Process dependence of pressure-specific volume-temperature measurement for amorphous polymer: Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

The process dependence of pressure-specific volume-temperature (pvT) measurement for an amorphous polymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), was investigated. The influences of different measurement processes (heating, cooling, compression, and decompression with different rates) were considered in the pvT measurements. The pvT measurements of isobaric cooling and heating with different cooling and heating rates (2, 5, and 10 °C/min) and isothermal compression and decompression with different compression and decompression rates (up to 920 bar/s) were conducted. The testing temperature ranged between 40 and 230 °C and the pressure ranged between 20 and 2200 bar. The obtained results demonstrated that the pvT diagram will be significantly different depending on the direction in which the pressure or temperature is changing and also on the rate of the change. Isobaric pvT diagrams are different between cooling and heating. Fast cooling accelerates phase transitions, while fast heating reverses. Specific volume at the same pressure and temperature in decompression process is lower than that in compression. Compression and decompression leads to different pvT curves. Compression and decompression rates have different effects on specific volume in different states.     

Laser defocusing effects on laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry: different ablation interactions between the laser and low-alloy steel, Fe pellets, and a pond sediment pellet.

The ablation interaction between a laser and solid samples, which affects the analytical performance for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (LA-ICP-AES), was studied. The emission intensities of elements observed by LA-ICP-AES (LA-ICP-AES element signal intensities) for different solid samples were measured under different laser defocusing conditions with a fixed laser output energy. It was found that the optimum laser defocusing conditions were dependent on the different solid samples with different sample characteristics, and also on the different elements with different elemental characteristics in each solid sample. A low-alloy steel, pellets containing different Fe concentrations (0 - 100% Fe pellet), and a pond sediment pellet were used as different solid samples. The variations of the LA-ICP-AES Fe signal intensities observed under different laser defocus conditions were completely different between the low-alloy steel and the pond sediment pellet. The changes in the LA-ICP-AES Fe signal intensities for 90 and 100% Fe pellets were similar to that of the low-alloy steel. However, pellets with lower Fe concentrations (less than 70%) showed different trends and the defocusing behavior became closer to that of the pond sediment pellet. The LA-ICP-AES signal intensities of other elements were also evaluated, and were compared for different solid samples and different defocusing behavior. It was observed that the changes in the LA-ICP-AES signal intensities of almost all elements in the pond sediment pellet showed a similar trend to those of Fe for different laser defocus positions; that is, the elemental fractionation for these elements in the pond sediment pellet seemed to be relatively small. On the contrary, it was found that the LA-ICP-AES Si, Ti, and Zr signal intensities for low-alloy steel showed different trends compared to those of other elements, including Fe, under different defocusing conditions; that is, the elemental fractionation observed for the low-alloy steel was larger than that of the pond sediment pellet. From these results, different ablation interactions between the laser and the different solid samples were considered, and attributed to the sample characteristics, such as the matrix, hardness, and conductivity. Elemental fractionation was attempted to be explained by using elemental characteristics, such as the melting point and ionization energy of the elements.     

Ancient Roman wall paintings mapped nondestructively by portable NMR

The stratigraphies of decorated walls in ancient Herculaneum, Italy, were analyzed by single-sided ¹H NMR. A large version of the NMR-MOUSE® with a maximum penetration depth of 25 mm was used to map proton density profiles at different positions of the Mosaic of Neptune and Amphitrite showing considerable differences between different tesserae and the mortar bed at different times of the year. In the House of the Black Room, different mortar layers were observed on painted walls as well as different proton content in different areas due to different moisture levels and different conservation treatments. The proton density profiles of the differently treated areas indicated that one method leads to higher moisture content than the other. Untreated wall paintings from different times were profiled in a recently excavated room at the Villa of the Papyri showing two different types of mortar layer structures which identify two different techniques of preparing the walls for painting. Reflectance Fourier mid-infrared spectroscopy and in situ X-ray fluorescence measurements complemented the NMR measurements and provided additional insight into the identification of organic coatings as well as the nature of the pigments used, respectively. The information acquired nondestructively by NMR is valued for elaborating conservation strategies and for identifying different schools of craftsmen who prepared the mortar supports of the wall paintings.     

Effects of pH and polarity on the excited states of norfloxacin and its 4′-N-acetyl derivative:a steady-state and time-resolved study

The properties of norfloxacin (NFX) and its 4′-N-acetyl derivative (ANFX) are investigated in different pH aqueous solutions and H₂O-CH₃CN mixed solutions, to determine the effects of pH and polarity on their ground and excited states. The triplet states of NFX and ANFX are affected more by pH than by polarity. The pH dependence of the NFX and ANFX triplet states is likely due to the different quantum yields of different protonated forms. Steady-state fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, and laser flash photolysis experiments at different pH values provide clear evidence of the involvement of different intramolecular charge-transfer pathways in the singlet states of NFX and ANFX. The different electron-donating capacities of 1-N, 1′-N, and 4′-N under different conditions determine the major pathway.     

La2CuO4的制备及其对催化消除NO活性的影响

用四种制备方法：柠檬酸络合爆炸法,聚乙二醇凝胶法,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶法,DTPA络合法合成了La2CuO4.比较了四种方法的特点及其对La2CuO4结构的影响,并对所得La2CuO4在NO-CO反应中的催化活性的影响进行了研究．结果发现聚乙二醇凝胶法和DTPA络合法有利于形成好的晶形,而聚乙二醇凝胶法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶法对NO-CO反应有较好的活性,这是由于不同制备方法得到的样品中的缺陷的种类和含量不同所致     

Investigation of sera from various species by using lectin affinity arrays and scanning ellipsometry

Serum proteins of different species and of different human blood groups exhibit various protein glycosylation patterns. Sera from human, pig, sheep and guinea pig have been applied to a panel of eight different lectins immobilized on a gold wafer. The biorecognition has been evaluated with scanning ellipsometry and the two-dimensional matrices obtained have been treated with image analysis and MVDA for evaluation. The results showed a clear difference in protein binding pattern between the different species and thereby separation of the different sera could be made. Dendograms indicate that human and pig sera are the most related of the four different sera investigated.     

利用TDGL方法模拟嵌段共聚物链长和浓度对A/B/A-B三组分体系相形态演化的影响

从Flory-Huggins自由能出发,得到了适合TDGL模拟的自由能泛函.在自由能中保留了各序参量的耦合项,并且还保留了链长的信息.利用自由能中的链长的信息,模拟了不同嵌段共聚物链长以及不同浓度下体系的形态变化,在均聚物的链长和浓度确定的条件下,存在一个使体系的相区尺寸最小的最佳嵌段共聚物链长.同时,在嵌段共聚物和均聚物的链长都一定的情况下,研究了不同量的嵌段共聚物对体系相行为的影响,发现嵌段共聚物的浓度不同,体系的结构存在很大的区别.此外,如果均聚物A和B的浓度不同,其相区的结构也不同.     

一种手性性质随不同金属离子改变的共轭聚合物

化学传感器能识别一种特殊分子或一类分子的分子装置 ,基于共轭聚合物的化学传感器的设计原理一般都是利用其分子的电子效应和空间构象的变化 [1～ 4] ,而旋光分子的手性同样与其电子和空间结构相关 .本文试图建立一种依靠化合物手性 (如旋光度 )的变化检测金属离子的新方法 .由于含手性联萘结构的共轭聚合物具有较好的旋光热稳定性和高的旋光值 [5,6] ,以及聚合物主链上联吡啶基团可与许多过渡金属离子配位[4,7] ,我们设计合成了一种同时含有联吡啶和手性联萘基团的共轭聚合物 .结果表明 ,不同过渡金属离子与聚合物联吡啶单元的作用可引起…     

光固化粉末涂料中两种复合光引发剂表观量子效率的测定

采用动力学分析方法,测定了几种不同配比光固化粉末涂料引发剂的紫外吸收光谱,并由此进行了量子效率的测定.据此可比较不同引发体系的引发效率.文中详细介绍了计算量子效率的过程.结果表明,不同的引发剂体系不同的配比,其引发效率可相差2—3倍.     

不同地区及仿真和田玉太赫兹光谱分析

利用太赫兹时域光谱技术对不同地区和田玉及其仿真品进行测量与分析,为不同地区的和田玉及真伪鉴别提供技术支撑。实验选取了新疆、韩国和青海三个不同产地的和田玉样品,同时选取了三种仿和田玉样品,在0.1~2.5THz频段进行太赫兹光谱数据采集。不同地区和田玉在太赫兹频段具有不同的特征吸收峰,并且每个样品在相对高频和低频的吸收量不同,随频率的增加,样品在相对低频处的折射率呈增加趋势,在高频处呈缓慢下降趋势,不同样品的变化趋势不同。仿真样品与和田玉在0.1~2.5 THz波段的吸收系数、折射率、相对介电常数相差很大。实验结果初步表明,用太赫兹波段的吸收系数和折射率来鉴别和田玉及仿真品是可行的,能够区分不同地区和田玉及仿真样品,该方法快速、便捷,能为市场监管提供有力技术支撑。     

溪黄草根茎叶微量元素含量的测定

用等离子体原子发射光谱法对溪黄草根、茎、叶等不同部位微量元素的含量进行了测定,溪黄草不同部位都含有18种微量元素,其不同部位微量元素分布有共同之处,也存在明显的差别。     

The photokinetics of phenothiazine dyes with titanium trichloride in different solvents

The kinetic parameters of photoinduced electron transfer reaction of two phenothiazine dyes, methylene blue and methylene green with titanium trichloride, were determined in water and different aqueous-alcoholic solvents at different acidities by using a specially designed optical system. The rate of photoinduced electron transfer reaction was measured by determining the quantum yield of the reaction. The methylene green had a higher reactivity as compared to methylene blue with titanium trichloride. The graphical analysis showed that the reaction of dye with titanium trichloride follows pseudo–first-order kinetics. A reaction mechanism was proposed by considering the different excited states of dye and their possible interaction with the solvent and titanium trichloride. The different steps in the reaction mechanism were taken into consideration for deriving rate equations, which were used to determine the different rate constants in the reaction mechanism in different solvents.     

Determination of protein-bound trace elements in human cell cytosols of different organs and different pathological states

In the human body, there exists over 200 different cell types, which differ in size and structure and have specialised functions in the organism. Therefore it can be assumed that these different cells also contain different proteins necessary to carry out the respective specialised functions. This supposed different metalloprotein composition in different human organs cannot be demonstrated by determination of total element concentrations. Therefore investigations of the different protein-bound forms of the elements were achieved by speciation analysis: The biomolecules were separated by size exclusion chromatography and the elements detected on-line in the eluate by a hyphenated inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). For the interpretation of the obtained element profiles, an identification of the signals and their assignment to different metalloproteins was necessary. This identification was carried out by means of specific protein assays, i.e. enzymatic assays or immunochemical reactions, in collected fractions of the chromatographic separations. A comparison of the element binding pattern in cytosols of different human organs was then possible. The optimised method was applied to tissue cytosols of different human organs. As expected, the element patterns varied for different organs of the same patient and for the same organ of patients with different diseases. Metalloproteins and their bound metals could consequently be considered as biological markers for physiological differences or pathological changes in human tissues.     

部分水解聚丙烯酰胺浓度对结构形貌的影响

本文用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了不同浓度的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)溶液在云母片上成膜后的结构形貌。浓度不同,AFM下观察到的结构形貌差别很大。50ppm和1000ppm的HPAM在云母片上成膜后不能形成规则的排列,而100ppm的HPAM在云母片上成膜后形成规则的排列,但不同位置处的排列不同,500ppm的HPAM在云母片上成膜后可形成树枝生长的分形结构。     

一种提高色谱指纹谱保留时间重现性的新方法

通过色谱热力学分析发现，在相同的分析条件下，即使采用不同的液相色谱系统或不同的色谱柱，组分的保留时间存在简单的线性关系，应用该线性关系可提高不同反相C18柱间保留时间重现性，经过实际样品在不同操作条件下的验证，表明该方法是正确而可行的。     

Effect of matrix and solvent on the analysis of novel poly(phenylenevinylene) derivatives by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Six novel poly(phenylenevinylene) (PPV) derivatives carrying butoxy or myrtanyl groups, including poly(2-butoxy-m-phenylenevinylene) (Bu-MPV), poly(2,5-dibutoxy-p-phenylenevinylene-alter-p-phenylenevinylene) (Bu-PPPV), poly(2,5-dibutoxy-p-phenylenevinylene-alter-m-phenylenevinylene) (Bu-PMPV), poly(2-myrtanyl-m-phenylenevinylene) (Myr-MPV), poly(2,5-dimyrtanyl-p-phenylenevinylene-alter-p-phenylenevinylene) (Myr-PPPV), and poly(2,5-dimyrtanyl-p-phenylenevinylene-alter-m-phenylenevinylene) (Myr-PMPV), were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). The repeat unit mass and the end-group structures of each sample were obtained. Distinctly different spectra with different ion series and/or different ion signal intensities were observed for the analytes Bu-MPV, Myr-MPV, Bu-PPPV, Myr-PPPV and Myr-PMPV when different matrices were used, and different ion series were acquired when different solvents were used for Myr-PPPV and Myr-PMPV. The results show that the PPV oligomers with different shapes and/or with different end groups can be selectively desorbed and ionized in MALDI by using different matrices.     

非晶氧化锆水合物红外研究

用红外吸收光谱（IR）结合X射线衍射（XRD）、差热（DTA）和热失重分析（TG）详细研究了氧化锆前驱物（溶胶凝胶法制得的非晶态氧化锆水合物）的结构。实验结果表明在非晶态氧化锆水合物中有三种不同的近程结构。它表现为不同条件下制得的非晶氧化锆水合物的红外吸收谱在1700～1200cm-1水和羟基的弯曲振动吸收区出现1633、1551、1400和1340cm-1四个不同的羟基吸收峰。这表明样品中有三种不同近邻结构的羟基。根据实验结果我们提出了相应的非晶氧化锆水合物的近邻结构模型。造成这种结构差异的原因是制备过程中溶胶-凝胶反应的羟基浓度的不同。非晶态氧化锆水合物晶化后生成具有不同晶体结构的纳米氧化锆的主要原因是由于它们的不同近邻结构。     

不同环境条件对土壤-巴戟天系统重金属分布的影响

采用AA-6800型石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪研究了土壤-巴戟天系统中铅的分布情况,包括不同地段、不同土壤类型、不同土壤pH值对土壤-巴戟天入药部位根和果实中铅的含量影响。实验结果表明,环境条件变化对土壤-巴戟天系统铅含量有一定的影响,其中土壤的pH值对土壤中的有效铅浓度及巴戟天的铅含量影响较大。     

碳纳米管尺寸对电化学反应活性的影响

制备不同尺寸的多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)修饰电极,应用循环伏安法研究了相同管径、不同管长和相同管长、不同管径的多壁碳纳米管修饰电极在K3Fe(CN)6溶液中的电化学行为及其对尿酸、多巴胺等生物分子的电催化作用,以及尺寸效应对碳纳米管修饰电极电化学活性的影响规律.结果显示,在同一条件下,短管的MWNT比长管的更能有效促进K3Fe(CN)6的电子传递,更有利于对生物分子的电催化;管径对它的电化学行为及生物电催化活性影响较小,无明显规律.主要原因在于碳纳米管管端、管壁的不同电化学活性.     

Efficient synthesis of chromenopyridine and chromene via MCRs

MCRs for preparation of chromenopyridines under reflux conditions and chromenes at room temperature conditions from different salicylaldehydes,malononitrile and different thiols（mol ratio- 1：2：1） were established.Mechanistic investigation suggests that the MCRs undergo different pathways at different temperatures and catalyzed by different organic bases.The structure of chromenopyridine and chromene are confirmed by crystal X-ray crystallography.