phase and surface spectroscopic studies

The gas phase downstream products of an air glow discharge have been measured, using absorption and emission spectroscopies, as a function of plasma power, air flow rate, and distance from the plasma. In addition, the reaction of these products with a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) polymer surface has been followed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At higher air flow rates (>300 sccm), the primary reactive species is confirmed to be O(³P) atomic oxygen. Some O(³P) is generated in the plasma itself, but more appears to be formed in the downstream region, because of dissociation of molecules in their excited states. At low flow rates, the concentration of O(³P) is strongly depleted at the sample position, but other atomic oxygen states become more prominent. O(⁵S) and O(³S) are two states which are identified. XPS studies of the polyethylene surface reacted at high flow rates shows oxygen functionalities that are likely the result of an initiation by hydrogen abstraction. At low flow rates, the products suggest initiation by oxygen insertion. Thus, changes in flow rate can result in major changes to the polymer surface chemistry. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Electronic structure of NPB and BCP molecules probed by x-ray emission spectroscopy

Soft x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies have been employed to investigate the electronic structure and chemical bonding of two prototypical molecules, N,N(')-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N(')-diphenyl-1,1(')-biphenyl-4,4(')-diamine (NPB) and bathocuproine (BCP), which are frequently chosen because of their hole-transporting and hole-blocking properties, respectively. The resulting resonant C Kalpha x-ray emission spectra of these materials reveal different spectral features depending on the resonant excitation energy. According to the N absorption and emission spectra, the contribution of N atoms to the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals is different for in NPB and in BCP. Detailed knowledge of these materials will allow tailoring charge transport properties of organic devices in order to develop high performance organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic cells.     

Band theory vs. Exciton theory interpretations of x-ray spectra of oligomers and polymers

We interpret x-ray absorption and emission spectra of conjugated molecules from two conceptually different approaches, band theory and exciton theory. We use a few polymers and their associate oligomer sequences as test grounds to characterize and compare x-ray spectra simulated by these two approaches. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

About the microstructure of PCVD prepared crystal mats of statistical oligo-vinylidene-fluoride-trifluoroethylene in relation to other fluorinated polymers

The room temperature phase of the physical/chemical vapor-deposited statistical co-oligomer VDF/TrFE(70/30) has been characterized by different experimental methods such as small-angle x-ray scattering, wide-angle x-ray diffraction, size-exclusion chromatography, infrared absorption and optical refractometry. The characterization of the elastic properties was carried out using high-performance Brillouin spectroscopy in connection with special scattering geometries. The co-oligomer VDF/TrFE(70/30) was obtained by cracking the parent statistical copolymer and subsequently vapor depositing the shortened chains on highly oriented PTFE substrates (PIA-technique). The room temperature phase of the resulting oriented waxy crystal mats of VDF/TrFE(70/30) is predominantly ferroelectric. The physical properties are very different to those of similarly PIA-prepared n-alkanes, perfluoroalkanes, and blockfluoroalkanes. The microstructure of VDF/TrFE(70/30) is interpreted in terms of partially crystalline nano-sized structures giving rise to a marked freezing process below room temperature. © 1995 John wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Nuclear dynamics and spectator effects in resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering of gas-phase water molecules

The electronic structure of gas-phase H(2)O and D(2)O molecules has been investigated using resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering (RIXS). We observe spectator shifts for all valence orbitals when exciting into the lowest three absorption resonances. Strong changes of the relative valence orbital emission intensities are found when exciting into the different absorption resonances, which can be related to the angular anisotropy of the RIXS process. Furthermore, excitation into the 4a(1) resonance leads to nuclear dynamics on the time scale of the RIXS process; we find evidence for vibrational coupling and molecular dissociation in both, the spectator and the participant emission.     

Composition, Structure, and Corrosion–Electrochemical Properties of Chromium Coatings Deposited from Chromium(III) Electrolytes Containing Formic Acid and Its Derivatives

To study electrocatalytic properties of chromium, its deposits are obtained from Cr(III) electrolytes containing formic acid and its four derivatives (formaldehyde, methyl alcohol, formamide, dimethylformamide) and comprehensively examined. Amorphous structure of the deposits is established with an x-ray diffraction analysis. The valence state of chromium and major extrinsic elements is studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The carbon reduction degree and the organization of carbon particles in deep layers of the deposits (chainlike or graphite-like structures) is shown to depend on the nature of organic compounds added into the chromium-plating electrolyte. The corrosion–electrochemical behavior of the obtained deposits in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ is compared to that of polycrystalline chromium and deposits plated from sulfate–oxalate Cr(III) electrolytes.     

Film growth and interface reaction of ultra thin 3d-transition metal oxide/metal layer structures

The interface reactions between transition metal oxide substrates and ultra thin metal layers of different thickness (<15 nm) have been investigated by using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To a different extent oxidation of deposited metal and reduction of the oxidic substrate is visible for complementary layer systems. For the interface nickel oxide/manganese an enhanced reaction is found compared to the system manganeseoxide/nickel. Based on the experimental data a model of the evolving interface is proposed.     

Characterisation of morphology of self-assembled PEG monolayers: a comparison of mixed and pure coatings optimised for biosensor applications

For detection of low concentrations of analytes in complex biological matrices using optical biosensors, a high surface loading with capture molecules and a low nonspecific binding of nonrelevant matrix molecules are essential. To tailor biosensor surfaces in such a manner, poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG) in varying lengths were immobilised covalently onto glass-type surfaces in different mixing ratios and concentrations, and were subsequently modified with three different kinds of receptors. The nonspecific binding of a model protein (ovalbumin, OVA) and the maximum loading of the respective analytes to these prepared surfaces were monitored using label-free and time-resolved reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS). The three different analytes used varied in size: 150 kDa for the anti-atrazine antibody, 60 kDa for streptavidin and 5 kDa for the 15-bp oligonucleotide. We investigated if the mixing of PEG in different lengths could increase the surface loadings of analyte mimicking a three-dimensional matrix as was found using dextrans as sensor coatings. In addition, the effect on the surface loading was investigated with regard to the size of the analyte molecule using such mixed PEGs on the sensor surface. For further characterisation of the surface coatings, polarisation modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and ellipsometry were applied. All authors contributed equally to this work.     

Acid-base sensors based on novel quinone-type dyes

We present a detailed study on the acid-base behaviour of a family of "potentially antiaromatic" p-benzoquinonediimine ligands. These 12pi electron molecules can be considered as constituted of two chemically connected but electronically not conjugated 6pi-electron subunits. Upon successive protonation, "mono" and "double" cyanine-type chromophores are generated in solution and allow a precise and sensitive spectrophotometric detection. These molecules represent a new class of tunable quinones whose electronic and structural properties can be triggered by proton input, as established by a complete physico-chemical study involving a combination of potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods (absorption and emission).     

Calibration of the Probing Depth by Total Electron Yield of EXAFS Spectra in Oxide Overlayers (Ta2O5, TiO2, ZrO2)

Calibration of the probing depth by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in oxide materials is intended by measurement of the total electron yield (TEY) of electrons ejected by absorption of the radiation. Measurements have been carried out for three series of electrolytic metal oxide overlayers with different thickness. The experiments have been conducted at the Ti K, Ta L_III and Zr K edges. Analysis of the XAS spectra is carried out by factor analysis and conventional Fourier transformation and fitting analysis. The data showed that the information depth by XAS follows the order ZrO₂>TiO₂>Ta₂O₅ at the Ti K, Ta L_III and Zr K edges. As an alternative, the absorption spectra of the same samples were measured in the conversion electron yield (CEY) mode: i.e. by measuring the current of He⁺ ions produced by the ejected electrons in an atmosphere of He in contact with the sample. Here, the information depth is slightly different from that obtained by TEY. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.