温度对Ga掺杂ZnS纳米结构的形貌及光致发光性能的影响

分别以Zn粉和S粉为原材料,Ga为掺杂剂,Au纳米颗粒为催化剂,采用低温化学气相沉积法(CVD),在Si(l00)衬底上制备了Ga掺杂的ZnS纳米结构.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能量弥散X-ray谱(EDS)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和光致发光光谱(PL)等测试手段对样品的结构、成分、形貌和发光性能进行了分析.结果表明:随着温度的升高(450～ 550℃),Ga掺杂ZnS纳米结构的形貌发生了从蠕虫状纳米线到光滑纳米线再到纳米棒的演变,所制备的Ga掺杂的ZnS纳米结构均为六方纤锌矿结构,分别在波长为336 nm和675 nm处存在一个较强的近带边紫外发射峰和一个Ga掺杂引起的微弱红光峰,而其它发光峰均是缺陷引起的.此外,本文还对Ga掺杂ZnS纳米结构的形成过程进行了探讨,并提出了可能的形成机理.     

NdF3六边形纳米片的可控合成及发光性能研究

采用水热法,通过调节起始反应溶液中nNd3+/nF-的比值、pH值和螯合剂成功合成了NdF3六边形纳米片.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对合成样品的物相结构及晶粒形态进行了表征,并提出了其可能的生长机制.室温下NdF3六边形纳米片的发射光谱在红外光区904 nm,1066 nm和1330 nm处存在较强的发光峰,最强发射峰位于1066 nm;上转换光谱在522 nm和580 nm处存在较强的发光峰,最强发射峰位于黄光区的580 nm.     

氢钝化对低温沉积nc-SiOx/SiO2多层薄膜发光特性影响机制研究

采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术实现了nc-SiOx/SiO2多层结构薄膜在220℃的低温沉积,并对其450℃N2+ H2形成气体退火前后的微结构及其发光特性进行了研究.结果表明,直接沉积的纳米硅多层薄膜未观察到较明显的室温发光,而形成气体退火后样品出现峰值位于780 nm附近较强的光致发光,归因于活性氢能有效钝化纳米硅表面悬键,提高了材料的发光强度.结合瞬态发光谱分析,采用量子限制-发光中心模型可以合理解释纳米硅多层结构的发光特性.     

可控形貌纳米氧化锌的制备及光学性能研究

以氯化锌为原料,以不同有机胺(乙胺、二乙胺、三乙胺、乙二胺)作为碱源,在160℃下合成出了不同形貌的纳米氧化锌.采用XRD、SEN、IR等对产物的结构和形貌进行了表征,研究了不同有机胺对纳米氧化锌形貌及发光性能的影响.结果表明:所制备的试样均为结晶良好的六方纤锌矿结构.乙胺和乙二胺在浓度为0.3 mol/L时,制备的氧化锌为棒状;二乙胺和三乙胺的浓度为0.3 mol/L时,制备的氧化锌为颗粒状.纳米氧化锌在424 nm和474 nm波长处呈现出蓝光发光峰,在525 nm波长处呈现出绿光发光峰.且在纳米尺度附近棒状氧化锌的发光强度要强于颗粒状的,当氧化锌的长度增加到微米范围时,发光强度反而降低.     

一步法制备BN/Si复合团簇结构

以球磨的B/BN混合物为原料,采用一步法在蘸有催化剂的硅片上合成了大量BN纳米刺包裹在Si纳米或微米线上的复合团簇结构.EDS和SAED表明外层的纳米刺是六方BN多晶,里面包裹的Si纳米或微米线则是立方的Si单晶.实验结果表明合成温度对BN/Si复合结构形成有重要影响,只有在1250 ℃以上的温度才会生成BN /Si复合团簇结构,另外只有当硅片与样品接触时才会形成复合产物.PL光谱显示复合产物在360 nm的激发下,其发光峰在303 nm(4.1 eV)和423 nm(2.93 eV)处.     

螺旋波等离子体化学气相沉积法制备纳米碳化硅薄膜

采用螺旋波等离子体化学气相沉积 (HWP-CVD)技术在Si(100)和石英衬底上合成了具有纳米结构的碳化硅薄膜.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外透射(FTIR)和原子力显微镜(AFM)等技术对所制备薄膜的结构、组分和形貌进行了分析,利用光致发光技术研究了样品的发光特性.分析表明,在700℃的衬底温度和1.33Pa的气压条件下所制备纳米SiC薄膜的平均颗粒度在3nm以下,红外透射谱主要表现为Si-C吸收.结果说明HWP-CVD为制备高质量纳米SiC薄膜的有效技术,所制备样品呈现出室温短波长可见发光特性,发光谱主峰位于395nm附近.     

取向性二氧化硅纤维的制备及其发光性能研究

通过气相输运沉积的途径成功制备了大量定向排列的SiO2纤维.对比实验发现,取向性氧化硅纤维的生长与载气的气流量、原料的球磨处理有关.并利用XRD、SEM等方法分析表征样品,结构表明取向性纤维为无定形结构,平均直径为700 nm.在波长为260 nm的Xe灯激发下,产物的室温光致发光谱在450 nm和415 nm处分别出现两个蓝光发光峰,其将在微纳米光电器件中发挥作用.     

电沉积法制备ZnO纳米棒阵列及其发光特性

本文以掺F的SnO2导电玻璃为基板,以硝酸锌水溶液为电解液,采用三电极恒电位体系电沉积制备ZnO纳米棒阵列,系统考察了硝酸锌浓度和沉积电位等工艺参数对ZnO纳米棒阵列的微观形貌及其发光性能的影响规律.结果表明,硝酸锌浓度和沉积电位对纳米棒阵列的形貌有显著影响,控制适宜的工艺条件可以制备出直径分布均匀、结晶性好且纯度高的六方纤锌矿ZnO纳米棒阵列.荧光光谱分析表明,电沉积制备出的ZnO纳米棒阵列在385 nm附近有一个强荧光发射峰,且发光性能稳定、对纳米棒阵列微观形貌的细微变化不敏感,使其在发光二极管和激光器等领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

连续离子层吸附反应(SILAR)法制备AgGaS2纳米薄膜及性能表征

采用连续离子层吸附反应(SILAR)法,通过500℃退火在玻璃衬底上制备出AgGaS2纳米薄膜.使用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、紫外可见(UV-Vis)谱和光致发光(PL)谱等对纳米薄膜的物相、形貌、化学配比和光学性能进行了定性和定量表征.XRD测试结果表明,实验获得产物为黄铜矿结构AgGaS2,并观测到(112)面和(224)面.使用Scherrer公式估算了AgGaS2产物的晶粒平均粒度大小约为30 nm.SEM观测到的AgGaS2纳米薄膜外形均匀一致,沉积紧密,薄膜沉积的纳米平均颗粒直径约为18～ 26 nm.EDS测试结果显示AgGaS2纳米薄膜中Ag、Ga和S三元素的原子相对百分含量为25.12;,26.66;和49.93;,其化学计量比几近于1∶1∶2物质的量比.通过紫外可见透过光谱得到截止波长为470.1 nm,禁带宽度为2.64 eV.室温PL测试发现发光中心在456 nm,与AgGaS2晶体发光中心相比产生了约40nm的蓝移.以上结果充分表明SILAR法是一种制备AgGaS2纳米薄膜的有效方式.     

Yb3+-Ho3+-F-共掺杂TiO2纳米晶的上转换发光性能及其在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

采用溶胶-水热法制备了Yb3-Ho3+-F-共掺杂的TiO2(简写为UC-F-TiO2)纳米粉末.通过XRD,TEM,拉曼光谱,XPS和发光光谱,研究了yb3掺杂浓度对UC-F-TiO2纳米粉末的结构、形貌和上转换发光性能的影响规律.结果表明:UC-F-TiO2纳米粉末颗粒的大小约20 nm,由金红石和锐钛矿两种结构混合组成,且随着yb3+掺杂浓度的增加,金红石结构的TiO2所占比例增加;在980 nm激光激发下,UC-F-TiO2发射出中心在543 nm、647 nm和751 nm处的三个发光带.研究了基于UC-F-TiO2和纯TiO2纳米多孔薄膜光阳极的染料敏化电池的光伏性能.结果表明:与纯TiO2制备的电池相比,将UC-F-TiO2应用于染料敏化电池,电池的光电转换效率提高了29.7;.     

梳子状ZnO纳米棒阵列的制备及表征

采用水热法在HTlc-ZnAlCO3纳米片上对称生长出平行排列的梳子状ZnO纳米棒.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)对得到的样品进行表征.揭示ZnO纳米棒的可控生长规律,在此基础上对其生长机理进行初步探讨.     

Structural and optical properties of CdO nanowires synthesized from Cd(OH)2 precursors by calcination

CdO nanowires were produced by calcination process using Cd(OH)₂nanowires as precursors. The Cd(OH)₂ nanowires were synthesized via arc discharge method submerged in de‐ionized water. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the as‐synthesized Cd(OH)₂ nanowires revealed that nanowire morphology was abundant form with the diameters range from 5 to 40 nm. In addition to the nanowire morphology, Cd(OH)₂ nanospheres and hexagonal shaped nanoparticles were also displayed. The Cd(OH)₂ nanostructures were used as precursors to produce CdO nanowires and calcinated in air at 400 °C for four hours. After calcination, the structural, morphological and optical properties of the as‐synthesized CdO nanowires were characterized by means of TEM, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and UV‐vis spectroscopy. The XRD and SAED techniques showed that the as‐synthesized Cd(OH)₂ nanostructures could be transformed into CdO nanostructures after the calcination process. TEM results revealed that the as‐synthesized CdO nanowires were 5–30 nm in diameter and shorter than corresponding Cd(OH)₂ nanowires. In addition, the diameters of the spherical or irregular CdO nanoparticles ranged from 20 nm to 50 nm. UV‐vis spectroscopy analysis was showed that the direct gap of the CdO nanowires were found to be 2.60 eV which is slightly higher than the earlier reported values of the bulk CdO for direct band gaps (2.3 eV) due to quantum size effect. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Synthesis of TiO2 nanorings and nanorods on TCO substrate by potentiostatic anodization of titanium powder

Various TiO₂ nanostructures, such as nanorings, nanorods were synthesized via potentiostatic anodization of titanium powder under different conditions. The morphology of the obtained TiO₂ nanostructures can be easily tuned by varying applied voltage. The crystal structure, compositional information and morphological structures were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and field emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM). XRD and XPS analysis confirmed the anodization products were TiO₂. A possible formation mechanism was suggested on the basis of the shape evolution of TiO₂ nanostructures observed by FESEM. The results revealed that the applied voltage played an important role in the formation of various nanostructures. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Precursor-controlled synthesis of hierarchical ZnO nanostructures,using oligoaniline-coated Au nanoparticle seeds

Shape-selected synthesis of a large number of zinc oxide (ZnO) nano- and microstructures was achieved by the seed-mediated growth of oligoaniline-coated gold nanoparticle precursors. Distinctive ZnO structures such as nanoplates, nanospheres, microstars, microflowers, microthorns and micromultipods were synthesized by this method. Slightly different shapes were obtained in the absence of the seed solution. This is a fast, low temperature (60 °C) and biomimetic route to make a wide variety of structures. The structure and morphology of the nanostructures were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized for the characterization of the nanostructures. A growth mechanism for these nanostructures was proposed based on these results. The concentrations of the reacting species were the main parameter causing the changes in the morphologies. The variation in morphologies of these structures is believed to be due to the ability of the seed solution as well as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to selectively suppress/depress the growth of certain planes, allowing growth to occur only in certain specific directions. Changes in the amount of growth nuclei with varying sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration is also seen to affect the morphology of these structures.     

In-situ visualization of a super-accelerated synthesis of zinc oxide nanostructures through CO2 laser heating

A simple growth technique capable of growing a variety of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures with record growth rates of 25 μm/s is demonstrated. Visible lengths of ZnO nanowires, nanotubes, comb-like and pencil-like nanostructures could be grown by employing a focused CO₂ laser-assisted heating of a sintered ZnO rod in ambient air, in few seconds. For the first time, the growth process of nanowires was videographed, in-situ, on an optical microscope. It showed that ZnO was evaporated and presumably decomposed into Zn and oxygen by laser heating, reforming ZnO nanostructures at places with suitable growth temperatures. Analysis on the representative nanowires shows a rectangular cross-section, with a [0 0 0 1] growth direction. With CO₂ laser heating replacing furnace heating used conventionally, and using different reactants and forming gases, this method could be easily adopted for other semiconducting inorganic nanostructures in addition to ZnO.     

Low temperature synthesis of spindle‐like ZnO nanostructures under microwave irradiation

A simple and general microwave route is developed to synthesize nanostructured ZnO using Zn(acac)₂·H₂O (acac = acetylacetonate) as a single source precursor. The reaction time has a great influence on the morphology of the ZnO nanostructures and an interesting spindle‐like nanostructure is obtained. The microstructure and morphology of the synthesized materials are investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). It is found that all of them with hexagonal wurtzite phase are of single crystalline structure in nature. Ultraviolet–visible (UV‐vis) absorption spectra of these ZnO nanostructures are investigated and a possible formation mechanism for the spindle‐like ZnO nanostructures is also proposed.     

Well‐defined Sb2S3 nanostructures: citric acid‐assisted synthesis,electrochemical hydrogen storage properties

Well‐defined (three‐dimensional) 3‐D dandelion‐like Sb₂S₃ nanostructures consisted of numerous nanorods have been achieved via a facile citric acid‐assisted solvothermal process. The as‐prepared products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high‐resolution TEM (HRTEM), respectively. The influence factors of the formation of the hierarchical Sb₂S₃ nanostructures are discussed in details based on FESEM characterizations. By simply controlling the quantity of citric acid, the nucleation and growth process can be readily tuned, which brings the different morphologies and nanostructures of the final products. On the basis of a series of contrastive experiments, the aggregation‐based process and anisotropic growth mechanism are reasonably proposed to understand the formation mechanism of Sb₂S₃ hierarchical architectures with distinctive morphologies including nanorods, and dandelion‐like nanostructures. Charge‐discharge curves of the obtained Sb₂S₃ nanostructures were measured to investigate their electrochemical hydrogen storage behaviors. It revealed that the morphology played a key role on the hydrogen storage capacity of Sb₂S₃ nanostructure. The dandelion‐like Sb₂S₃ nanostructures exhibited higher hydrogen storage capacity (108 mAh g⁻¹) than that of Sb₂S₃ nanorods (95 mAh g⁻¹) at room temperature.     

Self-sacrificed template method for the synthesis of ZnO-tubular nanostructures:reaction kinetics and pathways

Using Zn nanowires as a self-sacrificed template, hierarchical tubes constructed by zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoflakes and ZnO nanotubes have been successfully fabricated by two different thermal-oxidation modes. The products were characterized by the X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show that the formation processes of ZnO nanostructures are sensitive to the growth temperature, which is lower or higher the melting point of Zn (419 °C). ZnO nanoflake tubes and ZnO nanotubes can be controlled through the variation of the heat-treatment process of Zn nanowires and their growth pathway can be described by two types of growth mechanism, in terms of Kirkendall effect and the sublimation of the Zn cores, respectively. Our method provides an easy and convenient way to prepare metal oxides tubular nanostructures with different morphologies through self-sacrificed template method via adjusting the heat-treatment process.     

Effect of oxygen partial pressure on the growth of zinc micro and nanostructures

Zinc micro and nanostructures were synthesized in vacuum by condensing evaporated zinc on Si substrate at different gas pressures. The morphology of the grown Zn structures was found to be dependent on the oxygen partial pressure. Depending on oxygen partial pressure it varied from two-dimensional microdisks to one-dimensional nanowire. The morphology and structural properties of the grown micro and nanostructures were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies on the grown Zn nanowires have shown that they exhibit core/shell-like structures, where a thin ZnO layer forms the shell. A possible growth mechanism behind the formation of different micro and nanostructures has been proposed. In addition, we have synthesized ZnO nanocanal-like structures by annealing Zn nanowires in vacuum at 350 °C for 30 min.     

Anisotropic vapor phase growth of Ga2O3 crystalline nanobelts

Ga₂O₃ nanobelts were synthesized by gas reaction at high temperature in the presence of oxygen in ammonia. X-ray diffraction and chemical microanalysis revealed that the nanostructures were Ga₂O₃ with the monoclinic structure. Electron microscopy study indicated the nanobelts were single crystalline with broad (0 1 0) crystallographic planes. The nanostructures grew anisotropically with the growth direction of . Statistical analysis of the anisotropic morphology of the nanobelts and electron microscopy investigation of the nanobelt tips indicated that both vapor–solid and vapor–liquid–solid mechanisms controlled the growth process. The anisotropic nature of crystallographic morphology is explained in terms of surface energy.