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开合屋盖结构是一种较新的结构形式,能在很短的时间内对可动屋面进行开合操作,使得建 筑物在可动屋面开启或关闭的两个状态下都可以使用. 本文介绍了几种典型的结构形式. 由于屋面可以移动,使得整个结构的设计与常规建筑相差很大,十分复杂. 开合屋盖结构的 设计额外增加了机械系统的设计,而且机械系统又影响着建筑和结构的设计. 可以说,开合 屋盖结构的设计是建筑、结构、机械系统设计三者的统一.     

Two-fold symmetrical 6R foldable frame and its bifurcations

In this paper, we have discovered that a type of two-fold symmetrical 6R foldable frame proposed as a deployable core structure to support solar blankets in space applications is actually a line and plane-symmetric Bricard linkage. Using the singular value decomposition of the Jacobian matrix of closure equations, we are able to show that bifurcations exist during deployment of the frame. And the bifurcations cannot be avoided in current designs. However, we also identified a feasible area for design parameters in which bifurcations can be completely removed. A physical model has been made which proves that our conclusion is correct.     

On a type of radially retractable plate structures

The radially retractable plate structures (RPS) are a family of new retractable structures consisting of a set of cover plates connected by revolute hinges. The concept evolves from the foldable bar structures (FBS) by replacing the beams in an FBS with cover plates. With a single degree of freedom, the structures close to form a covered enclosure and expand to reveal a large central opening space, which makes them ideal for use as retractable roofs. In designing the plates of an RPS, two primary requirements have to be met. First, the boundary of these plates must be designed such that they form an enclosure without any gaps or overlaps in both closed and open configurations, and the plates do not interfere with each other during deployment. Second, all of the pivots of a beam must remain within the boundary of its corresponding RPS plate. This paper tackles the second problem. To meet the requirement, an analytical method is proposed. A feasible design area, defined by closed and open angles of the corresponding FBS, can be identified under this approach. The designers are no longer limited to use the empirical or numerical means to determine whether all of the pivots of a multi-angulated beam are within its corresponding plate. The analytical approach can be used regardless of the boundary’s profile. The approach can be extended into both symmetrical and non-symmetrical structures. Physical models built to validate our approach have shown that the analysis is correct.     

Dynamic analysis of a rotating rigid-flexible coupled smart structure with large deformations

Based on Hamilton's principle,a new kind of fully coupled nonlinear dynamic model for a rotating rigid-flexible smart structure with a tip mass is proposed.The geometrically nonlinear effects of the axial,transverse displacement and rotation angle are considered by means of the first-order approximation coupling(FOAC)model theory, in which large deformations and the centrifugal stiffening effects are considered.Three kinds of systems are established respectively,which are a structure without piezoelectric layer,with piezoelectric layer in open circuit and closed circuit.Several simulations based on simplified models are presented to show the differences in characteristics between structures with and without the tip mass,between smart beams in closed and open circuit, and between the centrifugal effects in high speed rotating state or not.The last simulation calculates the dynamic response of the structure subjected to external electrical loading.     

A proposal for a convertible stadium roof structure derived from Watt-I linkage

In this paper, a novel convertible stadium roof structure is introduced, which has been derived from a special geometric configuration of Watt-I linkage, a 1-DoF mechanism used in robot technologies as anthropomorphic fingers. The proposed structure can offer a wide range of different shape configurations according to the environmental conditions and spatial needs, thus offering several aesthetic and functional advantages over existing solutions. This paper serves as a feasibility investigation of this concept, mainly from geometric and structural point of view. To that affect, first kinematic analysis and geometric design of this linkage are introduced. Then, structural analyses of the proposed structure with realistic dimensions and loading conditions are performed in three different geometric configurations, in order to discuss strength and stiffness limitations. Finally, potential cover materials and actuators are briefly discussed.     

Dynamic reliability analysis of a cantilever beam during a deterioration process

Considering deterioration process of a beam structure subjected to cyclic load, the reliability and sensitivity analysis is presented. Gamma process is introduced to describe the deterioration of properties and the accuracy of the model is verified by experiments of structures under cycle load. A set of experiments is designed to investigate the deterioration process of the beam under cycle load. For arbitrarily distributed random material and geometric variables, the stochastic perturbation method and Edgeworth series are used to approximate the statistical characteristics of vibration and failure probability. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to show the validity of the method proposed. Additionally, the effects of material and geometric parameters are discussed to provide important information for design and use of beam structures.     

连接组合结构协同动力学拓扑优化设计

工程实际结构通常是由多个部件组合而成, 且各部件通过连接构件传递彼此间的载荷和振动能量. 连接构件的布局设计与约束状况对整个结构的拓扑构型、动态性能以及承载能力等均有较大的影响. 本文研究连接组合结构构型与部件间连接构件布局的协同动力学优化问题, 使整体结构在简谐激励作用下动柔顺度达到最小. 以弹簧连接单元模拟连接构件的约束及承载状况, 将承力构件材料的相对密度与弹簧连接单元的相对刚度同时作为设计变量. 在材料体积约束以及连接构件数量约束的条件下, 采用基于梯度的优化算法开展组合结构的拓扑构型与连接构件的布局协同优化设计. 通过与无连接约束构件的单体式结构拓扑优化结果进行对比, 展示了组合结构拓扑构型的变化, 以及连接约束的布局设计对整体材料分布和结构动力性能的影响. 数值结果表明, 虽然组合结构协同优化设计的动柔顺度总是大于单体式结构的结果, 但结构固有频率的变化却具有一定的偶然性, 即可提供更加优越的结构构型与连接布局设计.      

Mathematical programming approaches for the safety assessment of semirigid elastoplastic frames

This paper presents two complementary mathematical programming based approaches for the accurate safety assessment of semirigid elastoplastic frames under quasistatic loads. The inelastic behavior of the flexible connections and material plasticity are accommodated through piecewise linearized nonlinear yield surfaces. As is necessary for this class of structures, geometric nonlinearity is taken into account. Moreover, only a 2nd-order geometric approximation is included as this is sufficiently accurate for practical structures. The work described has a twofold contribution. First, we develop an algorithm that can robustly and efficiently process the complete (path-dependent) nonholonomic response of the structure in a stepwise (path-independent) holonomic fashion. The governing formulation is cast in mixed static-kinematic variables and leads naturally to what is known in the mathematical programming literature as a mixed complementarity problem (MCP). The novelty of the proposed algorithm is that it processes the MCP directly without using some iterative (and often cumbersome) predictor–corrector procedure. Second, in the spirit of simplified analyses, the classical limit analysis approach is extended to compute the limit load multiplier under the simultaneous influence of joint flexibility, material and geometric nonlinearities, and limited ductility. Our formulation is an instance of the challenging class of optimization problems known as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). Various nonlinear programming based algorithms are proposed to solve the MPEC. Finally, four numerical examples, concerning practical structures and benchmark cases, are provided to illustrate application of the analyses as well as to validate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed schemes.     

Stability and Bifurcation of the Taylor Problem

The main objective of this paper is to address the stability and bifurcation of the Couette flow between two concentric rotating cylinders, and to verify rigorously Taylor's observation in his experiments [13]. A nonlinear theory is obtained for the Taylor problem, leading in particular to rigorous justifications of the linear theory used by physicists, and the Taylor vortex structure. The main technical tools are the dynamic bifurcation theory and the geometric theory for incompressible flows, both developed recently by Ma & Wang [10, 12].     

Secondary structures in time-dependent rotating flows

The problems related with the development of secondary structures in time-dependent rotating flows are considered. The experimental results on the generation of these structures (inhomogeneities placed in series in a gas) which occur outside (inside) a cylindrical tube, when it starts (ends) suddenly to rotate, are presented. The qualitative explanation of these results is given on the basis of the ideas on the development of time-dependent viscous boundary layers, the condition of the stability of axisymmetric rotating flows obtained in the inviscid approximation, and the condition for the Görtler vortex generation. To obtain a more complete idea of the effect of secondary structure generation in time-dependent rotating flows two flows are numerically modeled on the basis of the complete Navier-Stokes equations. The first problem is that of rotating gas (air) flow in a round cylindrical tube of finite length with closed ends when it starts or ends suddenly to rotate. The second situation concerns with the generation of inside or outside (with respect to the tube surface) time-dependent vortex structures, when a tube with one closed end starts or ends suddenly to rotate; a gas flows into the tube from an external finite volume through the central region of its second open end and flows out of the tube into the volume along the periphery of this section. The flow parameters are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

Local resonance phononic band gaps in modified two-dimensional lattice materials

In this paper,modified two-dimensional periodic lattice materials with local resonance phononic bandgaps are designed and investigated.The design concept isto introduce some auxiliary structures into conventional periodic lattice materials.Elastic wave propagation in this kindof modified two-dimensional lattice materials is studied using a combination of Bloch’s theorem with finite elementmethod.The calculated frequency band structures of illustrative modified square lattice materials reveal the existenceof frequency band gaps in the low frequency region due tothe introduction of the auxiliary structures.The mechanismunderlying the occurrence of these frequency band gaps isthoroughly discussed and natural resonances of the auxiliarystructures are validated to be the origin.The effect of geometric parameters of the auxiliary structures on the width ofthe local resonance phononic band gaps is explored.Finally,a conceptual broadband vibration-insulating structure basedon the modified lattice materials is designed and its capability is demonstrated.The present work is anticipated to beuseful in designing structures which can insulate mechanicalvibrations within desired frequency ranges.     

Magnetoelectroelastic shear body waves in periodically layered metalized ferrite–piezoelectric media

A method of deriving the dispersion equations for magnetoelectroelastic shear waves in periodically layered media is proposed. The media are formed by uniting identical metalized laminates, each consisting of two dissimilar piezoelectric layers separated by a layer with the properties of ferrite. A numerical analysis is carried out and the propagation of body waves in different structures consisting of ZnO and GaYtC layers is described within wide ranges of frequencies and wave numbers. The influence of the physical, mechanical, and geometrical parameters of the layers on the structure of the transmission and suppression zones and the effect of the piezoelectric effect of the position of transmission edges are examined     

后临界湍流区间内旋转薄壳结构振动演化与作用机制实测研究

载荷的时变特征可能会对结构振动强度和能量作用机理产生重要影响,火/核电厂最重要的大型建筑结构均为典型的旋转薄壳结构(如冷却塔、烟囱等).为揭示后临界湍流区间内旋转薄壳结构的振动演化特征及其作用机制,实测了后临界雷诺数($Re\ge $3.5$\times $10$^{6}$)条件下8座典型旋转薄壳结构的振动响应.首先,在对实测响应进行降噪滤波处理后进行了不同时距的信号非平稳识别,基于非平稳分析模型对响应的时变均值和极值估计进行研究,并基于多尺度小波变换的演化谱方法开展了响应的频域演变特性研究.在此基础上,探讨了结构风振响应的共振分量占比及其效应,识别了结构的自振频率和阻尼比,并以结构基频为划分依据分别讨论了不同旋转薄壳结构的阻尼作用机制.研究结果表明:(1)旋转薄壳结构在后临界湍流区间内风致振动响应表现为强度非平稳、频率平稳的演化特性;(2)后临界湍流区间内的旋转薄壳结构的风振问题应区分准静力作用点与共振激发点分别进行研究,不同共振激发点的功率谱分布形式较为相近,而准静力作用点的功率谱分布规律差异较大;(3)共振激发点的振动能量分布呈现明显的分段趋势,基于本文大量实测分析结果回归得出适用于共振激发点的三阶段共振谱表达式;(4)借助本文提出的等效阻尼比概念拟合出此类结构的阻尼比预测公式,论证了目前工程中通用的5%阻尼比取值的不合理性.      

Dynamic analysis of a deployable/retractable damped cantilever beam

Deployable/retractable damped cantilever beams are a class of time-varying parametric structures which have attracted considerable research interest due to their many potential applications in the intelligent robot field and aerospace. In the present work, the dynamic characteristics of a deployable/retractable damped cantilever beam are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The time-varying damping, as a function of the beam length, is obtained by both the enveloped fitting method and the period decrement method. Furthermore, the governing equation of the deployable/retractable damped cantilever beam is derived by introducing the time-varying damping parameter,and the corresponding closed-form solution and vibration principles are investigated based on the averaged method. The theoretical predictions for transient dynamic responses are in good agreement with the experimental results. The dynamic mechanism analysis on time-varying damping offers flexible technology in mechanical and aerospace fields.     

基于泰勒级数展开的区间反演方法

实际结构或构件的几何与材料参数总包含不确定性,在对结构计算模型进行精确分析时,有时需要对参数不确定性进行量化。本文提出了一种用于区间参数识别的反演方法,即基于泰勒级数展开式分别建立参数与响应的区间中值、区间半径的对应函数关系,并通过构建两个反演问题来分步识别参数区间中值和半径,以避免区间扩张现象和简化优化反演过程。通过数值质-弹系统初步验证了方法的可行性,然后基于一组钢板的动测数据,识别了钢板的几何及材料特性参数的区间范围。研究结果表明,本文方法具有良好的区间反演精度,能有效地避免区间扩张现象,可以用于实际工程区间问题的求解。     

开口薄壁杆件结构稳定分析的精确单元和两步求解算法

从控制微分方程的通解出发,构造受偏心压力作用开口薄壁杆件的精确形函数,建立用于开口薄壁杆件结构稳定性分析的精确有限元,得到了单元刚度矩阵和几何刚度矩阵的显式表达,提出了计算给定区间内各阶临界荷载以及相应失稳模态的两步计算方法。计算结果表明,与常规单元相比,采用精确单元无需进行网格细分就可以获得精确的数值结果,结合本文的两步求解算法,可以准确获得给定区间内全部临界荷载和失稳模态。     

金属蜂窝夹层结构抗水下爆炸特性

金属蜂窝夹层结构是一种新型的舰船防护结构,在舰船防护领域具有广阔的应用前景,但目前缺乏对其在实际水下爆炸载荷作用下动态响应的研究。为研究金属蜂窝夹层结构在水下爆炸载荷作用下的动态响应及防护性能,设计并制备了背板加筋蜂窝夹层结构样件以及相应的浮箱,在大型露天水池中进行了水下实爆 实验;通过声固耦合算法对结构响应进行模拟,实验结果与模拟结果吻合良好,随后分析了蜂窝夹层板的变形过程及能量吸收特性,量化了载荷参数（冲击因子）及结构参数（前后面板厚度比和芯体相对密度）对结构动态响应的影响;最后,以蜂窝夹层板的面密度和后面板中心点最大变形的无量纲量为目标函数,使用NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法对结构进行了多目标优化,得到对应的Pareto前沿。结果表明,随着冲击因子的增大,蜂窝夹层板整体变形显著增大,蜂窝芯体始终是主要的吸能构件,但其吸能占比逐渐降低;随着前后面板厚度比或芯体相对密度的增加,蜂窝夹层结构的最大变形呈现先降低后升高的趋势,同时呈现不同的变形模式,芯体相对密度对结构变形的影响更为显著;对蜂窝夹层结构开展多目标优化可有效降低结构的面密度及最大变形,优化结果可为蜂窝夹层结构的设计选型提供参考。     

考虑尺度效应的夹层楔形多孔梁动力学分析

基于修正偶应力理论, 研究了具有大范围旋转中心刚体-功能梯度夹层Euler-Bernoulli楔形多孔柔性微梁系统的动力学特性.楔形梁是中间层为不完全功能梯度层, 两表层为均质材料的功能梯度夹层结构, 它可以减小传统夹层结构由于层与层之间材料属性的不同导致脱粘类型损伤的影响.采用假设模态法描述变形, 考虑具有捕捉动力刚化效应的非线性耦合项, 计及von Kármán几何非线性应变, 运用第二类Lagrange方程, 导出了适用于较大变形的高次刚柔耦合动力学方程.对在平面内做大范围运动的中心刚体-功能梯度夹层Euler-Bernoulli楔形多孔微梁的动力学特性进行了详细研究.研究表明: 功能梯度夹层楔形梁表层结构高度、旋转角速度、功能梯度幂指数、尺度参数、孔隙度以及各层结构的体积分数对系统的动力学特性都有很大的影响; 功能梯度夹层楔形梁综合了功能梯度直梁和楔形梁的特性, 其相对于功能梯度直梁的固有频率增大, 同时使得孔隙度对结构固有频率变化趋势的影响不再与功能梯度直梁相同; 由于柔性梁变形能中具有横向与轴向的耦合势能, 系统在稳态下的平衡位置发生了迁移现象; 系统随着尺度参数的变化发生了频率转向与振型转换.      

Extending the laser-specklegram technique to strain analysis of rotating components

A technique involving sandwich-speckle interferometry has been investigated for application in making strain measurements on rotating structures. The technique has proven to be effective in relaxing stringent timing requirements for recording laser photographs and provides extended ranges of displacement measurement. Application of the technique to an experimental rotating specimen has demonstrated the potential of the method for making accurate strain measurements.