HXMT主探测器磁屏蔽设计与实验结果

硬X射线调制望远镜(HXMT)致力于实现硬X射线的高灵敏度巡天观测, 描绘硬X射线天图, 并对特殊天体作高灵敏度连续观测, 得到其辐射的能谱和时间变化等. 为了减少空间磁场对观测的影响, 确保本底计数的稳定性和能谱测量的精度, 我们用坡莫合金制成的磁屏蔽罩对HXMT主探测器的光电倍增管(PMT)进行了磁屏蔽处理. 实测表明, 在地面地磁场环境下PMT的最大增益变化幅度为6%; 它与自动增益控制系统配合能使在轨PMT增益变化幅度小于1%, 探测器本底计数变化小于0.1%.     

一种用于中微子探测的3-inch光电倍增管的优化设计

光电倍增管(PMT)作为当前中微子振荡研究的核心探测器件要求具有尽可能大的阴极有效探测面积与较小的渡越时间弥散,其时间特性直接决定了中微子的探测精度.针对高能粒子探测需求,本文优化设计了一种大阴极面超短型3-inch光电倍增管,基于Furman模型与电子轨迹追踪法展示了第一倍增极产生的二次电子向第二倍增极渡越的电子轨迹过程,据此对倍增极结构进行了局部优化;将Monte Carlo法与有限积分法相结合比较了不同分压下PMT内部电势分布对电子轨迹的影响并对优化后的大阴极面PMT的均匀性、收集效率、阴极至第一倍增极间渡越时间弥散(TTS CD1)等关键参数进行了统计与分析;利用particle-in-cell经典算法获得了此款PMT的增益特性.结果表明,优化后的大阴极面超短型PMT阴极有效探测面积较传统模型相比有效提升了30.87%,总长度仅103 mm,为目前最短的3-inch PMT设计结构;在1000 V阳极电压下,阴极顶点单光电子TTS_CD1为0.75 ns,较传统3-inchPMT模型相比提升了2.73倍,平均收集效率可达96.40%;当阳极电压为1100 V时,其增益可达10~6以上.     

硅光电倍增管自动增益校正系统设计

温度会使硅光电倍增管的增益产生较大的漂移,进而影响硅光电倍增管的增益精度。为了使硅光电倍增管增益不随温度发生较大变化,设计了硅光电倍增管的自动增益校正系统,包括基于单片机的高压电源设计与采集系统设计。高电压模块精确工作的温度范围为?10～60 ℃,电源噪声约为30 mV,满足硅光电倍增管性能测试的需求。采集系统经过扫频测试与激光照射测试,可以较好地通过60 MHz的交流信号,并将光信号转变为较明显的电信号。该系统可以向京邦公司的硅光电倍增管阵列JARY-TP3050-8X8C提供工作电压与采集电路。     

BESⅢ端盖TOF时间分辨的束流测试

使用800MeV的电子束对BESⅢ端盖飞行时间探测器(TOF)模块的性能进行测试. 研究了塑料闪烁体的包装材料、光电倍增管(PMT)的工作电压、电子束入射位置对单个TOF模块的本征时间分辨的影响，并给出了测量时间与信号幅度和粒子击中位置的修正方法. 实验结果显示:使用Tyvek纸包装，闪烁体在安装PMT的一端有45°斜面, 电子击中在TOF模块不同位置其本征时间分辨在70—90ps范围内.     

距离选通变增益光电倍增管探测系统的设计

 为实时动态测量未知深度水下目标微弱后向散射信号,设计了一种新型的光电倍增管(PMT)选通变增益探测系统。采用给PMT外加选通和变增益纳秒电脉冲的方法,通过改变PMT光阴极与第一打拿极之间电势差,实现PMT选通;借助给PMT最后一个打拿极外加变增益高压脉冲改变PMT最后一个打拿极与前置打拿极间的电势差,实现PMT变增益。实验结果明：在选通和变增益脉冲到来时,阳极输出相应的脉冲信号,信号脉宽为40ns,脉冲幅值增大,证明该方法能够实现PMT选通和变增益。     

地磁对γγ方向角关联测量的影响

在γ-γ角关联实验中,发现能谱中全能峰的位置随探头方位角的改变而变化。本文通过不同的实验,验证了地磁对能谱测量的干扰以及对γ-γ方向角关联测量的影响。发现地磁对测量的影响主要来自光电倍增管,地磁方向与光电倍增管中电子飞行方向的夹角的改变,引起光电倍增管增益变化,最终给γ-γ方向角关联测量带来较大的影响。文中总结了如何减小地磁影响,改进γ-γ方向角关联实验测量的方法。     

瞬态辐射高温计动态线性响应范围测量

 动态线性是辐射高温计的一项重要技术指标与对高温计的测量精度、测量结果有重要影响。为了解影响辐射高温计动态线性的因素,采用LED脉冲光源和高线性光电探头发展了一种脉冲线性测量方法,并对一种基于光电倍增管（PMT）的瞬态辐射高温计在不同工作条件下的动态线性响应进行了测量。结果表明,PMT的结构、分压器电路和工作电压对动态线性响应范围有显著的影响。测量和研究结果为研制高性能瞬态辐射高温计及其使用提供了重要的设计和参照依据。     

反应堆中微子实验中的光电倍增管性能研究

介绍了对EMI公司两种8英寸光电倍增管D642KB和9350KA的研究情况; 测量了相对量子效率、线性、增益、暗电流、后脉冲和对入射光的角度响应等光电倍增管的几项主要性能, 其中相对量子效率和角度响应使用了特制的试验装置来达到测量目的; 描述了这两种光电倍增管的各单项性能.     

脉冲强磁场下稀土材料的发光行为研究

脉冲强磁场具有峰值磁场强及扫场速度快的特点,在一个磁场脉冲内可获得从零场到最高磁场强度的全部数据,因而测量结果具有较高的精确度和对比度。稀土发光材料因具有发光谱线丰富、发光效率高的特点,在照明、显示和传感等领域有着广泛的应用。在强磁场作用下,稀土发光材料展现出发光强度和颜色可调的特征,在磁场传感、磁场标定和磁控发光器件等方面有重要应用价值。文章利用武汉国家脉冲强磁场科学中心磁光测量装置,系统地研究了铒、铕等稀土元素掺杂的发光材料在脉冲强磁场作用下的发光光谱、发光强度以及精细能级结构等特征随磁场变化的规律,初步探索了脉冲强磁场下的磁光谱在晶体结构分析、能级结构确定、磁场标定以及磁场传感等方面的应用。     

考虑磁场对碰撞影响的等离子体输运过程

本文考虑了强磁场对碰撞过程的影响,用Bogoliubov方程来讨论强磁场中等离子体的输运过程。当分布函数随空间的变化比较缓慢、在Debye屏蔽距离内等离子体的密度、温度的变化可以忽略时,得到了计算强磁场中等离子体输运过程的一般方法。最后计算了沿磁场方向的电导率,电导率随磁场的增加而增加。在温度10~6K,电子密度10~(12)cm~(-3),磁场强度约为9T时,考虑磁场对碰撞影响所计算出的电导率,要比忽略磁场对碰撞影响所得结果大22.3％。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.