Influence of chelate ring size on the properties of phosphine-sulfonate palladium catalysts

Phosphine-sulfonate based palladium is one of the most extensively studied catalyst systems in olefin polymerization.This type of catalyst features six-membered chelate ring size,and can enable the copolymerizations of ethylene with a wide variety of polar monomers.In this contribution,we decide to investigate the influence of chelate ring size on the properties of phosphinesulfonate palladium catalysts.As such,a series of phosphine-sulfonate ligands and the corresponding seven-membered ring Pd(II)complexes[κ~2-(P,O)-2-(CH_2-PR_1R_2)-4-methylphenyl-sulfonato]Pd(Me)(DMSO)(Pd1,R_1=R_2=Cy,Pd2,R_1=R_2=o-Me O-C_6H_4;Pd3,R_1=Ph,R_2=2-[2,6-(Me O)_2C_6H_3]C_6H_4;DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide)were designed,prepared and characterized.These palladium complexes are moderately active when they were applied in ethylene polymerization and copolymerizations with methyl acrylate and butyl vinyl ether.However,their properties are greatly reduced from those of the classic six-membered ring phosphine-sulfonate palladium complex Pd2′.The experimental results indicate that the bigger chelate ring size can increase the ligand flexibility and damage the catalytic properties for the phosphine-sulfonate type palladium catalysts.     

STRUCTURAL RULES OF TRANSITIONMETAL CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

In this article we have proposed two topological rules to account for the electronic structures of transition-metal carbonyl compounds. The second rule is applied to those which have polyhedral metalhc skeletons with triangular faces and their derivates, while the first rule is applied to all the others We have used these two rules to analyze 261 structure-known compounds with the number of metal atoms from 2 to 12, and the results show that the two rules are in good agreement with the experimental facts. Furthermore, we have also derived from the second rule a formula which can be used to account for the electronic structures of closedpacking carbonyl compounds and which is the same as that given by Ciani and his coworkers.     

THE THEORETICAL STUDY ON INTERSECTION POINT RULE FOR HOMOLOGUES IN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

The intersection point rule for homologues in gas chromatography was discovered manyyears ago,now more and more application and development are occurring in recent years~[2-6],but there are few systemic theoretical studies.In this paper,based on the basic equation of reten-tion values in gas chromatography,we prove the intersection point rule of homologues frommathematics,study the factors affecting intersection point position,give the physical meaning ofintersection point,and explain the experimental rules in references.     

Theoretical study on the vibrational state distribution of product CO in the photolysis of acetone CH_3COCH_3-→2CH_3 CO

The photolysis of acetone has been studied at 6-311G basis set using unrestricted Hartree-Fock method. The results show that ground state acetone (S_0) cannot easily dissociate. The electrons of acetone undergo n→Ⅱ transition in laser, and excited acetone (T_1) can easily dissociate: and acetyl can further undergo thermolytic dissociation: CH_3CO→CH_3 CO(R_2). The dynamic information (ω_K, B_(KF), V_0(S)) of reaction R_2 is obtained and the vibrational state distributions of product CO are calculated. The calculated value consists with the experimental value.     

THEOREM OF CORRESPONDING RELATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO ISOBARIC PHASE DIAGRAMS

The theorem of corresponding relation between the total number, Φ, of different phases inneighboring phase regions (abbreviated to NPRs) and the dimension, R_1, of their phase bound-ary and the corollaries of this theorem are derived from phase rule. Applying this theorem andits corollaries, both the boundary rule and Palatnik-Landau's contact rule of phase regionsmay be deduced. The ten empirical rules for constructing complicated ternary phase diagramsfrom phase diagram units may be explained theoretically. The relation between NPRs and theirboundaries in unary, binary, ternary and quaternary isobaric phase diagrams of different typesmay be explained without any supplementary concept.     

THE SYMMETRY BREAKING IN LIVING SYSTEMS——THE SELECTION RULES, SENSITIVITY AND CHIRALITY MATCHING

This paper is a study of the correlation between the spatial symmetry breaking and the intrinsic parity of the critical eigenstate for the spherical reaction-diffusion systems with a general non-linear biochemical reaction scheme. The effects of microenvironment on the ehiral symmetry breaking in biochemical systems are discussed and special attention paid to the selection rules, sensitivity and matching of chirality between the system and environment.     

MICROENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE HELICAL CONFORMATIONS OF AMYLOSE AND ITS DERIVATIVES——CATALYTIC EFFECTS OF SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLAMYLOSE ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF VARIOUS ESTERS OF N-ALKYL-3-HYDROXYPYRIDINIUM IODIDE

Hydrolysis of various carboxylic esters of N-alkyl-3-hydroxypyridinium iodide(2—5) has been studied, both in the absence and in the presence of sodium carboxymethylamylose(NaCMA 1). In the absence of Na-CMA, the hydrolysis of all four substrates follows 2nd-order kinetics when HPO_4~- and CH_3CO_2~- ions are used as the attacking nucleophites. In the presence of 1, however, the course of the reaction depends on the structure of the substrates. For 2 and 3, the observed rate constants k_(obs) are independent of the eoncentration of 1 added, but for those with long hydrocarbon chains, i. e. 4 and 5, the hydrolysis follows MichaelisMenten kinetics. All other experimental results also indicate the formation of supramolecular(incluston) complexes between the Na-CMA host molecules in helical conformations and theesters 4 and 5. In comparison with the bimolecular processes in the bulk phase, the catalytic efficiencies(k_c/K_d) of these supramolecular systems are 3.7×10~4 and 1.7×10~4 times that of the aceta     

Extension of Huron-Vidal-type Mixing Rule to Three-parameter Harmens-Knapp Cubic Equation of State

In this paper was extended the HV-type mixing rules to Harmens-Knapp cubic equation state (HK CEOS). The new HV-type mixing rule with HK CEOS was tested for Vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE) of different polar and nonpolar systems. The tested results are in good agreement with existing experimental data within a wide range of temperatures and pressures. In comparison with the VDW mixing rule, the new mixing rule gives much better predictions for the VLE of nonpolar and polar systems.     

APPLICATION OF THEOREM OF CORRESPONDING RELATION TO P-T-x_i MULTICOMPONENT PHASE DIAGRAMS

By applying the theorem of corresponding relation to P-T-x_i multicomponent phase diagrams, six corollaries are obtained. These corollaries show the regularities and variation ranges of the total number of different phases in two neighboring phase regions (abbreviated to NPRs), the number of common phases existing in both NPRs, △Φ, the dimensions of phase boundaries between NPRs, R_1~', and the relation between them. The relation between the dimension of boundaries, R_1, and R_1 is also discussed. According to the above theorem and corollaries, the relation between NPRs and their boundaries in binary and ternary P-T-x_i phase diagrams is briefly analysed.     

A Density Functional Study for the Reaction Mechanism of CO Oxidation on the Copper Cluster

We have studied the reaction mechanism of CO oxidation on the Cu_(13) cluster via density functional theory. There are two main reaction pathways to be considered: Eley-Rideal(ER) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood(LH) mechanisms, respectively. According to these two main reaction mechanisms, we have obtained five reaction pathways for the first CO oxidation(denoted as R_(ER1),R_(ER2), R_(LH1), R_(LH_2) and R_(LH3), respectively): R_(ER1) is CO_(gas) + O_(2(ads)) → O(ads) + CO_(2(gas)); R_(ER2) is CO_(gas) + O_(2(ads)) → CO_(3(ads)) → O(ads) + CO_(2(gas)); R_(LH1) refers to CO(ads) + O_(2(ads)) → O(ads) + CO_(2(gas)); R_(LH_2) refers to CO(ads) + O_(2(ads)) → OOCO(ads) → O(ads) + CO_(2(gas)) and R_(LH3) refers to O_(2(ads)) + CO(ads)→ O(ads) + O(ads) + CO(ads) → O(ads) + CO_(2(gas)). These pathways have low energy barriers and are strongly exothermic, suggesting the Cu_(13) cluster is very favorable catalyst for the first CO oxidation. However, there are higher energy barriers of 99. 8 and 45.4 kJ/mol in the process of producing and decomposing intermediates along the R_(LH_2) and R_(ER2), indicating that R_(ER1), R_(LH1) and R_(LH3) are superior pathways with lower energy barriers, especially the R_(ER1) channel. Thereafter, the second CO is more prone to react with the remaining oxygen atom on Cu_(13) along the ER channel in comparison with the LH pathway, in which the moderate barrier is 70.0 kJ/mol and it is exothermic by 59.6 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the interaction between the absorbate and cluster is analyzed by electronic analysis to gain insights into high activity of the copper cluster.     

Dispersion state of CuO on CeO_2——An incorporation model for the interaction between metal oxide and oxide support

XRD and XPS are used to study the dispersion state of CuO on ceria surface.The dispersion capacity values of CuO measured by the two methods are consistent,which are of 1.20 mmol CuO/100 m CeO2.In addition,the results reveal that highly dispersed Cu2 + ions are formed at low CuO loadings and that increasing the CuO content to a value higher than its dispersion capacity produces crystalline CuO after the surface vacant sites on CeO2 are filled.The atomic composition of the outermost layer of the CuO/CeO2 samples has been probed by using static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SSIMS),and the ratios of Cu/Ce are found to be 0.93 and 0.46 for the 1.22 and 0 61 mmol CuO/CeO2 samples respectively.Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) profile with two reduction peaks at 156 and 16513 suggests that the reduction of highly dispersed Cu2+ ions consists of two steps and is easier than that of CuO crystallites,in which the TPR profile has only one reduction peak at about 249℃.The above experimental results are in     

THE MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF PHOTOPORPHYRIN (YHPD)''''S PHOTOSENSITIZATION——LASER RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF MICROCOSMIC AND PHOTOSENSITIVE DAMAGE OF YHPD TO PROTEIN

Laser Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the microcosmic and photosensitive damage of YHPD to lysozyme, of which the three-dimensional structure has been elucidated. The experimental results shown by various damages of the main-chain and side-chain of lysozyme are as follows: (ⅰ) Phe and Cys are also damaged by photosensitization of YHPD, except for Trp, Tyr, Met, 1/2Cys and His; (ⅱ) the order of the photosensitized sensitivity of various groups of these amino acids have been described; (ⅲ) Trp and Tyr buried in the three-dimensional structure of the protein are damaged very greatly, and (ⅳ) the main-chain conformation of the protein has changed considerably, such as a decrease in orderly structure (α-helix, β-sheet and β-turn) and a simultaneous increase in random coil.     

DETERMINATION OF STABILITY CONSTANTS OF THE COORDINATION COMPOUNDS OF Au(Ⅲ)-2-MERCAPTOPYRIDINE-1-OXIDE AND METHYL DERIVATIVES——METHOD OF DUAL-WAVELENGTH CORRESPONDING SOLUTIONS

In this paper,we report the deductive formula used for the methodof dual-wavelength corresponding solutions under condition of having ligandinterference and the stability constants of three new coordination compounds[AuL_2]~+determined with this method.The stability of the three compounds,thenecessity of controlling pH in experimental systems and the advantage of thismethod are discussed in detail.     

A steered molecular dynamics simulation on the elastic behavior of adsorbed star polymer chains

<正>Elastic behavior of 4-branched star polymer chain with different chain length N adsorbed on attractive surface is investigated using steered molecular dynamics(SMD) simulation method based on the united-atom(UA) model for branched alkanes.The simulation is realized by pulling up the chain via a linear spring with a constant velocity v = 0.005 nm/ps.At the beginning,the chain lies extensionally on adsorbed surface and suffers continuous deformations during the tensile process.Statistical parameters as mean-square radii of gyration S~2_(xy),S~2_z,shape factor δ,describing the conformational changes,sectional density den which gives the states of the chain,and average surface attractive energy U_a,average total energy U,average force f probed by the spring,which characterize the thermodynamic properties, are calculated in the stimulant process.Remarkably,distinguishing from the case in linear chains that there only exists one long plateau in the curve of f,the force plateau in our study for star chains is multiple,denoting different steps of desorption,and this agrees well with the experimental results in essence.We find during the tensile process,there are three characteristic distances Z_c,Z_t and Z_0 from the attractive surface,and these values vary with N.When Z=Z_c,the chain is stripped from the surface,but due to the form of wall-monomer interaction,the surface retains weak influence on the chain till Z = Z_c.From Z=Z_t,parameters U_a,U and f respectively reach a stable value,while the shape and the size of the chain still need adjustments after Z_t till Z_0 to reach their equilibrium states.Specifically,for short chain of N= 41,Z_t and Z_0 are incorporated.These results may help us to deepen the knowledge about the elastic behavior of adsorbed star polymer chains.     

A small sample-size automated adiabatic calorimeter from 70 to 580 K——Molar heat capacities of α-Al_2O_3

An automatic adiabatic calorimeter for measuring heat capacities in the temperature range 70—580 K, equipped with a small sample cell of 7.4 cm~3 in the internal volume has been developed. In order to obtain a good adiabatic condition of the calorimeter at high temperature, the calorimeter was surrounded in sequence by two adiabatic shields, three radiation shields and an auxiliary temperature-controlled sheath. The main body of the cell made of copper and the lid made of brass are silver-soldered and the cell is sealed with a copper screw cap. A sealing gasket made of Pb-Sn alloy is put between the cap and the lid to ensure a high vacuum sealing of the cell in the whole experimental temperature range. All the leads are insulated and fixed with W30-11 varnish, thus a good electric insulation is obtained at high temperature. All the experimental data, including those for energy and temperature are collected and processed automatically with a personal computer using a predetermined program. To verify the     

Mechanism of the Deaquation of Aquopentaaminocobalt（Ⅲ）Bromide

There are two theories,SN1 and SN2, for the mechanism of the deaquation of aquopentaamincobalt(Ⅲ） bromide(AAC-B). Both of the theories are supported by some experimental and calculated data. But there are not any experiments to determine directly the structure of the intermediates at dififferent reaction time.In this paper the structures of the intermediates at different reaction time in deaquation-anation of AACB were determined by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and the reaction process was studied by the combination of X-ray powder diffraction and EXAFS.It was demonstrated that the deaquation-anation of AACB obeys the SN2 theory.     

Probing relationship between structure and viscosity of unentangled polymers in steady shear flow

Structural responses of unentangled polymers of various architectures, including linear, ring, star, asymmetric star, and H-shaped polymers, in steady shear flow are investigated via nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. As observed in our previous simulations, these polymers, when having an identical equilibrium mean-square radius of gyration R_(g0)~2 exhibit the same viscosity curve in both the linear and nonlinear regimes. In this article, the polymer orientation and deformation and the rate of deformation are calculated as a function of shear rate. The differences between different architectures in most of these properties are found to be related to the polymer extensibility, the number of free ends and the ability of folding. The unique architecture-independent quantity is the gradient component G_(yy) of the radius of gyration tensor. We find that a simple relation η=C_ηR_(g0)~2(3G_(yy)/R_(g0)~2)~(3/2) gives a near-perfect fit to shear viscosity η data, where C_η is a constant. The results suggest that this relation between chain thickness and viscosity is universal for unentangled polymers of various architectures.     

Vibrational frequencies of hydrazoic acid and methyl azide: density functional theory study

Harmonic vibrational frequencies of HN3 and CH3N3 molecules and their several isotopomers are calculated using HF, MP2 and five popular density functional theory (DFT) methods. On the basis of the comparison between calculated and experimental results, assignments of fundamental vibrational modes arc examined. HF and MP2 results are in bad agreement with experimental values. Of the five DFT methods, BLYP reproduces the observed fundamental frequencies the most satisfactorily. Two hybrid DFT methods are found to yield frequencies generally higher than the observed fundamental frequencies. The results indicate that BLYP calculation is a very promising approach for understanding the observed spectral features.     

Studies on nitramide and its methyl derivatives with ab initio calculations——Ⅳ.The harmonic force field and vibrational spectra of dimethylnitramine and its isotopic derivatives

The complete harmonic vibrational force field of dimethylnitramine has been calculatedat the Hartree-Fock level using 4-21G basis set.The harmonic force field was then scaled with scalefactors previously derived from N-methylnitramine,and the vibrational spectrum of dimethylnitraminewas computed.This apriori prediction,made with no reference to observations on dimethylnitramine,agrees with the experimental IR spectrum in gas phase with a mean deviation of 8.4 cm~(-1).Some of thescale factors were reoptimized by fitting of the computed force field to experimental data.The newset of scale factors reduced the mean deviation to 4.5 cm~(-1),and was used to predict the vibrationalspectrum of deuterated form of dimethylnitramine(-6D).Dipole moment derivatives were also cal-culated and used to predict infrared intensities which are comparable with experimental values.