Driving and analysis of micro-objects by digital holographic microscope in microfluidics

We propose an optical configuration in which floating particles in a microfluidic chamber can be characterized by an interference microscopy configuration to obtain quantitative phase-contrast maps. The configuration is simply made by two laser beams from the same laser source. One beam provides the optical forces for driving the particle along appropriate paths, but at same time works as the object illumination beam in the holographic microscope. The second beam plays the role of the reference beam, allowing recording of an interference fringe pattern (i.e., the digital hologram) in an out-of-focus image plane. The system and method are illustrated and experimental results are offered for polymeric particles as well as for in vitro cells with the aim to demonstrate the approach.     

A design study of a triple field of view 8–12 μm waveband airborne FLIR

In this work, a design study of a three field-of-view (FOV) optical system for 8–12 μm imaging using a 288×4 focal plane array detector is presented. The detector pixel size is 25 μm×28 μm. The f/# of the detector is 1.76. In order to switch the FOVs, three different optical configurations are superimposed and all three configurations are optimized. The narrow and medium FOV switching is based on movement of the second negative lens of the afocal system, whereas the wide FOV is selected by inserting a mirror between the 4th and 5th lenses of the afocal system. By inserting a switching mirror, the objective part of the first configuration is blocked out; nevertheless the afocal of the wide FOV is activated. The imager part of the layout is common for all FOVs. Diffractive and aspheric surfaces are utilized to control chromatic and all other kinds of aberrations, reducing the total lens number. The final optical designs, together with their modulation transfer function (MTF) plots, are illustrated, exhibiting excellent performance in all three FOVs. More specifically, the paper emphasizes how the displacement of compensating lenses effect the MTF of the system and how automatic movements of the lenses are used to eliminate the defocusing problem under changing environmental conditions.     

大尺寸物体彩色全息图制作的研究

通过分析两步法制彩色全息图中全息图空间带宽积与物体大小、全息图记录距离的关系,提出了一种拍摄大尺寸物体彩色全息图的方法。经编码,设置参数,在视窗处平面记录下三分色全息图, 以保证用最小的幅面记录下物体的完整信息,并且H1rgb处于同一平面经原参考光的共轭光再现时,他们的再现像能完全重合;将H1rgb再现,获得大视场的物光波信息,三基色物波信息重合后,用光学方法记录大幅面的彩色全息。该方法能提高全息图再现像的视场和解决大尺寸物体的全息图难拍摄问题。 经实验验证,该方法能将全息图再现像的视场提高6倍左右。     

基于几何覆盖的导航星视场构造算法

由导航星表构造导航星匹配模式是星图匹配、识别的最关键步骤。为了从根本上能保证星图识别模式的完备性,提出了构造导航星视场的方法。从导航星表中任一颗星开始,依次找到两两角距小于FOV的星,构成1颗星、2颗星…m颗星的全部子集(子集P)。以子集P中心的视轴为基准,取两倍于视场的导航星子集Q(Q包含P)。把Q中的每一颗星投影到星敏感器像平面,形成点列子集Q。视场的构造就可以表述为平面上点集的几何覆盖问题。对每一个子集P来说,先计算其最小覆盖圆,若其半径小于视场在像平面的投影值(R),则计算点列子集Q删除P后的Voronoi图,这样就可求出包含点列子集P的最大空圆;若其半径大于R,则点列子集P为一个导航星视场。给出了由20颗导航星生成的124个视场,并与Monte Carlo 20万次随机生成的视场作了比较。结果证明了该算法是有效的、实用的。     

Design and fabrication of fluid controlled dynamic optical lens system

A novel small fluid controlled optical lens system that is capable of displaying dynamic variation of its focal length and field-of-view (FOV) is designed and fabricated. In this active lens system, appropriate volume of the optical fluid can be pumped into or out of the lens chamber to provide double-convex (DCX) or double-concave (DCV) lens effect. Simple optical imaging experiments were performed using different sets of glass lenses with fixed focal lengths to determine the optimum lens configuration required for designing a dynamic optical lens system. The experimental results obtained from the glass lenses demonstrate that a combination of a single DCX lens with three DCV lenses provides a wider FOV. The flexible membranes for fluid controlled lenses were fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane polymer material, which has good optical transparency and elasticity. A simple fluid injection system is used to vary the radius of curvature of the lenses, and thereby to change the focal length. A dynamic optical lens system with a combination of one DCX and multiple variable focal length DCV lenses as designed here can image an object with a wide range of focal length and FOV. With this fluid controlled optical system, the FOV and focal length could be continuously varied and a maximum FOV of 118.3° could be achieved. The smallest f-number (f_/#) for this fluid controlled single lens system was found to be 1.3, which corresponds to the numerical aperture value of 0.35.     

被动无热化切换式长波红外双视场望远镜

 提出切换式双视场光学系统的结构形式,探讨了切换式双视场光学系统的被动无热化设计理论。在此基础上,设计了工作波长为7.7 μm～10.3 μm的被动无热化切换式双视场望远镜。采用衍射面和非球面减少光学元件数量并提高像质,切换式双视场望远镜在-55℃～+70℃全温度带内MTF@18 lp/mm≥0.45。最后对设计结果进行了扩展,给出2个以该结构形式和材料分配为基础的镜头设计结果,结果表明该结构形式和材料分配具有一定的普适性。     

Configuration optimization of laser guide stars and wavefront correctors for multi-conjugation adaptive optics

Multi-conjugation adaptive optics(MCAOs) have been investigated and used in the large aperture optical telescopes for high-resolution imaging with large field of view(FOV).The atmospheric tomographic phase reconstruction and projection of three-dimensional turbulence volume onto wavefront correctors,such as deformable mirrors(DMs) or liquid crystal wavefront correctors(LCWCs),is a very important step in the data processing of an MCAO's controller.In this paper,a method according to the wavefront reconstruction performance of MCAO is presented to evaluate the optimized configuration of multi laser guide stars(LGSs) and the reasonable conjugation heights of LCWCs.Analytical formulations are derived for the different configurations and are used to generate optimized parameters for MCAO.Several examples are given to demonstrate our LGSs configuration optimization method.Compared with traditional methods,our method has minimum wavefront tomographic error,which will be helpful to get higher imaging resolution at large FOV in MCAO.     

Wide-field imaging through scattering media by scattered light fluorescence microscopy

To obtain images through scattering media, scattered light fluorescence (SLF) microscopy that utilizes the optical memory effect has been developed. However, the small field of view (FOV) of SLF microscopy limits its application. In this paper, we have introduced a re-modulation method to achieve wide-field imaging through scattering media by SLF microscopy. In the re-modulation method, to raster scan the focus across the object plane, the incident wavefront is re-modulated via a spatial light modulator (SLM) in the updated phase compensation calculated using the optimized iterative algorithm. Compared with the conventional optical memory effect method, the re-modulation method can greatly increase the FOV of a SLF microscope. With the phase compensation theoretically calculated, the process of updating the phase compensation of a high speed SLM is fast. The re-modulation method does not increase the imaging time. The re-modulation method is, therefore, expected to make SLF microscopy have much wider applications in biology, medicine and physiology.     

光学微操纵过程的轴平面显微成像技术

光学俘获技术利用光与物质相互作用产生的光势阱效应来实现对微粒的操控,已经成功应用于生物医学、材料科学等交叉领域.在对微粒进行三维俘获时,传统的宽场光学显微技术只能观测到某一平面内微粒的横向运动,对微粒沿轴向运动的观测受到很大限制.本文将轴平面显微成像技术引入光学微粒操控研究中,利用45?倾斜的反射镜把微粒的轴向运动信息转换到横向平面进行观测,与传统宽场显微成像技术相结合,实现了对二氧化硅小球俘获过程横向和轴向运动的同步观测.该成像方法无需扫描和数据重构,具有实时快速等优点,在新型光束光镊、厚样品三维观测和成像等领域具有潜在的应用价值.     

大视场曲面复眼光学系统设计

本文通过结构性设计解决了曲面复眼光学系统边缘视场像质难以提高的问题.该光学系统由7个相互独立的子复眼光学系统组成,各子复眼光学系统相互独立,其光线相互交叉.在系统中引入自由曲面透镜,自由曲面透镜相当于棱镜将微透镜阵列光线偏折,使同一子系统的微透镜成像于平的像面上.每个子系统包括一层微透镜阵列,一个自由曲面透镜,一光阑阵列和后续像差校正镜.相比较于传统的复眼系统,该结构对复眼边缘视场的像差校正能力更强,能很大程度地提高边缘视场的像质.该系统的理论视场可达180°,制造精密要求不高且适用性强.本文最后通过光学软件zemax对光学系统进行了模拟验证,证明其可实现性.     

Motion analysis of light-powered autonomous silver chloride nanomotors

Powered by UV light, nano/micrometer-sized silver chloride particles exhibit autonomous movement and form "schools" in aqueous solution, i.e. regions in which the number density of particles is significantly higher than the global average. In this paper, the silver chloride particles in such a system are classified by their proximity to other AgCl particles -be they isolated, coupled or schooled- and their motion paths are tracked and analyzed. By plotting time-averaged mean squared displacements of each particle over various time intervals from 0.1s to 15.0s, we discover different diffusive behaviors for the three classes of silver chloride particles.     

Multiple helical scans and the reconstruction of over FOV-sized objects in cone-beam CT

In cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT),there are often cases where the size of the specimen is larger than the field of view(FOV)(referred to as over FOV-sized(OFS)).To acquire the complete projection data for OFS objects,some scan modes have been developed for long objects and short but over-wide objects.However,these modes still cannot meet the requirements for both longitudinally long and transversely wide objects.In this paper,we propose a multiple helical scan mode and a corresponding reconstruction algorithm for both longitudinally long and transversely wide objects.The simulation results show that our model can deal with the problem and that the results are acceptable,while the OFS object is twice as long compared with the FOV in the same latitude.     

Object dependent sweep width reduction with spectral-spatial EPR imaging

For spectral-spatial EPR imaging, prior knowledge about the spatial support of an imaged object can be exploited in two ways. We can shrink the spatial field of view (FOV) to closely wrap the object in a sphere or reduce the sweep width in a projection dependent fashion. Use of a smaller spatial FOV with the same number of samples enhances spatial resolution by reducing voxel volume at the expense of signal-to-noise and a consequent degraded line-width resolution. We have developed another approach to define sweep width that prunes away the portions of the projection sweep with no signal. This reduces data acquisition time for the continuous wave (CW) EPR image proportional to the sweep width reduction. This method also avoids voxel volume reduction. Using the reduced-sweep method, we decreased the data acquisition time by 20% maintaining spatial and linewidth resolution.     

像方扫描技术研究

基于显微摄影的成像原理,研究了像方扫描以扩大视场的途径,并建立了一个二次成像的设计模型,包括一个大视场的固定前置物镜组和一个运动轨迹为球面的中继透镜组。物镜组所成的一次像面优化了场曲,中继透镜组则根据该场曲进行运动,对一次像面不同区域成像,并采用光学被动消热差以保证不同温度的像质。该模型的相对孔径1∶3,波长3.7 m~4.8 m,焦距90 mm,瞬时凝视视场为4,扫描视场达24,采用7片透镜3个非球面,在全视场范围内具有接近衍射限的像质。     

Characteristics of geometric distortion correction with increasing field-of-view in open-configuration MRI

Open-configuration magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems are becoming increasingly desirable for musculoskeletal imaging and image-guided radiotherapy because of their non-claustrophobic configuration. However, geometric image distortion in large fields-of-view (FOV) due to field inhomogeneity and gradient nonlinearity hinders the practical applications of open-type MRI. We demonstrated the use of geometric distortion correction for increasing FOV in open MRI. Geometric distortion was modeled and corrected as a global polynomial function. The appropriate polynomial order was identified as the minimum difference between the coordinates of control points in the distorted MR image space and those predicted by polynomial modeling. The sixth order polynomial function was found to give the optimal value for geometric distortion correction. The area of maximum distortion was < 1 pixel with an FOV of 285 mm. The correction performance error was increased at most 1.2% and 2.9% for FOVs of 340 mm and ~ 400 mm compared with the FOV of 285 mm. In particular, unresolved distortion was generated by local deformation near the gradient coil center.     

基于BP神经网络的小样本星图识别方法

为解决星敏感器的星图识别算法高实时性和鲁棒性,采用了BP神经网络;根据飞行轨迹精简了导航星及对应的模式,即一个视场中的一幅星图对应一个惟一的导航模式。采用二维Voronoi图计算向平面上最大空圆,构造了完备的圆视场集合;经过反复比较,选择以恒星为顶点能构造包含视场中所有星的凸多边形的导航模式,以其角距和顶角作为识别向量,具有平移和旋转不变性,并以该模式为BP神经网络的训练样本。仿真试验表明：该方法的识别成功率达100%,识别时间小于20ms。     

Three-dimensional profile stitching based on the fiducial markers for microfluidic devices

Profile acquisition of microfluidic devices is a challenging task due to the competing requirements of both large field of view (FOV) and high-resolution. One strategy for obtaining such measurement is linking or stitching high-resolution profiles, possibly from multiple instruments, into a large FOV profile. As opposed to current stitching techniques relying on precise control and measurement of the translation of the sample stage, our approach presented in this paper takes advantage of the overlapping of fiducial markers, to align and stitch the separately measured profiles of a device. This method allows three-dimensional profiles transformed in six degrees of freedom, so that the pitch, roll and yaw among measurements are compensated, and stitching can be processed in both in-plane and out-of plane directions. Measurements of microfluidic channels recorded by an atomic force microscope and a white-light interferometer are stitched with accuracies evaluated to be 0.086 μm and 0.094 μm, respectively. Stitching experiments for large-scale profile gets an accuracy of 0.047 μm. Special form of stitching for profiles acquired by different tools, i.e. key parts of a device profile measured by a small FOV high-resolution instrument are stitched into a large FOV low-resolution profile by another instrument, is also carried out with an accuracy of 0.224 μm.     

远距离成像汽车平视显示光路结构设计

针对汽车AR-HUD显示虚像视距更远、虚像视场角更大的需求,采用自由曲面离轴反射光路结构,设计了一种焦距为-309 mm,虚像视距为7.5 m,虚像视场角为9.8°×5.5°的虚像显示光路。为保证驾驶员观察到的虚像的清晰度,结合人眼典型分辨角为1′,源图像显示模块采用分辨率为854×480 pixel的背投式DLP微投影系统。将人眼与虚像显示光路作为整体进行设计,使用Eyebox(孔径光阑偏移范围)模拟驾驶员眼睛活动范围,对于不同的孔径光阑位置,该光学系统的虚像面在奈奎斯特空间频率0.33 lp/mm处,中心视场MTF值大于0.6,全视场MTF值大于0.3。此外,使用蒙特卡罗方法对该系统取不同入瞳位置时进行了初步公差分析,系统90%的MTF值大于0.49,表明该系统容差能力较强。     

Achromatic snapshot imaging polarimeter using modified Savart polariscopes and hybrid (refractive–diffractive) lenses

This paper presents the layout of achromatic snapshot imaging polarimeter (SIP) using modified Savart plates (MSPs) and working under nature light. The hybrid (refractive–diffractive) lenses are used to achieve the achromatic point-spread function (PSF), and the design probe the four Stokes vectors of the object by using polarization analyzing optics comprising two MSPs, a half wave plate, and an analyzer. In comparison with the monochromatic or quasi-monochromatic SIP using MSPs reported previously, the most remarkable property of the proposed layouts is to have the capability of directly detecting the object with natural illumination. Also, the configuration is more easily manipulated and robust than achromatic conventional Savart polariscopes reported previously in probing the object with axial movement. The feasibility is verified by numerical simulation for natural light.     

Scan time reduction with an adaptive field of view

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there is always a drive toward reducing the acquisition time. In volume imaging, time is often spent in acquiring data where there exists no signal because the imaging volume is larger than the object. In this paper, a method is presented for scan time reduction using an adaptive field of view (FOV). Multislice images are acquired with the FOV in the phase encoding direction of each slice determined by measurements made on the initial localization survey scan. Depending on the region of interest, an optimized FOV is also determined so that scan time is reduced in comparison to a normal scan while improving image resolution. The method is simple to implement and requires no additional hardware. Typical reductions in scan time are on the order 9-14%.