铝合金板疲劳微裂纹超声红外成像检测的数值及实验研究*

超声红外成像检测技术是一种发展迅速的新型无损检测技术,可用于检测材料表面或近表面的缺陷,由于对缺陷具有选择性加热的特点,近年备受检测行业的关注。在铝合金板中制作疲劳微裂纹,在板中激励声波,裂纹表面因振动摩擦生热,用红外摄像仪记录板表面温度分布。拍摄的红外图像序列经傅立叶变换后得到的幅值和相位图能清晰显示裂纹的特征,测量到的裂纹长度误差达到4.3%。用有限元模拟超声在板中裂纹处的生热过程,研究板中超声在裂纹处的励热机制。超声的激励时间、裂纹表面间的摩擦系数和裂纹开口宽度直接影响裂纹处的励热效果,温度最高通常位于裂纹尖端附近。实验和模拟结果均表明超声红外成像检测技术能对板中疲劳微裂纹实现快速检测,提供有效、可信的检测结果。     

主动热激励式红外热成像管道缺陷深度检测

针对管道内壁缺陷深度检测的问题,建立了一种基于电涡流主动热激励的红外热成像管道缺陷深度检测方法。阐述了红外热成像管道缺陷深度检测的机理,针对埋地管道检测对热激励的特殊要求,设计了参数可调控的电涡流热激励实验装置,按照管道内壁形状制作了检测试件,通过基于电涡流的主动热激励实验,分析了谐振频率、提离高度、输入电功率这3个重要参数对热激励效率的影响,并得出它们的优化值。在此基础上,对预先设计带有不同深度缺陷的检测试件进行主动热激励,并获取其红外热图像,通过分析热图像数据发现,缺陷与非缺陷区域间灰度均值的差值随缺陷深度的变化而变化,一在定条件下二者呈单值对应关系,且具有较好的线性度。利用这一规律,通过实验数据拟合建立了槽形缺陷和圆形缺陷的深度检测模型,实验测试显示所建立的模型具有一定的检测精度。研究结果表明:在优化的电涡流主动热激励条件下,可以通过红外热图像计算出缺陷深度,所提出的基于电涡流主动热激励的红外热成像管道缺陷深度检测方法具有可行性。     

蜂窝缺陷的红外无损检测及有限元模拟

蜂窝结构在使用过程中,常见的缺陷有脱粘和积水。红外无损检测技术通过对试件主动加热,利用热像仪采集试件表面的红外辐射变化,从而检测出物体的缺陷信息。实验结果表明,蜂窝积水位置的温度要低于参考区域的温度。基于这一现象,利用Ansys有限元软件模拟了蜂窝结构的脉冲红外热成像检测过程,并与实际脉冲红外热成像用于表面下识别检测实验结果进行对比,验证了模拟结果的正确性。对蜂窝结构的积水、脱粘和积油缺陷模拟并进行对比识别,为实际实验提供理论基础。     

相位加权的矢量全聚焦超声阵列成像方法研究

常规矢量全聚焦成像仅利用检测信号的幅值信息,其成像质量受噪声、栅瓣和旁瓣等的影响大。综合利用检测信号的幅值和相位信息,本文提出两种相位加权的矢量全聚焦成像方法。首先,对全矩阵数据的相位信息进行分析,提取出两种相位特征参数:相位一致因子(Phase Coherence Factor:PCF)和极性一致因子(Sign Coherence Factor:SCF);然后,将全阵列划分为若干子阵列,分别利用两种相位特征参数对各个子阵列的成像幅值进行加权,求取加权幅值特征向量;最后,对所有子阵列的加权特征向量进行合成,得到两种加权的矢量全聚焦成像,并从中提取出裂纹方向及尺寸等特征信息。将三种矢量全聚焦成像方法应用于不同缺陷检测仿真及实验验证,结果表明,3种方法均可以实现缺陷方向识别与长度定量测量;但相位加权矢量全聚焦成像效果明显优于常规矢量全聚焦成像结果,其成像信噪比及分辨率更高,缺陷角度及长度测量结果更准确。本文研究工作为缺陷无损评价提供了可行的技术手段。      

铝板结构兰姆波阵列瞬时相位包络成像及补偿*

针对板结构中多裂纹缺陷的识别和定位问题,提出了瞬时相位全聚焦成像的包络算法,同时提出了一种基于激励信号脉冲时长的波速补偿方法,通过数值仿真验证补偿后的瞬时相位包络全聚焦成像对多缺陷的识别和定位能力。与幅值全聚焦成像相比,可以有效减小噪声、直达波、端面回波引起的虚像,提高缺陷的识别率。与相位全聚焦成像相比,可以实现缺陷处的单峰值聚焦,更便于缺陷的定位。实验结果表明,所提出的波速补偿瞬时相位包络全聚焦成像在 的铝板上对实现了5个缺陷的成像和定位,其定位的平均误差为12.24 mm。     

电导率各向异性金属薄板感应式磁声图像的仿真

为了给金属薄板感应式磁声(MAT-MI)成像算法的研究提供数据源,提出一种电导率各向异性金属薄板表面MAT-MI图像的数值仿真方法。建立含缺陷的电导率各向异性金属薄板仿真模型,并将其置于静磁场中。将通入交变电流的折线线圈置于金属薄板上方,对金属薄板在静磁场和交变磁场共同作用下产生的感应涡流以及声源(即洛伦兹力)进行数值仿真,得到金属薄板表面波位移分布的灰度图像。仿真实验结果表明,根据表面波位移在缺陷处迅速衰减的特性,可从图像中准确地识别并定位金属薄板表面的缺陷。忽略金属材料的电导率各向异性会降低成像质量,进而导致对缺陷的误判。通过提高表面波位移信号的信噪比可改善成像质量。减小提高距离或增大激励电流频率,可提高系统对微小缺陷和不规则缺陷检测的分辨力。      

铝板裂纹缺陷兰姆波阵列瞬时相位包络成像及补偿

针对板结构中多裂纹缺陷的识别和定位问题,提出了瞬时相位全聚焦成像的包络算法以及基于激励信号脉冲时长的波速补偿方法。通过数值仿真和实验,验证了波速补偿后的瞬时相位包络全聚焦成像对多缺陷的识别和定位能力。结果表明:与幅值全聚焦成像相比,该方法可以有效减小噪声、直达波、端面回波引起的虚像,提高缺陷的识别率;与相位全聚焦成像相比,该方法可以实现缺陷处的单峰值聚焦,更便于缺陷的定位。使用该成像算法在1000 mm×500 mm×1 mm的铝板上对实现了5个缺陷的成像和定位,其定位的平均误差为12.24 mm。     

基于深度迁移学习的脉冲涡流热成像裂纹缺陷检测

提出一种迁移学习与深度学习相结合的钢板裂纹缺陷检测方法。首先,通过非负矩阵分解（NMF）建立红外缺陷数据集的目标域特征空间,以余弦相似度为衡量指标选取可见光缺陷数据集的源域样本,对深度学习模型进行预训练,并将模型权重参数迁移至目标域,实现相似领域的知识迁移;然后,在YOLO v5算法基础上引入自适应空间特征融合（ASFF）模块,提高缺陷检测精度。实验结果表明：所提方法对钢板脉冲涡流热成像裂纹缺陷的检测精度达到98.6%,可实现不同长度裂纹的准确识别与定位。     

天然玉石的再加热正交双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱二维元素成像分析

为了分析和检测天然玉石表面元素分布情况,采用再加热正交双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱技术对天然玉石表面进行二维元素成像分析.实验研究了正交双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱条件下脉冲间隔和激光能量对原子辐射强度和信背比的影响.在优化的实验条件下,对天然玉石样品表面36mm×10mm范围内进行了二维扫描分析,获得了烧蚀坑洞直径约为30μm的玉石样品表面微量元素Fe的二维分布图.结果表明:再加热正交双脉冲技术能有效地检测天然玉石样品中的微量元素,并在相同的样品损伤条件下提高了检测灵敏度.该技术不仅可以实现玉石样品的表面元素分布分析,为玉石鉴定提供参考,还可以应用于其他固体样品二维元素分布扫描成像分析,具有较好的应用价值.     

纵向带状裂隙形貌的逆时偏移超声成像

传统的工业超声成像方法通常只能确定缺陷的位置与横向尺寸,无法获得缺陷的形貌信息.一些特殊的缺陷,如纵向裂纹,是典型的例子.基于多阵元技术,开展了固体介质缺陷逆时偏移超声成像方法的数值与实验研究.针对铝块平底纵裂纹及内部纵裂纹两种传统方法无法有效成像的缺陷,首先开展了单分量逆时偏移成像方法研究,给出了基于数值仿真的逆时偏移成像结果以及基于多阵元超声成像实验系统实验测试的逆时偏移成像结果.进一步开展了基于多分量位移检测与转换横波分离的逆时偏移成像方法研究,并提出了基于新型多分量激光干涉仪进行检测的思路.数值仿真结果证实了多分量逆时偏移图像重建结果可以克服单分量方式的缺点,得到明显优于单分量检测时的图像.     

Infrared thermography based defect detection in ferromagnetic specimens using a low frequency alternating magnetic field

A new active infrared thermography based technique is proposed for defect detection in ferromagnetic specimens using a low frequency alternating magnetic field induced heating. The test specimens (four mild steel specimens with artificial rectangular slots of 8.0, 5.0, 3.3 and 3.0 mm depths) are magnetized using a low frequency alternating magnetic field and by using an infrared camera, the surface temperature is remotely monitored in real time. An alternating magnetic field induces an eddy current in the specimen which increases the specimen temperature due to the Joule’s heating. The experimental results show a thermal contrast in the defective region that decays exponentially with the defect depth. The observed thermal contrast is attributed to the reduction in induction heating due to the leakage of magnetic flux caused by magnetic permeability gradient in the defective region. The proposed technique is suitable for rapid non-contact wide area inspection of ferromagnetic materials and offers several advantages over the conventional active thermography techniques like fast direct heating, no frequency optimization, no dependence on the surface absorption coefficient and penetration depth.     

Optically and non-optically excited thermography for composites: A review

Composites, such as glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), and adhesive bonding are being increasingly used in fields of aerospace, renewable energy, civil and architecture, and other industries. Flaws and damages are inevitable during either fabrication or lifetime of composites structures or components. Thus, nondestructive testing (NDT) are extremely required to prevent failures and to increase reliability of composite structures or components in both manufacture and in-service inspection. Infrared thermography techniques including pulsed thermography, pulsed phase thermography, and lock-in thermography have shown the great potential and advantages. Besides conventional optical thermography, other sources such as laser, eddy current, microwave, and ultrasound excited thermography are drawing increasingly attentions for composites. In this work, a fully, in-depth and comprehensive review of thermography NDT techniques for composites inspection was conducted based on an orderly and concise literature survey and detailed analysis. Firstly, basic concepts for thermography NDT were defined and introduced, such as volume heating thermography. Next, the developments of conventional optic, laser, eddy current, microwave, and ultrasound thermography for composite inspection were reviewed. Then, some case studies for scanning thermography were also reviewed. After that, the strengths and limitations of thermography techniques were concluded through comparison studies. At last, some research trends were predicted. This work containing critical overview, detailed comparison and extensive list of references will disseminates knowledge between users, manufacturers, designers and researchers involved in composite structures or components inspection by means of thermography NDT techniques.     

复合材料脱粘缺陷的红外热像无损检测

以固体火箭发动机中的玻璃纤维复合材料壳体/绝热层试件的脱粘缺陷为研究对象,利用脉冲闪光灯热激励方式对试件进行加热,用红外热像仪实时监测试件的表面温度场,由表面温度差异来判定试件内部缺陷,然后通过对热像图进行图像增强处理和分割以定量识别缺陷。将实验结果与超声C扫描检测结果进行的对比分析表明:红外热像无损检测方法能够快速直观地发现深度5 mm以内、直径10 mm以上的脱粘缺陷,而超声C扫描检测更适合于对特定缺陷进行准确定量检测。     

用红外热像法检测一些树木枝叶温度的研究

用红外热像非接触地检测物体的温度已经在许多领域得以应用,本研究旨在用该法检测树木的枝叶温度。通过阳光直射加热升温的过程,用红外热像监测一些树木枝叶的温度变化,检测到了由于水分含量和蒸腾强度的不同而造成不同枝叶部位的比热和潜热的差别。应用红外热像不仅可以检测这些树木叶温和枝叶枯死,而且还成功地探测到了断脉后北美枫香叶片的蒸腾衰减现象。专门设计的断脉试验使北美枫香(Liquidambar styraciflua L.)叶片局部水分亏缺和增温,使其成为研究叶温和蒸腾冷却的特殊材料。断脉叶片上温度梯度的存在使得热像拍摄更加容易,系统误差也小;同一叶片上断脉和未断脉裂片的可比性更高。此外还观测到了北美枫香断脉叶片上明显的高温区,这些高温区域与叶色变红部位相吻合。     

一种磁场优化结构电磁超声传感器设计*

为了进一步增强电磁超声检测技术在管道厚度测量领域的检测能力,该文对电磁超声传感器(EMAT)的结构进行了优化。提出了多磁铁对称分布型EMAT,能实现更小的磁铁体积,产生更强的表面剩磁强度。采用在硅钢表面开槽的方式限制涡流形成的区域,解决了涡流对测量的影响。建立厚度测量实验系统,对比出单磁铁型与多磁铁对称分布型EMAT在不同提离距离上检测信号的变化规律。结果表明,多磁铁对称分布型结构可通过增强EMAT的偏置磁场达到信噪比更优的效果。采用耐高温探头外壳和钐钴磁铁,提高了EMAT探头在高温环境下的检测性能。     

Inspection on SiC coated carbon–carbon composite with subsurface defects using pulsed thermography

An investigation on SiC coated carbon–carbon (C/C) composite plates has been undertaken by pulsed thermography. The heat transfer model has been built and the finite element method (FEM) is applied to solve the thermal model. The simulation results show that defects with DA/DP smaller than one can hardly be detected by an infrared camera with the sensitivity of 0.02 °C. Certificated experiments were performed on the built pulsed thermography system. The thermal wave signals have been processed by subtracting background image method (SBIM), pulsed phase thermography (PPT), and temperature–time logarithm fitting method (TtLFM). The limit DA/DP of defects in SiC coated C/C composite plates with the thickness of 6 mm that can be detected by pulsed thermography with the presented signal analysis algorithms has been obtained.     

Reconstruction of heat flux profile on the HL-2A divertor plate with a three-dimensional analysis model

A three-dimensional analysis model based on the finite element method (FEM) is developed, which can derive the evolution and distribution characteristics of heat flux deposited on the divertor plate from the surface temperature measured by infrared thermography diagnostics. The numerical simulations of surface heating due to localized power bursts and the power deposition calculations demonstrate that this analysis can provide accurate results and useful information about localized hot spots compared with the normal one- and two-dimensional calculations. In this paper, the details of this three-dimensional analysis are presented, and some results in ohmic heating and electron cyclotron resonant heating (ECRH) discharge on HL-2A are given.     

基于光声信号的高铁钢轨表面缺陷检测方法

针对传统的基于超声信号的高铁钢轨无损检测方法对于表面微裂纹检测效果不佳的问题,提出了一种基于光声信号的高铁钢轨表面缺陷检测方法.首先,使用有限元及K-wave方法建立了钢轨模型并获得了模拟光声信号;然后利用时间反演的方法对钢轨表面的光声图像进行了重建,并研究了不同传感器中心频率对成像结果的影响;最后设计实验采集了钢轨表面的光声信号并进行了处理和分析.实验结果表明,基于光声信号的高铁钢轨表面缺陷检测方法对于表面微裂纹有很好的检测效果,该方法在钢轨探伤领域有较大的可行性及发展潜力.     

Computerized tomography technique for reconstruction of obstructed temperature field in infrared thermography

Infrared thermography is a rapid, non-invasive and full-field technique for non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E). With all the achievements on IR instrumentation and image processing techniques attained, it has been extended far beyond simple hot-spot detection and becomes one of the most promising NDT&E techniques in the last decades. It has achieved increasing acceptance in different sectors include medical imaging, manufacturing component fault detection and buildings diagnostic. However, one limitation of IR thermography is that the testing results are greatly affected by object surface emissivity. Surface with various emissivities may lead to difficult discrimination between area of defect and area with different emissivity. Therefore, many studies have been carried out on eliminating emissivity, for example, the time derivative approach, lock-in processing and differential contrast measurements. In these methods, sequence of themo-data/images are recorded and being processed in order to eliminate differences of emissivity. Another problem of IR thermography is that any obstruction may limit stimulations and imaging which leads to the observation of unclear defect image. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an algorithm based on the principle of computerized tomography which permits the reconstruction of unavailable/partially available temperature distribution of the affected area using the measured surrounding temperature field. In the process, a set of imaginary rays are projected from many different directions across the area. For each ray, integration of the temperature derivatives along the ray is equals to the temperature difference between the boundary points intercepted by the ray. Therefore, a set of linear equations can be established by considering the multiple rays. Each equation expresses the unknown temperature derivatives in the affected area in terms of the measured boundary temperature data. Solution of the set of simultaneous equations yields unknown thermal distribution in the area which needs to be reconstructed. Based on the proposed computerized tomography reconstruction (CTR) technique, deviated temperature data due to missing temperature data hidden by obstacle can be reconstructed. With further development, this technique may have the potential to be applied in the reconstruction of any smooth physical fields like phase information in optical techniques.