Ultrasonic Decomposition of Ammonia‐Nitrogen and Organic Compounds in Coke Plant Wastewater

The investigations of the ultrasonic decomposition of NH₃‐N and organic compounds (i.e., COD_Cr) in coke plant wastewater are presented in this work. The process parameters were controlled with respect to the presence (or absence) of air atmosphere, initial pH value, initial concentration, and ultrasonic power density in the process of ultrasonic decomposition. It is noted that the ultrasonic removal efficiencies for both the NH₃‐N and the COD_Cr were increased in the presence of the air atmosphere and significantly affected by the initial pH value. The removal efficiencies increased with increasing the ultrasonic power density while they decreased with increasing the initial concentration. The effects of n‐butyl alcohol as an effective OH radical scavenger on the removal efficiencies indicates that the ultrasonic decomposition of the NH₃‐N was carried out mainly via the mechanism of thermal decomposition in cavitation bubbles or in the interfacial region, whereas the ultrasonic decomposition of the COD_Cr mainly resulted from the reactions with OH radicals in the bulk solution. The GC/MS analysis indicates that most of the organic compounds in the wastewater were effectively destroyed by ultrasound.     

超声波辅助稠油层内催化水热裂解实验研究

将超声波应用到稠油催化水热裂解实验中,研究了超声波辅助催化水热裂解对胜利油田孤东稠油物化性质的影响。结果表明,超声波辅助作用下稠油的降黏率达到86.2%,与催化水热裂解相比,稠油的平均相对分子质量进一步减小,饱和烃和芳香烃组分含量增加,胶质和沥青质组分含量减少,稠油组分的氢碳原子比增加,杂原子含量减小。动态模拟实验中超声波辅助层内催化水热裂解效果显著,稠油采收率达到53.91%,降黏率达到80.5%。由此表明,超声波辅助催化水热裂解具有可行性,超声波与催化剂协同作用促进了水热裂解反应,一定程度上改善了稠油的品质。     

Growth of carbon nanotubes on the novel FeCo-Al2O3 catalyst prepared by ultrasonic coprecipitation

FeCo-Al_2O_3 catalyst was prepared by an ultrasonic coprecipitation (UC) method for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from catalytic decomposition of methane. Its catalytic performance was compared with that of the FeCo-Al_2O_3 catalyst counterparts prepared by stepwise impregnation (I) and conventional coprecipitation (C) methods, respectively. The structure and properties of the catalysts and the CNTs as produced thereon were investigated by means of XRD, XPS, TEM and N_2 adsorption techniques. It was found that the catalyst prepared by the ultrasonic coprecipitation method was more active, and the yield and purity of the synthesized CNTs were promoted evidently. The XPS results revealed that there were more active components on the surface of the catalyst prepared by the ultrasonic coprecipitation method. On the other hand, N_2 adsorption demonstrated that the catalyst prepared by the ultrasonic coprecipitation method conferred larger specific surface area, which was beneficial to dispersion of active components. TEM images further confirmed its higher dispersion. These factors could be responsible for its higher activity for the growth of CNTs from catalytic decomposition of methane.     

花生油提取工艺研究

以花生为原料,研究回流法,索式提取法和超声波辅助提取花生粗油脂的工艺条件,结果显示超声波提取在低温短时间内提取率有优势。通过单因素试验和正交试验优化了超声波辅助提取花生粗油脂的工艺条件。结果表明：超声波辅助提取花生粗油脂工艺的最佳条件是：石油醚作为溶剂,料液比1：12（g/mL）,提取温度35℃,提取时间25min,超...     

Growth of carbon nanotubes on the novel FeCo-Al_2O_3 catalyst prepared by ultrasonic coprecipitation

FeCo-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by an ultrasonic coprecipitation (UC) method for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from catalytic decomposition of methane.Its catalytic performance was compared with that of the FeCo-Al2O3 catalyst counterparts prepared by stepwise impregnation (I) and conventional coprecipitation (C) methods,respectively.The structure and properties of the catalysts and the CNTs as produced thereon were investigated by means of XRD,XPS,TEM and N2 adsorption techniques.It was found that the catalyst prepared by the ultrasonic coprecipitation method was more active,and the yield and purity of the synthesized CNTs were promoted evidently.The XPS results revealed that there were more active components on the surface of the catalyst prepared by the ultrasonic coprecipitation method.On the other hand,N2 adsorption demonstrated that the catalyst prepared by the ultrasonic coprecipitation method conferred larger specific surface area,which was beneficial to dispersion of active components.TEM images further confirmed its higher dispersion.These factors could be responsible for its higher activity for the growth of CNTs from catalytic decomposition of methane.     

Ultrasonic nebulization extraction-heating gas flow transfer-headspace single drop microextraction of essential oil from pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim

The ultrasonic nebulization extraction-heating gas flow transfer coupled with headspace single drop microextraction (UNE-HGFT-HS-SDME) was developed for the extraction of essential oil from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to the determination of the constituents in the essential oil. The contents of the constituents from essential oil obtained by the proposed method were found to be more similar to those obtained by hydro-distillation (HD) than those obtained by ultrasonic nebulization extraction coupled with headspace single drop microextraction (UNE-HS-SDME). The heating gas flow was firstly used in the analysis of the essential oil to transfer the analytes from the headspace to the solvent microdrop. The relative standard deviations for determining the five major constituents were in the range from 1.5 to 6.7%. The proposed method is a fast, sensitive, low cost and small sample consumption method for the determination of the volatile and semivolatile constituents in the plant materials.     

多频超声反应槽连续强化酸化油酯交换制备生物柴油研究

以平均酸值高达33.07 mgKOH/g不可食用的廉价酸化油为原料,利用自行设计的多频超声溢流槽连续强化酯交换反应生物柴油生产装置,先后经预酯化、酯交换两步反应,高效、低耗的制备生物柴油。主要考察了室温下物料流量(停留时间)、超声功率、超声频率及组合、KOH用量、醇油物质的量比对酯交换反应的影响及单位产品能耗。结果表明,多频组合超声辐射比单频更有利于生物柴油的制备;预酯化后的油料在流量为25 L/h(物料停留时间为54 min),催化剂(KOH)用量为1.2%(质量分数),醇油物质的量比为6∶1和各反应槽功率为200 W的条件下,甲酯产率达96.83%。50 L废弃酸化油能制得符合国标GB19147—2009的生物柴油48L,整个生物柴油制备过程总耗时和总耗电量仅为8.667 h、5.42 kWh。     

Analysis of the thermal decomposition of commercial vegetable oils in air by simultaneous TG/DTA

This work presents a study of the thermal decomposition of commercial vegetable oils and of some of their thermal properties by termogravimetry (TG), derivative termogravimetry (DTG) and by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Canola, sunflower, corn, olive and soybean oils were studied. A simultaneous SDT 2960 TG/DTA from TA Instruments was used, with a heating rate of 10 K min^-1 from 30 to 700°C. A flow of 100 mL min^-1 of air as the purge gas was used in order to burnout the oils during analysis to estimate their heat of combustion. From the extrapolated decomposition onset temperatures obtained from TG curves, it can be seen that corn oil presents the highest thermal stability (306°C), followed by the sunflower one (304°C). Olive oil presents the lowest one (288°C). The heat of combustion of each oil was estimated from DTA curves, showing the highest value for the olive oil. Except for corn oil, which presents a significantly different thermal decomposition behavior than the other oils, a perfect linear correlation is observed, with negative slope, between the heat of combustion of an oil and its respective extrapolated onset temperature of decomposition in air. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Removal of Oil Products from Water Using a Combined Process of Sorption and Plasma Exposure to DBD

The paper presents the results of studies of a combined process involving the sorption of engine oil on a sorbent (diatomite) followed by regeneration of the sorbent by plasma-oxidative destruction of oil in DBD of atmospheric pressure in oxygen. The process parameters (gas flow rate, sorbent mass, power, treatment time), which provide the possibility of fivefold regeneration of the sorbent and 100% degree of oil decomposition, are revealed. It was found that the kinetics of oil degradation obeys the pseudo-first kinetic order equation with a rate constant of 0.017 s^?1. The energy efficiency of the decomposition was 0.169 molecules of oil per 100 eV of input energy. It is shown that treatment of the sorbent for 5 min leads to the complete decomposition of oil. The products of oil decomposition are carboxylic acids, aldehydes and CO₂. Complete removal of acids and aldehydes requires the time of about 40 min. The possible participation of ozone in the oxidative degradation of oil is discussed.     

Study of the low-molecular-weight ultrasonic lignin fromPinus sylvestris

1. The ultrasonic lignin fromPinus sylvestris is bimodal with its main fraction being of low molecular weight (mol. wt. 1600). 2. On mass spectrometry, far-reaching decomposition of the complex lignin molecule takes place under the action of electron impact and thermal decomposition.     

The Use of Microemulsions for the Extraction and Simultaneous Preconcentration of Maltenes as Potential Chemical Markers to Identify Hydrocarbon Deposits

The possibility of using microemulsions as extractants during the extraction of chemical markers from oil samples and their subsequent preconcentration by the decomposition of microemulsions and determination of oil components by the gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry method is shown. Due to hydrophobicity, oil components pass into the organic phase after the decomposition of microemulsions and become concentrated due to the reduction of the volume of one of the phases. It is shown that as the preconcentration of the precipitant increases, the preconcentration coefficient of the chemical markers grows to 8–10. The method itself is characterized by low detection limits, good selectivity, and reproducibility.     

Isolation and analysis of trace level of silicone oil in pharmaceutical bulk drug substance by ICP-AES

In order to evaluate the extent of silicone oil contamination in a drug substance derived from processing equipment, a novel extraction method was developed which uses a mixture of polar and non-polar solvents (toluene/acetonitrile). Unlike the majority of silicone oil extraction methods in the literature that yield very low recoveries, this procedure proved able to completely recover the silicone oil from this compound. The recovered silicone oil was rediluted in isopropanol alcohol (IPA)/toluene mixture and subsequently analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) coupled to an ultrasonic nebulizer (USN).     

Thermal behavior of ara?a oil (Psidium cattleianum Sabine)

The ara?á is a well-known fruit, which belongs to the Myrtaceae family, Psidium cattleianum Sabine species, frequently found in the southern region of Brazil. The extraction of ara?a oil was carried out from seeds, and the fatty acid profile of this oil indicates the predominant presence of linoleic acid (81.38%). Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize this oil. In addition, this oil was evaluated by DSC from 25 to ?60?°C, where the crystallization behavior was verified. Details concerning thermal decomposition as well as data of kinetic parameters of these stages have been described here. The kinetic behavior of the thermal decomposition was evaluated from several heating rates with mass samples of 5 and 20?mg in open crucibles under nitrogen and synthetic air atmospheres.     

油页岩热解过程矿物质行为分析

采用XRD、SEM、灰成分测定等方法对桦甸两个矿区的油页岩样品以及制备的半焦样品矿物质组成进行了分析,确认其主要成分均为,石英、方解石和黏土矿物。而半焦中矿物组成反映了油页岩中矿物质在热解中的变化。研究表明,在热解过程中油页岩中矿物质变化细微,其中,石英、长石没有变化;方解石有微量分解,生成的固体产物CaO与黄铁矿分解的硫反应生成CaS矿物;黏土矿物质受热脱除羟基,放出大量水分,同时分解产生的无定形玻璃体氧化硅与其他金属形成低熔点的共融物,导致部分半焦样品颗粒表面出现熔融态囊状结构。     

Effect of low-frequency ultrasound waves on the hydrogen peroxide degradation process

Investigation of the activating effect of low-frequency ultrasonic waves on both fiber-forming polymer and chemicals and reagents used in bleaching processes of textile materials is an important objective. Comprehensive experimental studies on determination of the ratio of the treatment time and power of ultrasonic waves have been carried out in order to reach the optimal rate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition. The experimental results have shown that the optimal hydrogen peroxide degradation rate during ultrasoundassisted bleaching is observed at an ultrasonic power of 3 kW and a treatment time of 15–20 min.     

Synthesis of nanosized TiO2 particles via ultrasonic irradiation and their photocatalytic activity

Summary The photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol has been studied on TiO₂ nano- particles prepared by hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide using ultrasonication technique coupled with sol-gel method. The titania particles prepared with ultrasonic irradiation shows the higher activity on the photocatalytic decomposition of p-nitrophenol compared to those prepared without ultrasonic irradiation.     

Mechanism and kinetics of 2-chlorophenol decomposition using coupled ultrasound and electrocatalysis

A coupled ultrasound/electrocatalysis(US/EC) process was used to enhance the decomposition effi-ciency of organics.The synergetic kinetics and the mechanism of 2-chlorophenol(2-CP) decomposi-tion with coupled US/EC were studied.It was found that in a US/EC process 2-CP is attacked by active radicals(such as hydroxyl radicals) to form 2-chloro-p-benzoquinone,and the latter is oxidized to simple organic acids when the ring is opened.The enhancement factor expressed by the apparent rate constant of 2-CP decomposition with coupled US/EC is 1.324 at a current density of 20 mA·cm-2,an ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz,an ultrasonic intensity of 0.27 W·cm-2,and a 2-CP initial concentration of 200 mg·L-1,which means that a synergetic effect exists.A model derived from Langmuir adsorption theory of solid surface and reaction kinetics equations can describe exactly the decomposition of 2-CP with coupled US/EC.The numerical values are in good agreement with the experimental data.The model parameters are associated with reaction conditions.     

Combination of ultrasonic extraction and stripping analysis: an effective and reliable way for the determination of Cu and Pb in lubricating oils

The determination of metals in lubricating oil has been used as an important way to prevent components failures, to provide environmental information and in some cases, to identify adulteration. In this work, an effective and simple procedure is proposed for Cu and Pb determination in lubricating oils. An ultrasonic bath was employed for extraction of these elements from oil samples in a mixture 1:1 (v/v) of concentrated HCl and H₂O₂. A very efficient extraction of Cu and Pb (∼100%) was attained after 30 min of ultrasound, allowing the simultaneous determination of both metals using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry at thin-film gold electrodes. The extraction procedure was performed in 4 mL polypropylene closed vessels and dozens of samples could be treated simultaneously in the same ultrasonic bath. The regions of the ultrasonic bath, where the maximum efficiency of extraction was attained were evaluated. Over the optimized region, 30 samples can be treated simultaneously. Used lubricating oils from automotive engines were analyzed by using the optimized extraction procedure.     

Analysis of the phase diagram and microstructural transitions in phospholipid microemulsion systems using high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy

In the present work, high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy was applied to analyze a pseudoternary phase diagram for mixtures consisting of water/isopropyl myristate/Epikuron 200 and a cosurfactant (n-propanol). Changes in the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation in the megahertz frequency range were measured in the course of titration of the oil/surfactant/cosurfactant mixture with water at 25 degrees C. The ultrasonic titration profiles showed several phase transitions in the samples, which allowed the construction of an "ultrasonic" phase diagram. Quantitative analysis of the ultrasonic parameters enabled the characterization of various phases (swollen micelles, microemulsion, coarse emulsion, and pseudo-bicontinuous) as well as the evaluation of the state of the water and the particle size. The particle size obtained for the microemulsion region ranged from 5 to 14 nm over the measured concentrations of water/isopropyl myristate/Epikuron 200 and n-propanol, which agreed well with the previous literature data.     

Sampling of Natural Water Using the Ultrasonic and Ultraviolet Decomposition of Humic Substances

It was shown that the time dependences of the degree of decomposition of humic substances under exposure to ultrasound and UV radiation exhibit identical maxima. It was found that ultrasonic and ultraviolet treatments enhance the analytical signal even in the absence of humic substances. It was proposed to use the ultrasonic pretreatment before the extraction–X-ray fluorescence analysis of water to eliminate the effect of humic substances on the recovery of elements.