PRELIMINARY TEST FOR AGEING EFFECT OF DRIFT CHAMBERS

The degradation of some performances of the drift chambers irradiated with 5 MeV electron beam has been tested. The gas mixtures filled were Ar/CO₂, Ar/CH₄ and C₄H₁₀ in proportion.
The dark current, the pulse height, the energy resolution and the counting rate plateau have been measured during the irradiation.     

DELAY LINE READ OUT FOR A TWO-DIMENSIONAL DRIFT CHAMBER

Tests on the read out of the second coordinate (along the anode wire) of the MIT-Harward-type drift chamber by using a Naples type flat solenoieal delay line were conducted. Spatial resolution of 2～5mm and linearity better than 1% were obtained along the delay line of 80cm in length with the gas mixture of P9 or Ar/CH₄=70/30.     

THE INFLUNCES OF IMPURITIES IN GAS MIXTURE UPON THE SIGNAL PERFORMANCES OF THE DRIFT CHAMBER

Operating the drift chamber with the gas mixture of Ar+CH₄, some performances of the drift chamber such as the pulse heights, the energy resolutions, the counting rates and the thresholds of the counting rate plateau have been measured under the different components of the nitrogen, oxygen and air in the gas mixture respectively. The permeability of different materials which used to make the gas pipeline have also been compared.     

多模叠加态|Ψe4,Ⅲ〉q中广义电场分量的N次方H压缩

利用多模压缩态理论,详细研究了由多模偶相干态和多模虚偶相干态的线性叠加所组成的一种新型的四态叠加多模叠加态光场|Ψ_e⁴,Ⅲ〉_q中广义电场分量的等幂次N次方H压缩特性结果表明:1)在腔模总数q与压缩次数N的乘积q·N=4m(m=1,2,3,…)的条件下,态|Ψ_e⁴,Ⅲ〉_q的广义电场分量可恒处于等幂次NH最小测不准态2)在q·N=4m’+2(m’=0,1,2,…)的条件下,当态间的初始相位差(θ₁-θ₂)、各模的初始相位和 φ_j,以及各模平均光子数之总和 R_j²等分别满足一定的取值条件时,态|Ψ_e⁴,Ⅲ〉_q的广义电场分量总可呈现出周期性变化的偶数次的等幂次N次方H压缩效应.     

CALCULATION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD OF A MULTIWIRE DRIFT CHAMBER

The matrix cap acity method used for the calculation of the electric field and the choice of the optimum voltages of the wires of the drift chamber used on the Beijing spectro-meter (BES) is described.

     

托卡马克电场电子注入的漂移电子束研究

 研究了漂移电子束中电子的运动规律, 得到了电子在外加电场、纵磁场和电子束自场中的运动轨迹和漂移速度表达式, 并就它们的成束条件、成束形状和电压要求以及束的稳定性条件进行了比较和讨论, 认为阴极垂直于纵磁场放置更好一些。     

态|ψ5(3)〉q中广义电场的2(2m+1)次方Y压缩特性

利用多模压缩态理论,研究了由多模复共轭相干态|{Z_j^*}〉_q(j =1,2,3,…,…,q)、多模复共轭相干态的相反态|{-Z_j^*}〉_q和多模虚相干态|{iZ_{j}〉q的线性叠加所组成的第Ⅴ类三态叠加多模叠加态光场|ψ5⁽³⁾〉q中广义电场分量的等幂次N次方Y压缩特性 .结果发现 :当压缩次数N=2 p且p=2m+1(m=0,1,2,…,…)时,在一定的条件下,态|ψ5⁽³⁾〉q的广义电场分量(即第二正交相位分量)可呈现出周期性变化的、偶数次的等幂次2(2m+1)次方Y压缩效应 .}     

TEST BEAM STUDIES OF BES BARREL SHOWER COUNTER PROTOTYPE

The BES barrel shower counter prototype was tested with electron and pion beam in the momentum range from 0.2 to 2.0GeV/c at 12GeV PS test beam line of KEK, the preliminary results were reported. Four types of gas mixtures which were used in prototype have been tested: 40% Ar/60% Isobutane, 44.5% Ar/44.5%CH₄/11% Methylel, 47%Ar/47%%CH₄/6% Methylel, 49.3%Ar/49.3%CH₄/1.4% Ethyl alcohol. The results show that using SQS tube as sampling means in BES shower is feasible way for BEPC region.     

Effects of electric fields on thermal convection in gases

Summary Extensive measurements of the coefficient of electroconvective heat transfer have been carried out in gases: air, Ar, N₂, O₂, freon-12 and freon-22, using a single platinum wire mounted along the axis of a copper cylinder. The diameter of the cylinder was 53 mm, while that of the wire was 0.025 mm. Electroconvective heat transfer coefficients have been measured as a function of electric field, pressure, orientation and frequency of the applied electric field in the earth's gravitational field. The results reveal a complicated interaction between the electric-field gradient and thermal convection. The present work indicates that the Senftleben mechanism alone cannot account for the observed phenomena.     

Role of TiO2 Nanotube on Improvement of Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Devices

The performance of TiO₂ nanotubes in bulk heterojunction of poly (2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV)/TiO₂ nanotubes is investigated. The transport properties are studied by using the time-of-flight technique (TOF). The carrier mobilities of both holes and electrons are not improved for the MEH-PPV:TiO₂ composites compared with the pristine MEH-PPV. However, photoluminescence under the influence of the electric field indicates that the dissociation of excitons in the MEH-PPV:TiO₂ composites, which is facilitated by photoinduced charge transfer, only requires a smaller electric field.     

Optical characterisation of the photolytic decomposition of ferrocene into nanoparticles

Optical emission from the photolytic dissociation of ferrocene Fe(C₅H₅)₂, often abbreviated as FeCp₂, in argon atmosphere was studied. The dissociation was performed by using an ArF excimer laser, operating at a wavelength of 193 nm. Two pressure regions were examined. At low (0.1 mbar) pressure, several emission lines of Fe could be identified, however no C, C₂, or CH emission lines/bands were found. At a higher (20 mbar) pressure of the FeCp₂/Ar gas mixture, a broadband emission identified as blackbody radiation was observed. This blackbody radiation originates from nanoparticles with a mean size of 30 nm, which consist of both metallic iron and amorphous carbon. The initial colour temperature of the particles was 2600 K.     

聚N-乙烯基咔唑-2,4,7,三硝基-9-芴酮电荷转移复合物薄膜的载流子迁移率

采用渡越时间法测量了PVC_z-TNF电荷转移复合物薄膜载流子的迁移率。观察到电子和空穴在输运过程中的差异:电子的渡越时间是大致均一的。空穴的渡越时间有一个分布,在电场作用下迁移可用Scher-Montroll的理论处理;并观察到在低电场下(E<1.8×10⁵V/cm)迁移率为一恒定值。结合暗电导率的测量对该材料的非欧姆性电导的本质进行了讨论,认为在强电场下载流子迁移率和浓度都随电场增加而增大。 关键词：     

Improvement of Field Emission Characteristics of Copper Nitride Films with Increasing Copper Content

A copper nitride （Cu3N） thin film is deposited on a Si substrate by the reactive magnetron sputtering method. The XPS measurements of the composite film indicate that the Cu content in the film is increased to 80.82 at. % and the value of the Cu/N ratio to 4.2：1 by introducing 4% 112 into the reactive gas. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the film is composed of Cu3N crystallites with an anti-ReO3 structure. The effects of the increase of copper content on the field emission characteristics of the Cu3N thin film are investigated. Significant improvement in emission current density and emission repeatability could be attributed to the geometric field enhancement, caused by numerous surface nanotips, and the decrease of resistivity of the film.     

Hot́ hole anisotropic effect in silicon and germanium

Anisotropic effect of the hole drift velocity in silicon and germanium has been investigated with the time of flight technique by applying the electric field parallel to the <100 and <111 crystallographic axis. The measurements were performed for electric fields ranging from 10 to 3 × 10⁴V/cm and temperatures from 40 to 200°K. The results indicate that the anisotropic effect v_d<100/v_d<111 increases with decreasing temperature and increasing electric field, and reaches a saturation value at high electric fields (? 10⁴V/cm). The maximum anisotropic effect for Ge is 1.25 at 40°K and for Si is 1.2 at 45°K. A qualitative analysis of the experimental data indicates that the anisotropic effect is due to the warped heavy-valence-band shape.     

Onset of SF6 clustering in steady supersonic Laval nozzle flow

SF₆ clustering (3-6% in molar fraction) by homogeneous nucleation in argon was experimentally studied in a steady-state-flow supersonic Laval nozzle. The onset of clustering was detected by FT-IR spectroscopy. Measurements of the static pressure in the nozzle, together with the equations of isentropic flow, yielded the relation between the pressure of SF₆, P_c, and the temperature, T_c, at the observed onset of clustering in the range 60 Kc<110 K and 0.1 Torrc<2.0 Torr. We found that there was no influence of the argon carrier gas pressure, which ranged from 1.9 to 21 Torr at the onset points, on the onset of condensation. In addition, the logarithmic value of the supersaturation ratio was found to linearly depend on T_c^-3/2 at the onset as deduced by Wegener and Wu from the classical theory of homogeneous nucleation [Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 7, 325 (1977)]. Our results indicate that supersonic expansion in the nozzle did not form heterogeneous clusters consisting of SF₆ and Ar but single-component clusters of SF₆ in a mixture of SF₆ and Ar under the experimental conditions studied herein. We obtained an onset curve (pressure versus temperature) for the SF₆ homogeneous clustering, which indicated the boundary for diminishing of the the SF₆ monomers in the supersonic Laval nozzle.     

Anisotropic Spin Splitting in Step Quantum Wells

By the method of finite difference, the anisotropic spin splitting of the AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs/Aly Ga1-yAs/AlxGal-xAs step quantum wells （QWs） are theoretically investigated considering the interplay of the bulk inversion asymmetry and structure inversion asymmetry induced by step quantum well structure and external electric field. We demonstrate that the anisotropy of the total spin splitting can be controlled by the shape of the QWs and the external electric field. The interface related Rashba effect plays an important effect on the anisotropic spin splitting by influencing the magnitude of the spin splitting and the direction of electron spin. The Rashba spin splitting presents in the step quantum wells due to the interface related Rashba effect even without external electric field or magnetic field.     

态|ψ3(3)〉q广义电场分量的等幂次N次方H压缩

构造了由多模复共轭相干态|{iZ_j^*}〉_q、多模复共轭虚相干态|{iZ_j^*}〉_q(j=1,2,…q)和多模真空态|{0_j}〉_q线性叠加所组成的第Ⅲ类三态叠加多模叠加态光场|ψ₃⁽³⁾〉_q.利用多模压缩态理论,研究了态|ψ₃⁽³⁾〉_q中广义电场分量(即第二正交相位分量)的广义非线性等幂次N次方H压缩特性.发现:态|ψ₃⁽³⁾〉_q是一种典型的三态叠加多模非经典光场;当腔模总数q与压缩次数N之积q·N为偶数时,在一定条件下,态|ψ₃⁽³⁾〉_q的广义电场分量可分别呈现出周期性变化的广义非线性等幂次奇数模-偶数次、偶数模-奇数次、偶数模-偶数次N次方H压缩效应.     

热电子对低频等离子体漂移波的稳定作用

本文用磁流体理论导出了热电子等离子体中,等离子体密度梯度驱动的低频漂移波的色散关系,分析了热电子的稳定作用。热电子成分稳定等离子体低频扰动的物理机制是charge uncovering效应,它只依赖于热电子同等离子体的密度比α,而不依赖于热电子的β值。热电子能降低等离子体交换模和漂移波的增长率,减少漂移波引起的等离子体反常输运损失。稳定等离子体交换模要求α≈2％,稳定等离子体漂移波要求α≈40％。理论上预示了在热电子等离子体中,等离子体漂移波是最重要的低频不稳定性。 关键词：     

Modelling and Optimization for Deposition of SiOxNy Films by Radio-Frequency Reactive Sputtering

SiOxNy films are deposited by reactive sputtering from a Si target in Ar/O2/N2 atmospheres. In order to achieve the control of film composition and to keep a high deposition rate at the same time, a new sputtering model based on Berg＇s work is provided for the condition of double reactive gases. Analysis based on this model shows that the deposition process can easily enter the target-poisoning mode when the preset gas flow （N2 in this work） is too high, and the film composition will change from nitrogen-rich to SiO2-like with the increase of oxygen supply while keeping the N2 supply constant. The modelling results are confirmed in the deposition process of SiOxNy. Target self-bias voltages during sputtering are measured to characterize the different sputtering modes. FTIR-spectra and dielectric measurements are used to testify the model prediction of composition. Finally, an optimized sputtering condition is selected with the O2/N2 flow ratio varying from 0 to I and N2 supply fixed at I sccm. Average deposition rate of 17nm/min is obtained under this selected condition, which has suggested the model validity and potential for industry applications.     

Shadowgraphic and emission imaging spectroscopic studies of the laser ablation of graphite in an Ar gas atmosphere

Laser ablation of graphite in an Ar atmosphere at 560 Torr was done using a nanosecond-pulse Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) at a fluence of 12 J/cm². Dynamics in the ejection of carbon species and in their confinement near the graphite surface (<1 mm) due to their numerous collisions with Ar atoms were investigated by shadowgraphy, emission imaging, and emission spectroscopy at delay times of 0.01-100 7s following the laser irradiation. A shock wave was generated, and temporally and spatially dependent emissions from Ar⁺ and Ar were observed in addition to those from carbon species (C, C⁺, and C₂) and the Bremsstrahlung radiation from a hot plasma. We suggest that the dissipation of the kinetic and thermal energies of the carbon species, their backward motion, and their collisions with each other lead to the formation of clusters and particles through the interaction with Ar atoms.