有机太阳能电池材料研究新进展

介绍了有机太阳能电池研究的背景、基本原理、分类,并对有机太阳能电池材料进行了全面综述,包括小分子太阳能电池材料、大分子太阳能电池材料、D-A体系材料和有机无机杂化体系材料.     

烧成温度对气敏材料性能的影响

选用SnO₂-ZrO₂和SnO₂-ThO₃体系作为气敏材料,研究了烧成温度对材料结构和粒度的影响。分别用以上体系制成气敏元件,研究了烧成温度对气敏材料的灵敏度和选择性的影响,结果发现,在本实验条件下,烧成温度不但影响材料的灵敏度,对材料的选择性也有很大的影响。     

轻金属配位氢化物储氢体系

实现氢能有效利用的关键技术是开发安全、经济、高效的氢能储运体系。在目前所有的储氢技术中,固态材料化学储氢因其储氢密度大、可循环使用、安全方便储运等优势成为人们关注的焦点;配位氢化物储氢材料是现有储氢材料中体积和质量储氢密度最高的储氢材料。其中,具有高储氢密度、储氢性能优良的轻金属配位氢化物储氢材料是配位氢化物储氢领域研究的重点,目前已经取得了大量成果。本文论述了主要轻金属配位氢化物储氢体系的研究进展,包括硼氢化物储氢体系、铝氢化物储氢体系、氨基化物储氢体系等,阐述和总结了其热解反应机理、动力学性能、晶体结构、最新研究现状,最后对该领域的研究方向进行了总结和展望,指出二元或多元复合储氢体系、高效纳米粒子催化剂和储氢反应环境的综合协同效应将会成为储氢领域未来的研究趋势和重要研究方向。     

基于银系半导体材料的全固态Z型光催化体系

基于半导体材料的光催化技术有望利用清洁太阳能治理环境污染和缓解能源短缺问题。近年来,一些窄带隙银系半导体材料在可见光照射下具有优异的氧化还原能力,成为光催化材料研究领域的热点之一。然而,单一银系光催化材料成本高、稳定性差从而限制其实际应用,因此,复合光催化材料得到广泛关注。最近,模拟植物光合作用过程而建立起来的全固态Z型光催化体系不仅增强银系材料光催化活性,同时又提高其稳定性和降低使用成本。本文首先阐述了Z型光催化体系的由来和反应机制,详细论述了目前基于银系半导体材料的全固态Z型光催化体系的构建、应用及反应机理。在此基础上,指出了这些体系在研究中存在的一些问题,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

pH对两步法非离子模板合成MSU-X类硅基介孔结构的影响

采用两步法以非离子型表面活性剂Tween 20为模板剂合成硅基介孔材料, 研究了pH对介孔材料结构的影响. 结果表明, 没有氟离子存在且模板剂浓度较低(约为2%(w))的条件下, 在弱酸性环境中(pH=3.32-4.26)可以制备有序的MSU-X类硅基介孔材料, 本研究中的简单合成体系有助于查明MSU-X合成机理. 对所得介孔材料测试表明, 在同样的合成体系中, 随着体系pH的变化, 所得硅基介孔材料的形貌和孔壁结构都发生了变化.     

有机/聚合物光折变材料研究进展

有机/聚合物光折变材料的品质因数高,结构设计容易,样品制备简单,综合性能优良,是一类极具发展潜力的非线性光学材料。本文首先对有机/聚合物材料中光折变效应的基本概念和特点进行了简单介绍;然后根据材料组成特征,对有机光折变材料近年来的研究概况进行了分类综述。对于各种材料体系,重点论述了以应用为导向的材料优化进程,分析了材料体系中存在的亟待解决的瓶颈问题,并对有机/聚合物光折变材料的实用化进程及今后的发展思路进行了展望。     

嵌段共聚物相容剂对聚合物共混体系力学性能影响的连续介观模拟

结合介观动力学方法和三维弹簧格子模型,研究了嵌段共聚物相容剂对相容性较差的聚合物二元共混体系力学性能的影响.在适当范围内不断增加嵌段共聚物相容剂的用量,研究了相容剂含量对体系杨氏模数及拉伸强度的影响,同时也对不同体系材料的破碎位点进行了分析.结果表明,未加入相容剂的二元共混体系在拉伸模拟中表现出较低的拉伸强度,而适量添加相容剂可以显著提升材料的拉伸强度,随着相容剂含量的增加,共混体系的破碎位点会发生转移并最终改善材料的整体性能.而相容剂的加入对体系杨氏模数的影响较小.该连续模拟方法为关联聚合物复合体系的微观结构和宏观力学性能提供了一条高效的途径.     

嵌段共聚物相容剂对聚合物共混体系力学性能影响的连续介观模拟

结合介观动力学方法和三维弹簧格子模型, 研究了嵌段共聚物相容剂对相容性较差的聚合物二元共混体系力学性能的影响. 在适当范围内不断增加嵌段共聚物相容剂的用量, 研究了相容剂含量对体系杨氏模数及拉伸强度的影响, 同时也对不同体系材料的破碎位点进行了分析. 结果表明, 未加入相容剂的二元共混体系在拉伸模拟中表现出较低的拉伸强度, 而适量添加相容剂可以显著提升材料的拉伸强度, 随着相容剂含量的增加, 共混体系的破碎位点会发生转移并最终改善材料的整体性能. 而相容剂的加入对体系杨氏模数的影响较小. 该连续模拟方法为关联聚合物复合体系的微观结构和宏观力学性能提供了一条高效的途径.     

Li-Mg-N-H体系储氢材料的热力学和动力学调控

Mg（NH₂）₂-2LiH体系储氢材料具有较高的储氢容量和较适宜的热力学性能,并且其吸放氢过程完全可逆,是目前最有望实现大规模应用的固态储氢材料之一。然而,由于该体系在吸放氢过程中具有较高的动力学壁垒,导致其在200℃以上才能实现快速地吸放氢。因此,国际上对该体系储氢材料的研究主要集中在热力学和动力学的调控方面。本文从成分调变、纳米化和掺杂改性等方面,详细综述了Mg（NH₂）₂-2LiH体系储氢材料热力学和动力学调控的研究现状,并提出了其中存在的问题和相应对策,同时指出了将来的研究方向。     

石墨烯材料与模拟生物膜界面相互作用的研究进展

石墨烯材料在生物领域的蓬勃发展使其纳米生物界面研究已成为纳米生物学研究的热点方向。生物膜是石墨烯材料进入生物体系环境中的第一道屏障,深入理解石墨烯材料与磷脂膜间的相互作用,对于石墨烯基生物材料的功能界面优化设计和生物学效应控制具有极为重要的意义。本文对石墨烯材料进行了简要介绍,系统总结了近几年石墨烯材料与模拟生物膜相互作用的研究进展,并对其研究方向进行了展望。     

聚丁二酸丁二酯与高氯酸锂络合物的结构与离子导电性

本文从丁二酸二甲酯和丁二醇合成了聚丁二酸丁二酯,并以高氯酸锂为掺杂剂制备了固体电解质。FT-IR、NMR、XPS测试发现酯基上的氧原子参与络合。WAXD、DSC等测试分析结果表明:络合物和聚酯的晶体相同;LiClO_4主要溶解在无定形区;盐的溶解降低聚酯的熔点、结晶度和结晶速度,而提高玻璃化温度;在低盐浓度区络合物熔点与盐浓度关系符合Flory-Huggins理论。络合物的电导率随盐浓度变化出现极大值,在低盐浓度区电导率与浓度的对数成线性关系。电解质的导电行为不能简单地为Arrhenius和WLF方程所解释。从扩散角度推导了导电方程,并描述了离子导电过程。     

Phase behaviors of hyperbranched solid polymer electrolyte/salt systems: The structure effect

We have derived a new molecular thermodynamic model based on the lattice cluster model and melting point depression theory to account for the structural effect on phase behaviors of hyperbranched solid polymer electrolyte/salt systems. The two structural parameters (the generation number and separator length) are introduced to characterize the architecture of the hyperbranched polymer. A thermooptical analysis technique is used to determine the melting points of hyperbranched polymer/ZnI₂ systems. Our results show that the eutectic point is presented at a higher weight fraction of the salt as the generation number increases. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2254–2262, 2004     

Supramolecular polymer/metal salt complexes containing quadruple hydrogen bonding units

A supramolecular material containing quadruple hydrogen bonding sites was prepared by reacting the amines of methyl isocytosine and the epoxy groups of poly (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether). This supramolecular polymer was complexed with metal salt, that is potassium iodide, to produce polymer electrolytes, and their physical properties, specific interactions, and conductivity behavior were investigated. The ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes continuously increased with increasing salt concentration up to 0.4 of salt weight fraction, presenting usually high solubility limit of salt in the supramolecular polymer. Wide angle X‐ray scattering data also presented that the metal salt was completely dissolved in the supramolecular polymer up to 0.4 of salt weight fraction. Upon the introduction of metal salt, the mechanical properties of the supramolecular polymer were significantly enhanced by around 10 times and the glass transition temperature of the polymer increased by about 50 °C, as revealed by complex melt viscosities and differential scanning calorimetry. These unusual behaviors of salt solubility and mechanical properties for supramolecular polymer/metal salt complexes were attributed to the strong, additional metal ion coordination to hydrogen bonding sites as well as ether oxygens of polymer matrix, as supported by FTIR spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3181–3188, 2007     

Ionic conductivity of multiarm star polymer/LiClO4 electrolytes

A series of polymer electrolytes based on multiarm polymers and lithium salt complexes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and impedance measurement. The relationships of conductivity with salt concentration, temperature, and arm numbers are discussed. It is suggested that the star polymer has a higher solvency and ion transfer ability on lithium salts than on linear polymers. The conductivity maximum appeared at a higher salt concentration ([EO]/[Li] = 4). Impedance measurement suggested that the optimum conductivity was 2 × 10^?4 s · cm^?1. The conductivity increased with temperature and the dependence of ionic conductivity on temperature fits the Arrhenius equation. Among the studied systems, the star polymer with a five arm number performs better than other structures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4195–4198, 2004     

Phase separation phenomena in solutions of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide). IV. Thermodynamic parameters for solutions in a series of homologous solvents: Toluene to hexylbenzene

Melting-point curves for solutions of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) in a series of homologous solvents (toluene to n-hexylbenzene) have been obtained from visual and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The measured melting points were used to calculate thermodynamic interaction parameters. It was found that consistent values were obtained with the Flory–Hoffman melting-point depression equation, if the assumption was made that solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice. To this end, an adapted dependence of the enthalpy of melting per polymer unit on the cocrystallizing solvent was used. The values of the thermodynamic interaction parameters in the series of solvents and their dependence on polymer weight fraction are explained qualitatively with simplified versions of equation-of-state theory and solubility parameter theory.     

Predicting eutectic behavior of drugs and excipients by unique calculations

A eutectic is formed from a mixture of two or more solids and has a melting point lower than that of each of its constituents. It is generally represented by a phase diagram where the liquid and solid phases impact upon each other with a value known as the eutectic point. In pharmaceuticals, poor water solubility is a major obstacle for releasing new dosage forms into the market. Eutectic formation overcomes these problems. Preparation of a phase diagram by Differential Scanning Calorimetry can determine eutectic properties, but it is tedious. A modified Van’t Hoff (VH) equation was used in this study. Devalina Law developed a dimensionless index for the VH equation. The difference in melting points of an excipient polymer and drug are divided by the slope of the VH equation. In previous studies, five excipient–drug compositions were evaluated. The final index relationship was in good agreement except for the salt, quinine sulfate. In order to test the validity of the VH index, further studies of PEG with acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, diflunisal, dimenhydrinate, ketoconazole, and mefenamic acid were performed.     

玻璃化转变在室温附近的一种新型梳状聚合物的合成和表征——侧链分子量为550的聚乙二醇单甲醚

以分子量为５５０的聚乙二醇单甲醚为侧链,苯乙烯／马来酸酐共聚物为骨架,合成了苯乙烯／马来酸酐共聚物多缩乙二醇酯,用红外光谱、元素分析、ＤＳＣ、热失重等方法,对合成条件、产物结构和性能进行了研究。结果表明：反应严格按照反应方程进行,精制产物是非晶的梳状聚合物。玻璃化温度为３０．６８℃,分解温度为１２０℃。对动态力学性能及其锂盐复合物离子导电性进行研究表明α转变温度和β转变温度分别是２８℃和－４７．７℃。电导率与温度的依赖关系符合ＶＴＦ方程。室温电导率最高可达４．２×１０－５Ｓ／ｃｍ。     

Surface and bulk conduction and thermodynamic properties of ionic salt CsH<Subscript>5</Subscript>(PO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Transport properties of ionic salt CsH₅(PO₄)₂ are studied by the impedance method. The salt’s bulk conductivity ranges from 10^?8 to 10^?4 S cm^?1 in the temperature interval 90 to 145°C. The apparent activation energy is high (1.6–2.0 eV). The conductivity is slightly anisotropic: it is maximum in the [001] direction and minimum in the [100] direction (～5.6 and 1 times × 10^?6 S cm^?1, respectively, at 130°C). The conductivity of polycrystalline samples is higher by 1–2 orders of magnitude, and the activation energy drops to 1.05 eV due to the formation of a pseudoliquid layer with a high proton mobility at the intercrystallite boundary. The salt’s thermodynamic properties are examined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. No phase transitions are discovered in the salt up to the melting point (151.6°C), with the melting enthalpy equal to ～34 kJ mol^?1. The crystallization occurs at lower temperatures (107°C) and the crystallization enthalpy (?18 kJ mol^?1) is lower than the melting enthalpy. The melting is accompanied by slow decomposition of the salt. Factors affecting the proton transport in the salt are analyzed.