Cu含量对Pd-Cu/铝土矿CO氧化催化剂结构和性能的影响

利用资源丰富的天然铝土矿经NaOH溶液水热处理后焙烧,获得比表面积达174 m²·g^-1铝土矿载体,制备了双金属Pd-Cu为活性组分的催化剂,金属Pd负载量为0.5%（质量百分数）,以CO氧化反应为探针反应,详细考察了Cu含量的变化对催化剂物化性能的影响。研究发现,Cu的引入有利于提高金属Pd的分散度,同时随着Cu含量的变化,金属Pd与Cu之间以及金属与铝土矿载体之间的相互作用随之改变。催化剂的CO氧化反应性能评价结果表明,Pd和Cu负载量分别为0.5%和4%的样品（PdCu₄/MB）催化反应性能最佳。结合表征结果认为,PdCu₄/MB的高活性归因于良好的Pd和Cu分散度,金属Pd、Cu以及金属与载体之间较强的相互作用。此外,CO-TPD表征结果说明较强的CO吸附能力和从载体中获取氧的能力也有利于提高PdCu₄/MB样品的CO氧化反应性能。     

Cu含量对Pd-Cu/铝土矿CO氧化催化剂结构和性能的影响

利用资源丰富的天然铝土矿经NaOH溶液水热处理后焙烧,获得比表面积达174 m²·g^-1铝土矿载体,制备了双金属Pd-Cu为活性组分的催化剂,金属Pd负载量为0.5%（质量百分数）,以CO氧化反应为探针反应,详细考察了Cu含量的变化对催化剂物化性能的影响。研究发现,Cu的引入有利于提高金属Pd的分散度,同时随着Cu含量的变化,金属Pd与Cu之间以及金属与铝土矿载体之间的相互作用随之改变。催化剂的CO氧化反应性能评价结果表明,Pd和Cu负载量分别为0.5%和4%的样品（PdCu₄/MB）催化反应性能最佳。结合表征结果认为,PdCu₄/MB的高活性归因于良好的Pd和Cu分散度,金属Pd、Cu以及金属与载体之间较强的相互作用。此外,CO-TPD表征结果说明较强的CO吸附能力和从载体中获取氧的能力也有利于提高PdCu₄/MB样品的CO氧化反应性能。     

Catalytic Oxidation of CO and Benzene over Metal Nanoparticles Loaded on Hierarchical MFI Zeolite

In order to obtain highly active catalytic materials for oxidation of carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), monometallic platinum, copper, and palladium catalysts were prepared by using of two types of ZSM-5 zeolite as supports—parent ZSM-5 and the same one treated by HF and NH₄F buffer solution. The catalyst samples, obtained by loading of platinum, palladium, and copper on ZSM-5 zeolite treated using HF and NH₄F buffer solution, were more active in the reaction of CO and benzene oxidation compared with catalyst samples containing untreated zeolite. The presence of secondary mesoporosity played a positive role in increasing the catalytic activity due to improved reactant diffusion. The only exception was the copper catalysts in the reaction of CO oxidation, in which case the catalyst, based on untreated ZSM-5 zeolite, was more active. In this specific case, the key role is played by the oxidative state of copper species loaded on the ZSM-5 zeolites.     

一价铜改性ZSM-5催化剂及其催化碳烟氧化反应性能研究

采用固态离子交换法制备了系列一价铜改性的ZSM-5催化剂,结合多种表征手段,研究了一价铜改性对碳烟氧化反应催化活性的影响。结果表明,采用固态离子交换法可以制备出高负载量的一价铜改性Cu/ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,而不会破坏ZSM-5分子筛原有微孔结构;随催化剂中一价铜比例的增加,低温还原峰和高温还原峰均向低温段移动,且低温还原峰面积增加。改性催化剂对碳烟氧化反应的催化活性随改性元素比例变化先增加后降低;当铜改性比例超过11%后,铜物种的分散性及催化剂对碳烟氧化反应的催化活性均恶化。同时研究还发现,反应气氛中通入NO可以改善催化剂对碳烟氧化反应的催化效果。     

Effect of Preparation Conditions of Zeolites Cu/ZSM-5 and Cu/Erionite on Their Catalytic Activity in Co Oxidation

The catalytic properties of Cu/ZSM-5 and Cu/erionite in the oxidation of carbon monoxide were studied. After treatment in a hydrogen stream, these copper zeolite catalysts displayed higher catalytic activity than prior to treatment. Variation of the catalytic properties of the systems obtained was attributed to differences in the state of the copper ions.     

An IR Study on Adsorption of CO and NO on Copper Ion-exchanged Zeolite Beta

Thee adsorption of CO and NO on copper ion-exchanged zeolite Beta was investigated using IR method.It was found that the thermalvacuum pretreatment procedure could result in the reduction of Cu2 ions in zeolite Beta.The adsorption of CO on Cu sites in zeolite Beta closely follows Langmuir isotherm.Another Cu species may form during the reaction between water and CO.The catalytic decomposition of NO on the zeolite was observed at room temperature,indicating that the decomposition reaction may occur between two coordinated NO ligands of the same dinitrosyhc complex.Furthermore,the appearance of two series of NO adsorption bands reveals that copper ions existing at different cation sites may have different effect on the adsorption and decomposition of NO molecules.     

Influence of metal coating methods on the activity of bimetal-containing zeolite catalysts of Co,Pd-ZSM-5 in carbon monoxide oxidation

It has been established that catalytic activity in the CO oxidation of bimetal-containing zeolite Co,Pd-systems based on ZSM-5 and obtained via ion exchange and impregnation at different orders of the introduction of metal cations is higher than that of monometal-containing systems Co-ZSM-5 and Pd—ZSM-5. Through TPD of NH₃, it was determined that coordination-unsaturated bicationic associates are formed in Co,Pd/ZSM-5 zeolites obtained by ion exchange. It was found that the activity of bimetal-containing systems depends on the relation of the active components.     

金属-ZSM-5/堇青石整体式催化剂上稀燃汽车尾气的净化

 在原位合成的ZSM-5/堇青石整体式样品基础上制备了几种金属(Cu, In或Ag)改性的ZSM-5/堇青石催化剂,并将其应用于稀燃发动机尾气的净化. 结果表明, Cu-ZSM-5/堇青石催化性能最好,尾气中的三种主要污染物NOx, CO和HC可以同时得到净化. 用微量(0.02%)贵金属(Pd, Rh或Ir)对Cu-ZSM-5/堇青石进一步改性,所得催化剂对CO的净化能力大大增强,保持高NOx转化率的温度窗口也大大加宽,因而该催化剂在稀燃汽车尾气净化方面具有潜在的应用前景. 微量贵金属对Cu-ZSM-5/堇青石催化剂的改性作用也在文中进行了讨论.     

乙醇在双功能Pd－Cu／分子筛催化剂上气相氧化酯化一步合成乙酸乙酯

研究了乙醇在双功能Ｐｄ－Ｃｕ／分子筛催化剂上一步合成乙酸乙酯的反应，发现Ｐｄ是氧化活性中心的主组分，ＣＵ主要对Ｐｄ的氧化功能起调变作用，以减少乙醇深度氧化副反应，提高酯化选择性．分子筛的酸性强弱对活性，特别是对酯化选择性有明显的影响，酯化要求在较强的酸中心上进行．探讨了氧化活性中心和酸中心的匹配关系以及ＣＵ对Ｐｄ的调变作用，提出了乙醇氧化酯化机理．     

氨浓度对氨蒸发法制备Pd-Cu/凹凸棒土催化剂常温CO氧化性能的影响

以凹凸棒土(APT)作载体,采用氨蒸发法制备了Pd-Cu/APT催化剂,以CO氧化为探针反应,在连续流动微反应装置上,考察了初始氨浓度对催化剂CO常温催化氧化性能的影响。通过N₂-physisorption、XRD、FT-IR、TEM和H₂-TPR等手段对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征。结果表明,在较低或过高氨浓度条件下,制备的Pd-Cu/APT中Cu物种均主要以CuO为主,仅有少量Cu₂(OH)₃Cl;适宜的氨浓度有利于稳定Cu₂(OH)₃Cl物相的形成,其薄片状的形貌特征、良好的分散状态以及与Pd物种间较强的相互作用,显著提高了CO催化氧化性能。在空速6 000 h^-1、CO体积分数1.5%、水蒸气体积分数3.3%的反应条件下,Pd-Cu/APT催化剂表现出优异的CO室温催化氧化活性和稳定性。     

Ozone-Assisted Catalysis of Toluene with Layered ZSM-5 and Ag/ZSM-5 Zeolites

This paper presents a new type of ozone-assisted catalysis for toluene decomposition. The different catalytic activities of ZSM-5 and Ag/ZSM-5 were incorporated into a layered catalyst with a tandem configuration. Instead of increasing the amount of metal catalyst, the layered catalyst was formed, which had an equal amount of bare ZSM-5 and Ag/ZSM-5 and could achieve both high toluene conversion and CO₂ selectivity concurrently. The properties of each catalyst were evaluated with respect to toluene conversion, formation of intermediates, CO₂ selectivity and ozone demand factor. The bare ZSM-5 exhibited higher toluene conversion than the Ag/ZSM-5, while its activity toward deep oxidation was limited. However, the Ag/ZSM-5 was found to be effective for the deep oxidation of reaction intermediates (HCOOH and CO). Separate oxidation tests with HCOOH and CO revealed that the ZSM-5-supported Ag nanoparticles could oxidize the HCOOH and CO in the absence of ozone, which was not possible with the bare ZSM-5. Plausible pathways for the oxidation of toluene with O₃ over ZSM-5 and Ag/ZSM-5 were proposed based on the experimental evidence.     

STUDIES ON THE CATALYTIC REACTION OF NITROGEN OXIDE ON METAL MODIFIED ACTIVATED CARBON FIBERS

The catalytic reaction of NO with CO and decomposition of NO over metal modified ACFs were investigated and compared with other carriers supported catalysts. It is demonstrated that Pd/ACF and Pd/Cu/ACF have high catalytic activity for the reaction of NO/CO, while Pt/ACE. Pt/Cu/ACF and Co/Cu/ACF have very low catalytic activity in similar circumstance. Pd-modified ACF possesses high catalytic decomposition of NO at 300℃. Pd/CB and Pd/GAC present good catalytic decomposition abifity for NO only at low [lowrate. Pd/G Pd/ZMS and Pd/A however, do not show any catalytic activity for NO decomposition even at 400 ℃. Catalytic temperature, NO flowrate and loading of metal components affect the decomposition rate of NO. The coexistence of Cu with Pd on Cu/Pd/ACF leads to crystalline of palladium to more unperfected so as to that increase the catalytic activity.     

Influence of the ZSM-5 Support Acidity on the Catalytic Performance of Pd/ZSM-5 in Lean Methane Oxidation

Although zeolites are characterized by their special acidic properties, there is still no clear consensus on the effect of zeolite support acidity on the catalytic activity of supported Pd catalyst in methane oxidation. Herein, a series of Pd/H-ZSM-5 and Pd/Silicalite-1 catalysts was prepared by the deposition-precipitation method and used in lean methane oxidation. The effect of ZSM-5 support acidity on the catalytic performance of Pd/ZSM-5 was investigated. The results indicate that with the decrease of Si/Al ratio(x), viz., the increase of acid sites in H-ZSM-5(x), the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5(x) increases substantially; the activity of various catalysts in the lean methane oxidation decreases in the order of Pd/H-ZSM-5(28)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(48)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(88)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(204)>Pd/Silicalite-1. Furthermore, various characterization measures reveal that the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5(x) in lean methane oxidation is mainly related to the Lewis acid sites in the H-ZSM-5 support, whereas less relevant to the Brønsted acid sites. The abundant Lewis acid sites in H-ZSM-5 are capable to enhance the interaction between the Pd species and H-ZSM-5 support, which can inhibit the agglomeration of Pd particles and improve the dispersion of Pd species, and thus boost the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5 in methane oxidation.     

焙烧温度对Pd-Cu/凹凸棒土CO常温催化氧化性能的影响

以凹凸棒土(APT)作载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Pd-Cu/APT催化剂,以CO氧化为探针反应,在连续流动微反装置上,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂CO常温催化氧化性能的影响。通过N2-物理吸附、XRD、TG、FT-IR和H2-TPR等手段对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征。结果表明,随焙烧温度升高,Pd-Cu/APT中载体逐步脱水,进而引起催化剂结构和织构变化,其中,Cu物种由Cu(OH)Cl逐渐向CuO转变,同时,高分散的Pd物种与Cu物种间相互作用先增强后减弱。经300℃焙烧的催化剂比表面积大,Cu物种以Cu(OH)Cl形式存在,且具有良好的分散状态,与Pd物种之间产生较强的相互作用,显著提高了其还原性能。在空速6 000 h-1、CO体积分数0.5%、水蒸气体积分数3.3%的反应条件下,常温可将CO完全转化800 min以上。焙烧温度高于或低于300℃均引起CO常温催化氧化性能的下降。     

Pd/NaZSM-5负载型催化剂上CO完全氧化研究

采用浸渍法制备了一系列Pd/NaZSM-5负载型催化剂。考察了焙烧温度、反应温 度、Pd含量及预还原等对CO氧化性能的影响。结果表明：制备条件和反应条件对催 化活性均有较大影响,催化剂的活性随着焙烧温度的增加而降低,随反应温度及 Pd含量的增加而增加。XRD,TEM结果表明催化剂中Pd组分处于高分散状状;表面 XPS分析证实催化剂表面Pd物种PdO_2和PdO在反应过程中发生明显的表面化学变化 ,高价Pd物种随反应的进行逐步被CO还原为低价Pd物种,催化剂活性下降与Pd物种 被还原有关。H_2预还原作用也导致催化剂活性有所下降。     

氧化锆负载Pd-Cu双金属催化剂上山梨醇选择性氢解合成乙二醇和丙二醇

山梨醇和木糖醇等多元醇是可再生生物质转化合成液体燃料和化学品的重要平台分子,其中,可通过选择氢解反应一步制备乙二醇和丙二醇等重要化工原料,有望代替从乙烯和丙烯制备二元醇的传统石油化工工艺.目前文献中多元醇氢解反应主要使用Ru基和Ni基催化剂等,但是不可避免地生成C?C键非选择性断裂的副产物甲烷等.与之相比,非贵金属Cu基催化剂往往具有较优异的选择性,但其活性较低和水热稳定性较差.因此,到目前为止研制具有高活性和选择性、以及良好水热稳定性的Cu基催化剂用于生物质基多元醇氢解反应仍然存在挑战.在本文中,我们采用贵金属修饰的方法提高Cu基催化剂在山梨醇选择氢解反应中的活性和水热稳定性.通过分步浸渍法合成了1%Pd-3%Cu/ZrO2、1%Pt-3%Cu/ZrO2和1%Ru-3%Cu/ZrO2双金属催化剂,并比较了它们在山梨醇氢解反应中的催化性能.在相同的反应条件下,上述催化剂中1%Pd-3%Cu/ZrO2(Cu/Pd =5)具有最优的活性及乙二醇、丙二醇和甘油的总选择性.以固体碱La(OH)3为助剂,1%Pd-3%Cu/ZrO2的山梨醇氢解活性高达20.3 h-1,是单金属1%Pd/ZrO2(8.7 h-1)和3%Cu/ZrO2(6.5 h-1)催化剂活性的2-3倍,也高于含有相同Pd、Cu含量的1%Pd/ZrO2和3%Cu/ZrO2机械混合体系的活性(12.2 h-1).而且, Pd-Cu/ZrO2双金属催化剂对C2-C3低碳多元醇的选择性也明显优于Pd/ZrO2和Cu/ZrO2以及二者的机械混合体系.这些结果说明Pd对Cu/ZrO2的促进作用不仅仅需要Pd与Cu两种金属的共同存在,还需要它们两者之间的相互作用.进一步发现, Pd-Cu/ZrO2双金属催化剂在Cu/Pd比为1.5-10.0的较宽范围内都表现出了较高的反应活性(17.8-20.3 h-1)以及乙二醇、丙二醇和甘油的总选择性(57.3%-62.8%),说明较低含量Pd的存在就能够有效地改善Cu催化剂的催化性能.在493 K和5.0 MPa H2的反应条件下,以1%Pd-3%Cu/ZrO2为催化剂,在山梨醇接近完全转化时,获得了61.7%的乙二醇、丙二醇和甘油的总选择性.同时, Pd的加入还能有效地抑制水热反应条件下Cu粒子的团聚,使得Pd-Cu/ZrO2催化剂在山梨醇氢解反应中具有优良的水热稳定性和循环使用性能.在5次循环实验中1%Pd-3%Cu/ZrO2的活性和选择性基本保持不变; X-射线粉末衍射结果表明,反应后的催化剂上未观察到Cu的特征衍射峰, Cu粒子仍然保持良好的分散状态.而对于没有Pd修饰的单金属3%Cu/ZrO2催化剂,经5次循环使用后山梨醇氢解反应的活性则下降了42%;在循环反应中Cu粒子显著地聚集而长大到~30 nm. CO吸附漫反射红外光谱结果揭示了Cu粒子倾向于在Pd粒子表面沉积,随着Cu/Pd原子比的增大, Cu粒子逐渐稀释并覆盖Pd的表面位点,说明Pd与Cu粒子之间存在紧密的接触.氢气程序升温还原结果表明,可能与氢溢流有关, Pd的加入促进了CuO的还原.然而,不同于Pd/ZrO2和Cu/ZrO2机械混合样品的TPR图谱,其显示PdO和CuO各自的还原峰, Pd-Cu双金属催化剂则只存在一个宽化的还原峰,这说明了Pd-Cu之间结构上的紧密接触使得两种金属之间存在强相互作用,其中可能存在从Pd向Cu的电子转移.综合这些结构和电子效应,可以推测Pd的存在促进了Cu粒子对山梨醇的脱氢能力和不饱和中间体的加氢能力,进而提高了Cu基催化剂在山梨醇氢解反应中的活性及目标产物的选择性.同时Pd-Cu之间的强相互作用和氢溢流效应抑制了Cu粒子在水热反应条件下的聚集,提高了催化剂的稳定性.这些结果和认识有助于指导人们为多元醇氢解和其它生物质基化学品的转化反应设计具有更高效率和水热稳定性的新型Cu基催化剂.     

State of the copper-containing component and the catalytic properties of Cu/ZSM-5 in selective NO reduction with propane

Supported Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts have been synthesized by ion exchange and impregnation using aqueous ammonia solutions of copper nitrate containing orbital-ordered copper ions. The state of the copper-containing component in the pore space of the catalysts and copper sorption in the catalysts have been investigated by a complex of physicochemical methods. The catalytic properties of Cu/ZSM-5 in the selective catalytic reduction of NO with propane are reported. The catalytic properties depend on the copper precursor structure and deposition method, which determine the size of the copper oxide clusters on the outer surface of zeolite crystals.     

Homogeneous palladium catalyst suppressing Pd black formation in air oxidation of alcohols

In homogeneous catalyst systems, there is the persistent problem that metal aggregation and precipitation cause catalyst decomposition and considerable loss of catalytic activity. Pd black formation is a typical example. Pd catalysts are known to easily aggregate and form Pd black, although they realize a wide variety of useful reactions in organic synthesis. In order to overcome this intrinsic problem of homogeneous Pd catalysis, we explored a new class of Pd catalyst by adopting aerobic oxidation of alcohols as a probe reaction. Herein we report a new catalyst system that suppresses the Pd black formation even under air and with a high substrate to catalyst molar ratio (S/C: more than 1000) in oxidation of alcohols. The novel pyridine derivatives having a 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylphenyl substituent and its higher dendritic unit at the 3-position of the pyridine ring were found to be excellent ligands with Pd(OAc)2 in the palladium-catalyzed air (balloon) oxidation of alcohols in toluene at 80 degrees C. Comparison with structurally related pyridine ligands revealed that introduction of the 2,3,4,5-tetraphenylphenyl substituent at the 3-position of pyridine ring effectively suppresses the Pd black formation, maintaining the catalytic activity for a long time to give aldehydes or ketones as products in high yields.     

Pd-Cu/ZrO2催化CO2加氢制甲醇的性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了n(Cu):n(Zr)=1:1、1:2、1:4和1:8的Cu/ZrO₂催化剂。 实验结果表明,当n(Cu):n(Zr)=1:4时,催化剂表现出较高的CO₂转化率(8.0%)和甲醇选择性(59.5%),为了增加CO₂的转化率,提高甲醇选择性,在n(Cu):n(Zr)=1:4的催化剂中添加质量分数1%的Pd,采用浸渍法制备了Pd-Cu/ZrO₂催化剂。 在250 ℃、2 MPa、12000 mL/(g·h)和V(H₂):V(CO₂)=3:1的反应条件下,CO₂转化率和CH₃OH收率相比Cu/ZrO₂催化剂(n(Cu):n(Zr)=1:4)分别提高了40.0%和80.9%。 通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、N₂吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和程序升温还原化学吸附仪(H₂-TPR)等仪器表征证明Pd的添加提高了催化剂的分散性和比表面积。 催化剂中Pd和Cu之间强相互作用,使Cu2p轨道结合能向低处偏移,还原温度的降低,说明Pd-Cu/ZrO₂催化剂还原能力增强,使得CO₂加氢活性提高。     

Supported Pd-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles that have high activity for the electrochemical oxidation of methanol

Monodisperse bimetallic Pd-Cu nanoparticles with controllable size and composition were synthesized by a one-step multiphase ethylene glycol (EG) method. Adjusting the stoichiometric ratio of the Pd and Cu precursors afforded nanoparticles with different compositions, such as Pd(85)-Cu(15), Pd(56)-Cu(44), and Pd(39)-Cu(61). The nanoparticles were separated from the solution mixture by extraction with non-polar solvents, such as n-hexane. Monodisperse bimetallic Pd-Cu nanoparticles with narrow size-distribution were obtained without the need for a size-selection process. Capping ligands that were bound to the surface of the particles were removed through heat treatment when the as-prepared nanoparticles were loaded onto a Vulcan XC-72 carbon support. Supported bimetallic Pd-Cu nanoparticles showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation compared with supported Pd nanoparticles that were fabricated according to the same EG method. For a bimetallic Pd-Cu catalyst that contained 15?% Cu, the activity was even comparable to the state-of-the-art commercially available Pt/C catalysts. A STEM-HAADF study indicated that the formation of random solid-solution alloy structures in the bimetallic Pd(85)-Cu(15)/C catalysts played a key role in improving the electrochemical activity.