A Backlog Inventory Model During Restricted Sale Periods

Optimal purchasing policies are derived for a continuous review inventory system in which backlogs are permissible and temporary price discounts are available. This paper derives such policies assuming that the sale price is not available at the regularly-scheduled replenishment time. Results indicate that, under specific conditions, maximum positive cost savings are generated when a special order is placed at the end of the sale period.     

Lot Sizes for One-Time-Only Sales

The order quantity which minimizes discounted cash flows for a one-time-only sale is determined. Current inventory may be at or exceed the usual reorder point when the sale is consummated. In the latter case, the company may decide to buy nothing, especially if a large minimum order quantity is required in order to obtain the price discount. The same model can also be used to handle the case of an impending price increase. Exact and approximate solutions are presented which recommend the order quantity, the associated cost savings, minimum acceptable percentage price discount and minimum vendor quantity requirements.     

天气影响产出下订单农业质量分级模式协调机制研究

本文假定公司承担种子、化肥、农药等成本,农产品实际产出受截断正态分布自然条件影响,在农户参与性约束条件下,建立公司利润最大化决策模型。模型中农户在满足参与约束下自愿提供土地及劳动力,并按照公司技术指导进行生产。探讨了不同自然条件对最优收购价格和公司利润的影响,分析了集中销售与质量分级销售模式的区别。通过研究发现,不利天气造成的减产比有利天气增产的强度大时,随着天气风险的增大,定单价格增大、公司利润降低;反之,定单价格随着自然风险的增大而减少、公司利润增大。由于质量分级销售比集中销售模式对于提高公司利润总是有利的,建议公司按统一价格收购后以质量分级模式进行销售。     

Modelling a property's time to sale by inflating its previous selling price

The modelling of the time to sale for residential property is complex because of complicating factors such as properties changing their price or being withdrawn from sale, changing market conditions, the presence of submarkets, whether the property represents ‘good value’, and seller motivation. This paper analyses a data set of modern properties that contains information about their previous selling price. This information is used to value the properties instead of the standard method of regressing on the physical characteristics of the properties. A survival analysis approach is then used to model the time to sale with this time being adjusted to take into account changing market circumstances and alterations to the list price during this period. It is found that the hazard rate for selling a property is approximately constant for the first 9 months a property is marketed.     

An economic order quantity model with a known price increase and partial backordering

A constant unit purchase cost is one of the main assumptions in the classic Economic Order Quantity model. In practice, suppliers sometimes face a known price increase. In this paper, we develop EOQ models with a known price increase and partial backordering under two different assumptions about when the increase will occur. We prove the concavity of the extra profit functions for both scenarios if a special order is placed just before the price increases. A solution method is proposed and numerical examples are presented.     

房屋销售价格和租赁价格的关系研究

本文根据现值模型,采用1999年第3季度至2006年第2季度全国35个大中城市房地产销售价格和租赁价格的季度数据,利用面板数据枪验房屋销售价格和租金的长期均衡关系,发现两者之间存在(1,-1)的协整向量。进一步,我们针对不同的时间段和不同城市进一步对房屋销售价格和租赁价格的增长率进行研究。     

基于腐损程度的季节性产品动态定价与订单量的集成优化

为了对易腐季节性产品的销售价格和订单量进行最优决策,考虑产品在不同腐损程度的情形下,需求与价格和时间同时相关的一类季节性产品的动态定价和订单量的集成优化问题.建立该类产品的价格制订次数、每次制订的价格和订单量的集成优化模型,并对模型进行求解,最后结合数例验证模型的实用性和可操作性,并分析产品腐损程度对价格制订次数、价格大小、订单量和利润的影响.结果表明,随着产品腐损程度的提高,零售商在销售季节内的产品价格最优制订次数保持不变;零售商在销售季节内所制订的最优价格逐渐微降;产品的最优订单量和所产生的最优利润逐渐微升.     

中国成品油定价机制的实证分析

随着原油对外依存度的提高,我国的成品油价格受国际油价的潜在影响也逐步增大.为了平衡油价高企对国内各方面的影响,2009年我国推出了新的成品油定价机制,以期在一定程度上能够与国际原油价格接轨.使用Granger因果关系分析、ECM等计量经济学方法,对我国成品油价格特征及其与国际原油市场的互动关系进行定量分析,进而探讨2009年定价机制改革的效果.研究结果表明国际原油价格是国内成品油价格的Granger原因,二者之间存在长期的协整关系,但在现有的定价机制下,短期内国际原油价格的波动难以影响到国内成品油价格.现有的定价机制并没有有效地提升国内成品油价格与国际原油价格的接轨程度.     

带有提前购买价格折扣的易逝品库存模型

经典Newsboy模型是在购买价格不变的情形下去确定最优进货批量．然而,对于一些具有特定的消费时间的商品（如中秋节的月饼等）,生产厂家为了更好地安排生产,通常提供提前购买价格折扣．这样确定何时进货、进多少货的问题对经销商来说就显得非常重要．本文研究了该问题,并建立了带有提前购买价格折扣的易逝品的一个库存模型,同时也给出了应用实例与参数的灵敏度分析．     

The stochastic EOQ model with random sales price

The article deals with a stochastic economic order quantity (EOQ) model over a finite time horizon where uniform demand over the replenishment period is price dependent. The selling price is assumed to be a random variable that follows a probability density function. As demand is probabilistic, stock out situation may occur. Based on the partial backlogging and lost sale cases during stock out period, the author develops the criterion for the optimal solution for the replenishment size such that the integrated expected profit is maximized. Moreover, the article suggests a new function regarding price dependent demand. Finally, numerical examples and its sensitivity analysis of key parameters are given to illustrate the proposed model.     

一类存贮模型及其最优存贮策略

当工厂仓库容量有限时,常常需要租借仓库来进行存贮.但是,由于租借仓库的存贮单价通常比自己仓库的存贮单价高,所以不能用经典的经济批量公式来计算,有必要重新进行研究.本文研究了原料仓库和产品仓库容量均有限条件下的定料生产销售存贮问题,建立了相应的存贮模型,给出了最优定料生产存贮策略.     

基于损耗率和需求不确定情况下的订购批量

库存管理模型在现实生活中有着广泛的运用。然而,在实际生活中,由于种种不确定性原因的影响,使得经典的确定型的EOQ模型的运用越来越不符合现实的需要;本文将需求和损耗率看成模糊数的同时,将物品的销售价格分成两部分来进行处理,即:没有损耗的产品以一种较高价格出售,对于有部分损耗的产品则按较低的价格出售;采用概率论置信区间估计的方法构建模糊变量的波动区间,构建使得总的利润达到最大的模糊库存模型,并利用三角模糊数、符号距离的方法以及最优化理论进行处理,得出满足条件的最优订购批量。最后,给出了模型分析和算例分析;通过分析,我们发现模糊库存模型的优点在于它自生所具有的不确定性;从数据上看,模糊库存模型比经典的库存模型更能反映出实际情况。     

基于批发价契约的多零售商横向转载的供应链协调

研究了多零售商横向转载的供应链批发价契约协调问题。以包含一个制造商和多个零售商的供应链系统为研究对象,基于批发价契约研究了零售商转载下的供应链协调问题,获取了批发价契约可以协调零售商存在横向转载的供应链的理论证据,并给出了相应的产生供应链协调的条件,详细分析了协调情形下供应链系统最优订货量与多零售商无转载及单报童等情形下的最优订货量之间的关系。进一步研究了制造商与零售商在Stackelberg博弈下,零售商横向转载对制造商收益的影响,并提出了在Stackelberg博弈模型中,批发价契约也有可能促使制造商选择供应链系统最优订货量所对应的批发价格,使得供应链协调,且给出了此种协调产生的具体条件。数值算例则对两种供应链协调情形下的订货量、批发价格及期望收益进行了计算与仿真。研究表明,批发价契约可能会使得多零售商存在转载的供应链实现协调,传统的双重边际化效应将会由于制造商和零售商的理性而被弱化。     

原材料经济订购及产品定价策略

生产企业产品的需求量受销售价格的影响 ,而产品需求量的大小必将影响原材料的经济批量 .本文研究生产企业为获取最大利润如何确定原材料的经济批量及产品销售价格 .文中主要就单产品生产问题进行讨论 ,并指出多产品生产时可分解为多个单产品生产问题 .作为一个特例 ,本文结论也适用于商业企业     

On a Profit Maximizing Location Model

In this paper we discuss a locational model with a profit-maximizing objective. The model can be illustrated by the following situation. There is a set of potential customers in a given region. A firm enters the market and wants to sell a certain product to this set of customers. The location and demand of each potential customer are assumed to be known. In order to maximize its total profit, the firm has to decide: (1) where to locate its distribution warehouse to serve the customers; (2) the price for its product. Due to existence of competition, each customer holds a reservation price for the product. This reservation price is a decreasing function in the distance to the warehouse. If the actual price is higher than the reservation price, then the customer will turn to some other supplier and hence is lost from the firm's market. The problem of the firm is to find the best location for its warehouse and the best price for its product at the same time in order to maximize the total profit. We show that under certain assumptions on the complexity counts, a special case of this problem can be solved in polynomial time.     

新产品定价决策的影响因素分析

新产品的成功销售取决于两个重要的因素:一是具有生产特性的工程变量,比如产品的可靠性水平;一是具有市场特征的影响因素,比如价格和保障机制。为了实现收益,制造商必须认真审视价格、产品可靠性和保障机制的选择。因此,本文将价格作为外生变量,将保障机制与可靠性作为决策变量,建立了以最大化为目标的收益模型,分析可靠性与保障机制的最优策略。另外,探讨当不同变量的敏感性参数发生变化时,最优保障机制与产品可靠性的变化规律。最后,通过算例分析收益函数的基本特性,结论显示消费者总是从产品保障机制的信号中判断产品的可靠性水平,这对新产品销售有一定的借鉴意义。     

Maximizing revenue in the airline industry under one-way pricing

The paper describes a methodology that has been implemented in a major British airline to find the optimal price to charge for airline tickets under one-way pricing. An analytical model has been developed to describe the buying behaviour of customers for flights over the selling period. Using this model and a standard analytical method for constrained optimization, we can find an expression for the optimal price structure for a flight. The expected number of bookings made on each day of the selling period and in each fare class given these prices can then be easily calculated. A simulation model is used to find the confidence ranges on the numbers of bookings and these ranges can be used to regulate the sale of tickets. A procedure to update the price structure based on the remaining capacity has also been developed.     

绿色食品生产和消费的数量经济分析

本文从消费者效用出发 ,导出了绿色食品及同类一般食品的需求函数 ;从企业具有追求利润最大化的动机入手 ,分析了绿色食品价格对其生产的影响 ,得出了绿色食品生存必须具有的最低价格 ;给出了使绿色食品及同类一般食品产销尽可能均衡的线性规划模型 ;提出了发展绿色食品的若干建议措施     

考虑消费者后悔行为的零售商预售及退货策略研究

本文考虑消费者预购后悔行为,研究需求和消费者估值均不确定情况下,零售商的三种预售策略:不提供退货、退货不再销售和退货再销售的预售策略;探讨消费者后悔行为对零售商的预售价、订购量、退货额和预售策略选择的影响。研究发现:行动后悔越强,预售价格越低,对零售商的收益越不利;而等待后悔越强,预售价格越高,对零售商的收益越有利,因而零售商可以在现售期保持一定的产品缺货率,增强消费者的等待后悔行为。零售商提供退货服务总是优于不提供退货策略,零售商是否对被退回产品再处理进行二次销售主要依赖于被退回产品的再处理成本大小。     

Optimal pricing in a duopoly: A noncooperative differential games solution

This paper deals with a differential games model of an oligopoly ofn profit-maximizing firms competing for the same stock of customers. For the sale dynamics, it is assumed that the customers of each firm are driven away gradually by increasing product prices. Since the state variable is absent from the Hamiltonian maximizing conditions as well as from the adjoint equations, open-loop Nash solutions can be obtained. By using phase diagram analysis, for two players the behavior of the optimal pricing strategies can be characterized qualitatively. The main importance of the paper lies in the solution technique, rather than in the economic significance of the proposed model. Under the proposed assumptions, the two-point boundary-value problem resulting from the maximum principle is reduced to a terminal-value problem. It turns out that, for special salvage values of the market shares and if the planning horizon is not too short, nonmonotonic Nash-optimal price trajectories occur.Thanks are due to S. Jørgensen, A. Mehlmann, and R. Willing for helpful suggestions.