回收量不确定的垃圾回收网络优化模型及算法

考虑到实际垃圾回收网络中回收中心日回收量的不确定性特征,以及经城市垃圾处理中心处理后的垃圾被再利用的可能性,建立了一类新的日回收量不确定的垃圾回收处理网络优化模型,分别就全部或部分垃圾能够被再利用两种情形,在假定日回收量为三角模糊量的条件下,利用模糊机会约束规划的方法推导了所建立的不确定性优化模型的确定型等价类.对给定的置信水平,利用LINGO软件能够直接求解所得到的确定性模型.案例研究证实了模型和方法的有效性,应用参数的灵敏度分析得到:目标和不同约束的置信水平对最优运输方案和最小运输成本均具有不同影响.     

基于AHP和模糊综合评判的生活垃圾处理模式评价

城市生活垃圾的科学处理,对城市的生态环境和居民的身心健康有着重大意义.以保定市新建的白沟综合垃圾处理厂为研究对象,选取经济、技术、环境、社会四大类指标,每个一级指标下设立多个二级指标,共选取了14个指标因子进行评价,利用层次分析法(AHP)和模糊综合评价方法对4种生活垃圾处理技术进行分析.结果表明,最适合保定白沟垃圾处理厂建设的垃圾处理方式为综合处理法.     

深圳市生活垃圾处理社会总成本分析

随着深圳城市化水平越来越高,垃圾分类处理已经成为推进社会经济绿色发展、提升城市管理和服务水平、优化人居环境的重要举措.本文基于深圳市生活垃圾处理的情况,分别建立了垃圾焚烧、垃圾填埋的成本分析模型,在计算成本的过程中计入了政府投入成本、环境污染治理成本以及居民健康成本.首先对深圳未来垃圾量进行预测,利用Logistic模型将经济与时间关联,再将人口与经济关联,以深圳未来人口预测量乘以人均垃圾清运量预测未来垃圾总量.垃圾焚烧成本模型,包括直接成本(焚烧厂建设成本、土地成本、垃圾处理费和补贴经费税收减免成本)、间接成本(垃圾焚烧产生二噁英对居民健康造成的损失、垃圾焚烧造成周围物业价值的下降和垃圾焚烧厂建设时安置居民的成本等).根据高斯点源扩散方程可以计算二噁英最不利风向条件下的最大落地浓度与扩散范围,根据二噁英的毒理分析估算出居民健康成本,根据扩散范围与当地房价计算出居民搬迁成本.垃圾填埋成本模型,包括直接成本(垃圾填埋场的建设成本、土地用地成本、垃圾处理费、补贴经费税收减免成本)、间接成本(垃圾填埋产生的填埋气、垃圾填埋场臭气造成的周围物业价值的下降和填埋场建设时安置居民的成本).     

模糊环境下的城市生活垃圾逆向物流网络设计

在垃圾回收逆向物流网络中,回收的数量具有不确定性,根据这一特点,将各消费区域垃圾回收量看成模糊参数,提出了逆向物流网络的模糊约束机会规划模型,通过把模型中模糊机会约束清晰化,将模型转化为确定性的混合整数规划模型,通过算例对模型进行了求解,为逆向物流网络设计提供了依据.     

基于非线性规划的社会系统协调发展优化模型及其应用

社会系统协调发展优化问题是优化理论运用较少的领域.基于非线性规划方法,依据社会系统协调发展内涵,对社会系统协调发展目标函数做了具体改进,构建了社会系统协调发展优化模型,并根据协调发展类型分为超前型优化模型与滞后型优化模型.这两种优化模型的区别主要是约束条件的不同.依据优化模型的优化解,可以为某地区社会系统的协调发展提供清晰的调节与控制路径.最后利用上述方法对徐州地区物流基础系统、经济基础系统的协调发展进行了具体优化与调控.     

城市垃圾分类收运中的数学模型化方法

研究厨余垃圾的处理与清运问题,为大、小型处理设备的数量选择、选址及垃圾收运路线的设计分别建立了最优化模型。模型中将城市道路网抽象成无向赋权图,考虑了在交通拥堵和环境影响下的运输成本、设备处理量的均衡性和对环境的影响程度,构成多目标优化问题,进而运用改进的粒子群算法确定大型设备的位置,并给出了设置小型设备的基本原则;通过分析大、小型设备在不同处理能力下总成本的差异,确定了适合城市实际情况的最优设备处理能力。垃圾收运路线设计中以运输成本与环保成本作为优化指标,建立了基于K-TSP的运输车辆清运路线模型,并运用蚁群算法进行路网优化。最后对深圳市南山区的厨余垃圾收运问题进行了仿真,仿真结果表明上述模型和算法能有效地解决城市垃圾分类收运问题。     

有价与自主回收下废弃食品回收处理决策分析

针对废弃食品回收处理不足导致食品安全问题日益严重的现状,在回收处理商有价回收和零售商自主回收这两种情况下分别构建了废弃食品回收处理问题中零售商、回收处理商与政府部门之间的博弈模型.对均衡解的分析表明,无论回收处理商与政府部门是相互独立还是合作的,当回收处理商有价回收废弃食品时,若政府部门提供的单位补贴较高,对应的零售商回收废弃食品安全意识也较高,相应的回收服务水平却较低,废弃食品回收价格较高,而废弃食品回收量却较少;当零售商自主回收废弃食品时,零售商的回收废弃食品安全意识、回收处理商的回收服务水平与回收量均为零,对应的利润值都为零.     

谜一样的举报

正这几天,福尔摩西和约翰收到了一桩奇怪的任务。事情经过是这样的:警察局接到了一个匿名举报,说有一对夫妇在上周六上午在小镇的河流上偷偷地倾倒了好多垃圾。这样当然是不合法的,因为这些不可回收的垃圾是需要特殊处理的。常常有人为了节约垃圾回收费而私自偷倒垃圾,这对夫妇居然还倒在河里!这就更加不可饶恕了。     

回收率依赖价格的再制造EPQ模型研究

研究了考虑回收率依赖于回收品价格,并带有废弃处理的制造和再制造混合系统的(1,R)和(M,1)EPQ模型.在模型中,采用新产品的制造和回收产品的再制造两种方式来满足客户的需要,回收产品部分用于再制造,其余作为废弃处理;总平均成本包括与回收产品、可销售产品有关的库存持有成本,与制造和再制造有关的生产成本和固定成本,与回收品及制造所需原材料的采购成本以及废弃处理成本.模型给出最优生产策略及总平均成本的表达式.算例验证了所建模型的计算方法,并分析了新引人决策变量p(回收产品单价占制造新产品所需原料价格的比例对总平均成本的变化率的影响.     

消费者、政府与双寡头电子废弃物回收商的最优决策

在回收商可以自主选择电子废弃物回收处理的环保程度的基础上,分别研究消费者与回收商、政府与回收商的两个双阶段动态博弈模型,得到了回收商的最优环保处理系数、消费者最优环保意识以及政府的最优补贴,并分析了参数变化对各方最优策略的影响.     

Routing,ship size,and sailing frequency decision-making for a maritime hub-and-spoke container network

This study formulates a two-objective model to determine the optimal liner routing, ship size, and sailing frequency for container carriers by minimizing shipping costs and inventory costs. First, shipping and inventory cost functions are formulated using an analytical method. Then, based on a trade-off between shipping costs and inventory costs, Pareto optimal solutions of the two-objective model are determined. Not only can the optimal ship size and sailing frequency be determined for any route, but also the routing decision on whether to route containers through a hub or directly to their destination can be made in objective value space. Finally, the theoretical findings are applied to a case study, with highly reasonable results. The results show that the optimal routing, ship size, and sailing frequency with respect to each level of inventory costs and shipping costs can be determined using the proposed model. The optimal routing decision tends to be shipping the cargo through a hub as the hub charge is decreased or its efficiency improved. In addition, the proposed model not only provides a tool to analyze the trade-off between shipping costs and inventory costs, but it also provides flexibility on the decision-making for container carriers.     

Liner ship fleet deployment with week-dependent container shipment demand

This paper addresses a practical liner ship fleet deployment problem with week-dependent container shipment demand and transit time constraint, namely, maximum allowable transit time in container routing between a pair of ports. It first uses the space–time network approach to generate practical container routes subject to the transit time constraints. This paper proceeds to formulate the fleet deployment problem based on the practical container routes generated. In view of the intractability of the formulation, two relaxation models providing lower bounds are built: one requires known container shipment demand at the fleet deployment stage, and the other assumes constant container shipment demand over the planning horizon. An efficient global optimization algorithm is subsequently proposed. Extensive numerical experiments on the shipping data of a global liner shipping company demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model and algorithm.     

Distribution-free vessel deployment for liner shipping

One important problem faced by the liner shipping industry is the fleet deployment problem. In this problem, the number and type of vessels to be assigned to the various shipping routes need to be determined, in such a way that profit is maximized, while at the same time ensuring that (most of the time) sufficient vessel capacity exists to meet shipping demand. Thus far, the standard assumption has been that complete probability distributions can be readily specified to model the uncertainty in shipping demand. In this paper, it is argued that such distributions are hard, if not impossible, to obtain in practice. To relax this oftentimes restrictive assumption, a new distribution-free optimization model is proposed that only requires the specification of the mean, standard deviation and an upper bound on the shipping demand. The proposed model possesses a number of attractive properties: (1) It can be seen as a generalization of an existing variation of the liner fleet deployment model. (2) It remains a mixed integer linear program and (3) The model has a very intuitive interpretation. A numerical case study is provided to illustrate the model.     

政府-企业-居民多维演化博弈下城市垃圾绿色发电的政府财政策略优化研究

城市垃圾发电技术趋于成熟,但是部分企业并没有选择绿色技术进行清洁焚烧绿色发电,引发公众抗议。针对现行财政策略对企业绿色发电行为引导的不足,建立政府-企业-居民多维演化博弈模型,分析财政决策变量对企业绿色发电行为策略的影响,提出命题并推导证明电价补贴、垃圾处理费支付、税收退税和设备采购抵税这四个财政决策变量能够有效引导企业绿色发电行为的参数值域,并基于现实数据进行Matlab仿真,分析各财政决策变量对企业绿色发电行为策略的收敛性和敏感性作用,最后提出财政策略优化建议。结果表明通过财政间接扶持方式引导企业绿色技术行为,能使电价补贴处于更低阈值,减少财政直接支出成本,不可过度依赖电价补贴,需改善垃圾处理费支付水平,丰富税收扶持手段。     

Performance evaluation of distribution strategies for the inventory routing problem

Direct shipping strategy is an easy-to-implement distribution strategy frequently used in industrial distribution systems. In this paper, an analytic method is developed for performance evaluation of the strategy for the infinite horizon inventory routing problem with delivery frequency constraint. With the method, the effectiveness of direct shipping strategy can be represented as a function of some system parameters. We demonstrate that the effectiveness of direct shipping is at least the square root of the smallest utilization ratio of vehicle capacity. This implies that the effectiveness of the strategy can reach 100% (respectively, 94.86%) whenever the demand rate of each retailer is 100% (respectively, 90%) of the vehicle capacity multiplied by the upper bound of the delivery frequency. This insight can help a firm answer questions such as: under what conditions direct shipping strategy is effective and why, and how effective the strategy is under a specific condition? In case direct shipping strategy is proven ineffective, a more general Fixed Partition Policy (FPP) that combines direct shipping strategy and multiple-stop shipping strategy must be used. An analytic method is also developed for performance evaluation of general FPPs. We demonstrate that the effectiveness of an FPP depends on the total demand rate of the retailers in each partition (each retailer set) and their closeness level. This insight provides a useful guideline to the design of effective FPPs. The analytic methods make the performance improvement of a distribution system possible through adjusting its system parameters.     

A combined terminal location and ship routing problem

In this paper, we consider a combined terminal location and ship routing problem at Södra Cell AB. The purpose is to supply the customers' annual demand for pulp products while minimizing the distribution costs. Customers are supplied with various pulp products from pulp mills in Scandinavia by ships, trains, or lorries. The ship routes go from the pulp mills to terminals in Europe. From each terminal, the products are transported to customers by lorry, train, or barge. Some customers can be supplied directly from the pulp mills by trains or lorries. We have developed a mathematical model to select which terminals to use and, at the same time, determine the shipping routes. The mixed integer programming model was solved directly using a commercial solver. When the number of routes generated is large, the time required to obtain an optimal solution is too long. Hence, we have developed heuristics in order to obtain an acceptable solution in reasonable time. In addition to the basic case, five different scenarios were tested. Our heuristics provide solutions that are within 0.12% of the optimal ones.     

基于时间可控和随机损失的生鲜农产品供应链协调

生鲜农产品不仅是易腐的,其寿命还具有随机性,在订货和由产地运往远方销地的过程中,面临随机供给与需求的匹配、变质损失与物流成本的平衡这两重难题。基于现代物流条件下物流时间的可控性,分别建立了分散控制和集中控制供应链的决策模型,分析得到了它们的最优订货量和最优物流时间。在此基础上,设计了一组联合契约,推导出了实现生鲜农产品供应链协调时契约参数取值范围的计算公式。研究结果表明:通过选择合理的契约参数φ,联合契约能够完美协调生鲜农产品供应链、实现供需双方帕累托最优。进一步,对变质率参数和需求价格弹性系数进行了敏感性分析,为生鲜农产品供应链实践提供了一些管理启示。     

Inventory allocation and shipping when demand temporarily exceeds production capacity

We address the concept of an integrated inventory allocation and shipping model for a manufacturer with limited production capacity and multiple types of retailers with different backorder/waiting and delivery costs. The problem is to decide how to allocate and deliver produced items when the total retailer demand exceeds the production capacity, so that total retailer backorder and delivery costs are minimized. Our analytical model provides optimal allocation and shipping policies from the manufacturer’s viewpoint. We also investigate the allocation strategy of a manufacturer competing with other retailers to directly sell to end consumers.     

农产品供应链质量安全中区块链技术投入的演化分析

针对农产品质量安全的不确定性,及引入区块链技术能提高农产品质量安全溯源信息的可信度,建立了基于区块链技术投入的农产品供应商与加工者的演化博弈模型,并对模型的动力系统和策略稳定性进行了分析和系统模拟仿真。研究发现：企业进行区块链技术投入的策略与其投入后市场需求增加率有直接关系,随着市场需求增加率的变化,系统出现多种演化稳定均衡。政府的补贴机制,能解决企业进行区块链技术投入中存在的“搭便车”问题;促使供应链的成员企业均进行区块链技术投入。研究结果对政府策略的制定和企业进行区块链技术投入决策具有一定的启示。     

中缅原油管道贯通对进口原油海上运输成本的影响分析

研究了中缅原油管道贯通对我国进口原油海上运输成本的影响.首先分析了我国的主要原油进口地、进口量和海上运输航线等信息,然后选择了三种不同型号油轮,并调查了其载重量、航速、日租金等数据.以不同型号油轮的运输航次及各条航线上的实际运输量为决策变量,总租金(总运输成本)最小化为目标函数,分别建立了中缅原油管道贯通前后我国进口原油海上运输问题的数学模型,并分别给出了求解方法.最后,根据实际统计数据进行计算,分别求出了中缅原油管道贯通前后我国原油海上运输的总成本,结果显示,中缅原油管道贯通后我国进口原油的海上运输成本将降低4.95%.