奎宁与氯冉酸的胶束增敏荷移反应及其测定

提出了一种基于胶束增敏荷移反应测定奎宁的光度分析法。研究了在阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶 (CPC)胶束体系中电子给体奎宁与电子受体氯冉酸之间的荷移反应产物的光谱性质。发现CPC对奎宁与氯冉酸的荷移反应络合物的光吸收有显著的增强作用 ,使络合物的表观摩尔吸光系数提高了 2 .5倍(λmax=5 2 0nm ,ε=3.6 4× 1 0 3 L·mol-1 ·cm-1 )。奎宁浓度在 2 0～ 80 0mg/L范围内符合比耳定律 ,r =0 9991。本方法用于片剂中奎宁含量的测定 ,其回收率为 97.3%～ 99.2 % ;5次测定的相对标准偏差为 1 .6 %～ 2 5 %。     

荷移光度法测定双嘧达莫

用光度法研究了双嘧达莫与氯冉酸之间发生的电荷转移反应,其中双嘧达莫是电子给予体,氯冉酸是电子接受体,反应介质是乙醇丙酮混合溶剂。应用等摩尔连续变换法和摩尔比法测得荷移络合物的组成为1∶1,稳定常数为3.9×104。络合物在526nm波长处有最大吸收,双嘧达莫浓度在10～380mg·L-1范围内服从比耳定律,相关系数为0.9996,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.34×103L·mol-1·cm-1,回收率为98.4%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.14%。应用该法可以快速测定双嘧达莫片中有效成分的含量,结果满意。     

氯冉酸比色测定气体中低量水蒸气

氯冉酸曾被用于测定微量钠盐以及重金属,后来Barreto用该试剂测定有机溶剂中的水分。我们研究了用氯冉酸光度测定气体中少量水分的条件,并用于氢、氧等气体中少量水分的测定,方法简便、快速,重现性良好,结果满意。 (一)试剂及仪器 1.0.002M氯冉酸(Chloranilic acid)溶液:称取0.1045克氯冉酸(实验室试剂),溶于无水乙醇中,转入250毫升棕色容量瓶中,并用无水乙醇稀释至刻     

有机溶剂中微量水的荷移光谱法测定

研究了氯冉酸与有机溶剂中水的反应，确定了反应条件，氯冉酸与水的络合物的最大吸收波长为530nm。在乙醇、甲醇，正丙醇，异丙醇、正丁醇，正庚醇，正己醇溶剂中，水的含量分别在0－5％（V／V）或0－8％（V／V）范围内呈线性关系，相关系数为0．998或0．999；该方法重现性好，灵敏度高，操作简单，用于测定乙醇中微量水的含量，与标准值相符；加入回收法测得甲醇中水的回收率分别为98％－103％，结果令人满意。     

氯冉酸荷移分光光度法测定尿样中盐酸非索非那定

建立了氯冉酸荷移分光光度法测定盐酸非索非那定含量的新方法。结果表明:盐酸非索非那定和氯冉酸在正丙醇介质中形成稳定的1∶1型荷移络合物,并在529nm波长处有最大吸收,表观摩尔吸光系数为3.3×103 L·mol-1·cm-1,盐酸非索非那定质量浓度在0.2～100mg·L-1范围内符合比耳定律,相关系数R=0.9974,检出限为0.12mg·L-1。该法用于尿样及药片中盐酸非索非那定含量的测定,其回收率为99.87%～101.2%。     

克霉唑与氯冉酸的荷移反应及其测定

克霉唑与氯冉酸在丙酮介质中发生电荷转移反应 ,生成 1∶1型络合物 ,该络合物的λmax=5 2 5nm ,表观摩尔吸光系数是 1.2 2× 10 3 L·mol-1·cm-1,药物浓度在 0～ 30 0mg/L范围内符合比耳定律 ,6次测定的相对标准偏差为 1.4 % ,回收率在 97%以上。用拟定的方法测定药物片剂中有效成分的含量 ,结果与药典方法相符     

基于氯冉酸荷移分光光度法测定乙酰螺旋霉素含量

研究了乙酰螺旋霉素和氯冉酸在甲醇介质中发生的荷移络合反应,确定了最佳条件,从而建立了一种简便快速测定乙酰螺旋霉素的荷移分光光度法。荷移络合物的最大吸收波长为λ=531 nm,络合比为1∶1,该络合物的吸光度与乙酰螺旋霉素的浓度在1.2～20 mg/L范围内呈线性关系,线性相关系数r=0.9998,检出限为0.5 mg/L,相对标准偏差为1.2%,回收率为99.5%～101.2%。本方法用于对乙酰螺旋霉素片含量的测定,结果较为满意。     

面粉中微量水的分光光度法测定

氯冉酸可以与醇中的水发生荷移反应，形成的水合物的最大吸收波长为530nm。在甲醇中，水的含量在0％-8．0％(V/V)范围内与吸光度呈线性关系；在乙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、正庚醇和正己醇中测定水的线性范围为0％．6．0％(V/V)。方法灵敏度高，检测下限为0．13％(V/V)；重现性好，重复实验相对标准偏差小于2％。反应迅速，操作简便。用拟订的方法测定面粉及乙醇中的微量水，结果与标准值相符，回收率为98％-102％。     

基于氯冉酸的荷移反应分光光度法测定奋乃静

奋乃静(PPH)是吩噻嗪类抗精神病药,用于治疗精神分裂症及其他精神躁狂症,也可用于呕吐及严重焦虑的治疗。目前,测定奋乃静的方法有紫外分光光度法、高效液相色谱法、电化学法、毛细管电泳法、流动注射分析法、荧光光谱法、二阶导数光谱法和极谱法等。采用氯冉酸荷移分光光度法测定奋乃静尚未见文献报道,本工作利用奋乃静与氯冉酸的荷移反应,建立了荷移分光光     

阴极溶出伏安法测定含铀废水中的痕量铀

采用新型自动伏安极谱仪对含铀废水中的痕量铀进行测定。用浓硝酸和双氧水处理废水试样,以氯冉酸为铀络合剂,5 mmol/L的氯冉酸用量为0.1 mL;试液的pH值调节为2.4~2.6。以悬汞电极为工作电极,以微分脉冲为测定模式,标准加入法进行定量分析。在优化的实验条件下,方法的检出限为0.076 ng/mL,实际样品的加标回收率在80%~105%之间,测定结果的相对标准偏差为5.2%(n=6)。该方法操作简便,重现性好,试样用量少,可用于含铀废水中痕量铀的快速测定。     

Charge-on-spring polarizable water models revisited: from water clusters to liquid water to ice

The properties of two improved versions of charge-on-spring (COS) polarizable water models (COS/G2 and COS/G3) that explicitly include nonadditive polarization effects are reported. In COS models, the polarization is represented via a self-consistently induced dipole moment consisting of a pair of separated charges. A previous polarizable water model (COS/B2), upon which the improved versions are based, was developed by Yu, Hansson, and van Gunsteren. To improve the COS/B2 model, which overestimated the dielectric permittivity, one additional virtual atomic site was used to reproduce the water monomer quadrupole moments besides the water monomer dipole moment in the gas phase. The molecular polarizability, residing on the virtual atomic site, and Lennard-Jones parameters for oxygen-oxygen interactions were varied to reproduce the experimental values for the heat of vaporization and the density of liquid water at room temperature and pressure. The improved models were used to study the properties of liquid water at various thermodynamic states as well as gaseous water clusters and ice. Overall, good agreement is obtained between simulated properties and those derived from experiments and ab initio calculations. The COS/G2 and COS/G3 models may serve as simple, classical, rigid, polarizable water models for the study of organic solutes and biopolymers. Due to its simplicity, COS type of polarization can straightforwardly be used to introduce explicit polarization into (bio)molecular force fields.     

Determination of dissolved hexavalent chromium in river water, sea water and waste water

Summary A simple and reliable method for the determination of dissolved hexavalent chromium in aquatic systems is described. Chromium(VI) is quantitatively coprecipitated with lead sulfate from weakly acidic (pH 3.5) sample solutions. It is determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy at 357.9 nm. The detection limit of the method is 0.3 g/l at a 95% confidence level. Relatively high concentrations of chromium(III) do not interfere in the determination of hexavalent chromium. High chloride (> 6 g/l) or sulfate (> 800 mg/l) concentrations cause a significant decrease in the Cr(VI) recoveries. These interferences are mutually influenced.The sulfate interference is reduced, but not eliminated in the presence of high chloride concentrations, while chloride interferences are eliminated in the presence of a sufficient sulfate concentration in the original sample. Chromium(VI) is recovered quantitatively from river water and effluent samples, but its recovery from sea water is incomplete (83%), due to interferences by sulfate during the coprecipitation procedure.

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Bestimmung von gelöstem Chrom(VI) in Fluß-, Meer- und Abwasser

Zusammenfassung Eine einfache und zuverlässige Methode zur Chrom(VI)-bestimmung in wäßrigen Systemen wurde ausgearbeitet. Dabei wird Chrom(VI) aus schwach saurer Lösung (pH 3,5) mit Bleisulfat mitgefällt und mit Hilfe der Graphitofen-AAS bei 357,9 nm bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 0,3 g/l bei 95% Vertrauensbereich. Relativ hohe Konzentrationen an Chrom(III) stören nicht. Hohe Gehalte an Chlorid (> 6 g/l) oder Sulfat (> 800 mg/l) können zu beträchtlichen Minderbefunden an Cr(VI) führen. Diese Störungen beeinflussen sich gegenseitig. So wird die Störung durch Sulfat in Gegenwart großer Chloridmengen herabgesetzt, aber nicht ganz eliminiert, während die Chloridstörung durch genügend Sulfat beseitigt wird. Chrom(VI) konnte aus Fluß- und Abwasser quantitativ wiedergefunden werden, aus Meerwasser nur zu 83% (wegen der Störung durch Sulfat bei der Mitfällung).

     

FTIR study of water clusters in water–triethylamine solutions

The FTIR study presented in this work, on water dissolved in triethylamine (TEA), reveals the formation of water clusters in the TEA liquid phase at tenths of water molar concentrations. In the OH stretching region, the FTIR spectra of water in TEA show, at high frequencies, a narrow band at 3682 cm⁻¹ and, at low frequencies, a wide band that can be resolved into four peaks with maxima at 3249 cm⁻¹, 3348 cm⁻¹, 3440 cm⁻¹ and 3545 cm⁻¹. The results have been rationalised assuming the formation of clusters containing tens of three- and four-coordinated water molecules. TEA molecules surrounding the clusters are hydrogen bonded to one OH of the water molecules at the surface, leaving dangling protons. Further, the analyses of the spectra suggest that, in the used range, the water cluster mean size does not depend strongly on the water concentration.     

水溶性卟啉光还原水产氢的研究

自1977年Lehn报道Ru(bPy)_3~(2+)-TEOA-Rh(bPy)_3~(3+)-Pt催化体系光解水放氢以来,以金属配合物为光敏剂光解水产氢的研究日趋活跃。这些光化学体系通常由光敏剂、电子给体、中继物和氧化还原催化剂四组分组成。为了有效地实现阳光分解水产氢,选择一个在可见光区有强吸收的光敏剂是十分重     

The permittivity of water and water vapor in saturation states

The applicability of several well-known equations describing the dependences of the relative permittivities of liquid water and water vapor on their densities and temperature is analyzed. An original semiempirical equation was suggested to relate the permittivity of equilibrium vapor to that of the liquid phase. The temperature intervals within which the equations under consideration described experimental data most accurately were established. The results were used to tabulate the calculated permittivities of water and water vapor in saturation states.     

Strategy for pesticide control in ground water and drinking water

Summary The analysis of pesticides is quite difficult and expensive. It is shown in this paper which analytical methods and systems have to be used for pesticide-monitoring in ground water and drinking water. Clear identification, control of positive results, quantitative determination, accuracy and precision are very important points for pesticide analysis.     

The dynamic crossover in water does not require bulk water

Many of the anomalous properties of water may be explained by invoking a second critical point that terminates the coexistence line between the low- and high-density amorphous states in the liquid. Direct experimental evidence of this point, and the associated polyamorphic liquid-liquid transition, is elusive as it is necessary for liquid water to be cooled below its homogeneous-nucleation temperature. To avoid crystallization, water in the eutectic LiCl solution has been studied but then it is generally considered that "bulk" water cannot be present. However, recent computational and experimental studies observe cooperative hydration in which case it is possible that sufficient hydrogen-bonded water is present for the essential characteristics of water to be preserved. For femtosecond optical Kerr-effect and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, we observe in each case a fractional Stokes-Einstein relation with evidence of the dynamic crossover appearing near 220 K and 250 K respectively. Spectra obtained in the glass state also confirm the complex nature of the hydrogen-bonding modes reported for neat room-temperature water and support predictions of anomalous diffusion due to "worm-hole" structure.