广泛性焦虑大鼠前额叶皮质和海马磁共振波谱的研究

以广泛性焦虑大鼠为研究载体,探讨其前额叶皮质和海马组织质子磁共振波谱(1H-MRS)的变化及意义.大鼠分为正常组和模型组各8只,采用慢性情绪应激的方法建立广泛性焦虑大鼠模型,以国际公认的高架十字迷宫试验对其进行评价,在活体状态下,通过pharmascan70/16超导磁共振仪(7.0T)检测双侧海马及前额叶皮质N-乙酰天门冬氨酸(NAA)、胆碱(Cho)、谷氨酸(Glu)、肌酸(Cr)等代谢物水平,分别计算NAA、Cho和Glu与Cr的比值,进而对脑组织代谢进行定性及定量分析.正常组与广泛性焦虑组双侧海马及左侧前额叶皮质代谢物无明显差异(P0.05),广泛性焦虑大鼠右侧前额叶皮质NAA、Cho相对浓度较正常组显著降低(P0.05),Glu相对浓度则明显升高(P0.05).慢性焦虑情绪的产生可能与右侧前额叶皮质兴奋性神经递质谷氨酸的浓度升高、神经元的损伤或数量减少及细胞内信号转导的异常有关.     

基于 1H NMR谱的给药赭石大鼠血清代谢组学研究

基于¹H NMR 的代谢组学方法对灌胃给药赭石的成年 Wistar 大鼠血清进行分析,运用主成分分析模式识别方法对所得数据进行处理,并对给药大鼠血清进行生化指标检测．研究结果表明,大鼠体内β-羟异丁酸、乙酸、丙酮、胆碱、甘油磷脂酰胆碱、葡萄糖、乳酸、低密度脂蛋白、极低密度脂蛋白和脂质等内源性代谢物浓度发生明显变化,可作为赭石的特征代谢物． 2 g/kg 和 5 g/kg 体重剂量赭石使大鼠机体产生大量活性氧化物(ROS),造成过氧化损伤,导致能量代谢和糖代谢紊乱,糖酵解反应增强,并且对肝功能造成了影响．
     

NMR分析胶质瘤细胞系CHG5和U87的代谢轮廓

胶质瘤是中枢神经系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,其发病原因和恶性进展机制均不明确,给胶质瘤的临床诊疗带来很大困难.胶质瘤恶性进展伴随着癌细胞代谢改变,但可以反映胶质瘤恶性进展的代谢物信息和分子机制目前仍不清楚.该研究以两种不同恶性程度的胶质瘤细胞系CHG5和U87为研究对象,用基于NMR的代谢组学方法分析这两种胶质瘤细胞系的代谢轮廓,寻找差异性代谢物.结果表明CHG5和U87的代谢轮廓存在明显差异.在高恶性程度的U87细胞中,柠檬酸盐(citrate)等15种代谢物有上升趋势;而乳酸盐(lactate)、牛磺酸(taurine)等6种代谢物有下降趋势.以上结果表明这些差异性代谢物可能与胶质瘤细胞的恶性特性密切相关.这些从胶质瘤细胞系获取的代谢信息将成为临床标本代谢组学研究的重要前提和有益补充.     

颐脑解郁方对抑郁大鼠脑1H波谱的干预作用

该文主要研究抑郁大鼠脑的¹H MRS变化及颐脑解郁方的干预作用. 将雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、西药组和中药组,每组5只. 正常组常规饲养,模型组、中药组和西药组给予21 d的慢性不可预知的温和应激. 应激结束中药组予颐脑解郁方、西药组予盐酸氟西汀进行干预. 干预结束后,通过检测左侧海马及前额叶皮质N-乙酰天门冬氨酸（NAA）、胆碱（Cho）、肌酸（Cr）等代谢物水平,分别计算NAA、Cho与Cr的比值,进而对脑组织代谢进行定性及定量分析. 得到：1. 海马区域：与正常组相比,模型组、西药组大鼠海马NAA/Cr降低（P<0.01）,中药组大鼠NAA/Cr与模型组相比升高（P<0.05）;与正常组相比,模型组Cho/Cr升高（P<0.05）,中药组Cho/Cr比模型组显著低（P<0.01）. 2. 前皮质区域：与正常组相比,模型组、西药组大鼠前皮质NAA/Cr降低（P<0.01）,中药组大鼠NAA/Cr较模型组显著升高（P<0.01）;模型组、西药组Cho/Cr与正常组相比显著升高（P<0.01）;与模型组相比,中药组、西药组Cho/Cr降低（P<0.01,P<0.05）. 这些结果说明颐脑解郁方可改善大鼠海马和前皮质的物质代谢,推测其抗抑郁作用主要与调节脑组织异常代谢有关.     

NMR 分析胶质瘤细胞系CHG5 和U87 的代谢轮廓

胶质瘤是中枢神经系统最常见的恶性肿瘤，其发病原因和恶性进展机制均不明确，给胶质瘤的临床诊疗带来很大困难．胶质瘤恶性进展伴随着癌细胞代谢改变，但可以反映胶质瘤恶性进展的代谢物信息和分子机制目前仍不清楚．该研究以两种不同恶性程度的胶质瘤细胞系CHG5 和U87 为研究对象，用基于NMR 的代谢组学方法分析这两种胶质瘤细胞系的代谢轮廓，寻找差异性代谢物．结果表明CHG5 和U87 的代谢轮廓存在明显差异．在高恶性程度的U87 细胞中，柠檬酸盐(citrate)等15 种代谢物有上升趋势；而乳酸盐(lactate)、牛磺酸(taurine)等6 种代谢物有下降趋势．以上结果表明这些差异性代谢物可能与胶质瘤细胞的恶性特性密切相关．这些从胶质瘤细胞系获取的代谢信息将成为临床标本代谢组学研究的重要前提和有益补充．     

对KOA模型大鼠血清、膝关节肌肉和滑膜组织的SERS分析

通过比较分析正常大鼠与膝骨关节炎模型(KOA)大鼠血清、膝关节肌肉和滑膜组织的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS),为KOA生物学改变提供实验基础。同条件下饲养普通级健康雄性SD大鼠20只,随机分为正常对照组(简称"正常组")和KOA模型组(简称"模型组"),每组10只。采用左膝关节腔内注射0.03 mol·L~(-1)的L-半胱氨酸与4%木瓜蛋白酶混合物方法制备KOA模型,并于复制成功4周后取材。采用银纳米基底液检测大鼠血清和膝关节肌肉、滑膜组织中的表面增强拉曼谱峰,应用NGLabSpec软件比较两组拉曼频移和特征峰的差异,应用OriginPro 8.5软件分析拉曼光谱图。结果:在血清中,拉曼频移400～2 000 cm~(-1)区间内,正常组特征峰有12个,模型组有14个,且模型组大部分特征峰强度低于正常组,两组在495, 883和1 447 cm~(-1)等处出现较为显著的差异性特征峰;在膝关节肌肉组织中,正常组特征峰有12个,模型组有13个,二者的同质性特征峰的拉曼强度存在显著差异,模型组以950和1 237 cm~(-1)为代表的多处同质性特征峰的峰强显著升高;在滑膜组织中,正常组特征峰有10个,模型组有15个,两组共性特征峰的峰强变化多不明显,但在655, 950, 1 335和1 447 cm~(-1)处的同质性特征峰表现出峰强的明显差异,在655和950 cm~(-1)峰为模型组显著升高,而1 335和1 447 cm~(-1)两峰相对强度为模型组显著降低。结果表明:KOA模型导致血清、膝关节肌肉和滑膜组织的同质性特征峰数量显著减少,差异性物质增多,物质代谢平衡被严重打破, SERS是一种快速准确的检测方法,可以用于KOA模型的检测。     

SIRT7基因低表达胶质瘤细胞株代谢特征的NMR分析

肿瘤是一种代谢疾病，癌基因表达对肿瘤细胞代谢的影响是目前肿瘤研究的热点之一.本文利用基于核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）的代谢组学方法对癌基因SIRT7低表达胶质瘤细胞株的代谢特征进行分析，寻找与SIRT7基因表达相关的特征性代谢物和代谢通路.分析结果表明，SIRT7基因低表达组与对照组细胞的代谢轮廓存在显著性差异，其细胞水溶性萃取物中有22种代谢物浓度发生明显变化.与对照组相比，SIRT7基因低表达胶质瘤细胞株中乳酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸等12种代谢物浓度升高；缬氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸等10种代谢物浓度降低.通路富集分析提示氨酰-tRNA生物合成、氨基酸代谢等代谢通路与SIRT7低表达密切相关.以上结果为进一步阐明癌基因SIRT7调控胶质瘤细胞代谢的作用机制提供了理论依据.     

Ⅱ型糖尿病肾病小鼠肾水提物代谢组学研究

应用基于核磁共振的代谢组学方法研究Ⅱ型糖尿病模型db/db小鼠已发展到糖尿病肾病时肾脏代谢表型的变化.结合偏最小二乘法-判别分析(PLS-DA),结果显示,与正常组相比,模型组肾水提物中的乳酸和糖等代谢物的含量显著升高,而谷氨酸、乙酸、胆碱和甘氨酸的含量显著降低,缬氨酸、肌酐、尼克酰胺、苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸含量略有降低.实验结果表明糖尿病肾病动物模型db/db小鼠的代谢特征不同于正常小鼠.代谢组学分析方法作为辅助手段,为糖尿病肾病的发病机制提供了良好的数据支持.     

肝肿瘤细胞HepG2代谢指纹及代谢足迹的NMR分析

细胞代谢特征的分析是认识细胞生物化学过程物质基础的一个关键点. 该文使用培养72 h的肝肿瘤细胞HepG2为模型,使用一维与二维核磁共振谱学分析方法, 分析了该细胞本身及其培养液中代谢物的组成,确定了50余种覆盖三羧酸循环、糖酵解、氨基酸合成、脂肪酸与胞膜代谢、嘌呤与嘧啶代谢等多个代谢途径的代谢物,发现细胞本身与培养基中代谢物组成能够分别提供“细胞代谢指纹”与“细胞代谢足迹”等互补性信息. 同时发现此方法可用于研究植物次生代谢物槲皮素对肝肿瘤细胞HepG2代谢的影响. 结果表明,核磁共振波谱技术是分析细胞代谢组特征和研究药物对细胞代谢影响规律的有效手段.     

冷冻干燥对人类体液代谢组影响的NMR研究

样品前处理是代谢组分析的重要环节，而冷冻干燥是样品前处理过程中去除溶剂的重要方法，但冷冻干燥对代谢组分析结果的影响还有待进一步研究.本文以人类尿液和血清样本为研究对象，采用核磁共振（NMR）技术分析了冷冻干燥对这两种重要体液代谢组的影响，发现冷冻干燥会引起体液样本中部分有机羧酸和氨基酸含量的改变；而且，冷冻干燥对尿液和血清样品代谢组的影响不同，这可能与两种体液的生物基质差异有关.本研究结果表明，在代谢组学研究中要格外关注冷冻干燥对样品前处理及后续数据归一化所产生的影响.     

Role of TRPM8 in dorsal root ganglion in nerve injury-induced chronic pain

Background

Chronic neuropathic pain is an intractable pain with few effective treatments. Moderate cold stimulation can relieve pain, and this may be a novel train of thought for exploring new methods of analgesia. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) ion channel has been proposed to be an important molecular sensor for cold. Here we investigate the role of TRPM8 in the mechanism of chronic neuropathic pain using a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve.

Results

Mechanical allodynia, cold and thermal hyperalgesia of CCI rats began on the 4th day following surgery and maintained at the peak during the period from the 10th to 14th day after operation. The level of TRPM8 protein in L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) ipsilateral to nerve injury was significantly increased on the 4th day after CCI, and reached the peak on the 10th day, and remained elevated on the 14th day following CCI. This time course of the alteration of TRPM8 expression was consistent with that of CCI-induced hyperalgesic response of the operated hind paw. Besides, activation of cold receptor TRPM8 of CCI rats by intrathecal application of menthol resulted in the inhibition of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia and the enhancement of cold hyperalgesia. In contrast, downregulation of TRPM8 protein in ipsilateral L5 DRG of CCI rats by intrathecal TRPM8 antisense oligonucleotide attenuated cold hyperalgesia, but it had no effect on CCI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia.

Conclusions

TRPM8 may play different roles in mechanical allodynia, cold and thermal hyperalgesia that develop after nerve injury, and it is a very promising research direction for the development of new therapies for chronic neuroapthic pain.

     

28th Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting: CNS*2019

Chronic neuropathic pain is often associated with anxiety, depressive symptoms, and cognitive impairment with relevant impact on patients` health related quality of life. To investigate the influence of a pro-inflammatory phenotype on affective and cognitive behavior under neuropathic pain conditions, we assessed mice deficient of the B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1), a major inhibitor of inflammatory response. Adult B7-H1 ko mice and wildtype littermates (WT) received a chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, and we assessed mechanical and thermal sensitivity at selected time points. Both genotypes developed mechanical (p < 0.001) and heat hypersensitivity (p < 0.01) 7, 14, and 20 days after surgery. We performed three tests for anxiety-like behavior: the light–dark box, the elevated plus maze, and the open field. As supported by the results of these tests for anxiety-like behavior, no relevant differences were found between genotypes after CCI. Depression-like behavior was assessed using the forced swim test. Also, CCI had no effect on depression like behavior. For cognitive behavior, we applied the Morris water maze for spatial learning and memory and the novel object recognition test for object recognition, long-, and short-term memory. Learning and memory did not differ in B7-H1 ko and WT mice after CCI. Our study reveals that the impact of B7-H1 on affective-, depression-like- and learning-behavior, and memory performance might play a subordinate role in mice after nerve lesion.     

Identification of adequate vehicles to carry nerve regeneration inducers using tubulisation

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Axonal regeneration depends on many factors, such as the type of injury and repair, age, distance from the cell body and distance of the denervated muscle, loss of surrounding tissue and the type of injured nerve. Experimental models use tubulisation with a silicone tube to research regenerative factors and substances to induce regeneration. Agarose, collagen and DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium) can be used as vehicles. In this study, we compared the ability of these vehicles to induce rat sciatic nerve regeneration with the intent of finding the least active or inert substance. The experiment used 47 female Wistar rats, which were divided into four experimental groups (agarose 4%, agarose 0.4%, collagen, DMEM) and one normal control group. The right sciatic nerve was exposed, and an incision was made that created a 10 mm gap between the distal and proximal stumps. A silicone tube was grafted onto each stump, and the tubes were filled with the respective media. After 70 days, the sciatic nerve was removed. We evaluated the formation of a regeneration cable, nerve fibre growth, and the functional viability of the regenerated fibres. RESULTS: Comparison among the three vehicles showed that 0.4% agarose gels had almost no effect on provoking the regeneration of peripheral nerves and that 4% agarose gels completely prevented fibre growth. The others substances were associated with profuse nerve fibre growth. CONCLUSIONS: In the appropriate concentration, agarose gel may be an important vehicle for testing factors that induce regeneration without interfering with nerve growth.     

Transplantation of bone-marrow-derived cells into a nerve guide resulted in transdifferentiation into Schwann cells and effective regeneration of transected mouse sciatic nerve

Peripheral nerves possess the capacity of self-regeneration after traumatic injury. Nevertheless, the functional outcome after peripheral-nerve regeneration is often poor, especially if the nerve injuries occur far from their targets. Aiming to optimize axon regeneration, we grafted bone-marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) into a collagen-tube nerve guide after transection of the mouse sciatic nerve. The control group received only the culture medium. Motor function was tested at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery, using the sciatic functional index (SFI), and showed that functional recovery was significantly improved in animals that received the cell grafts. After 6 weeks, the mice were anesthetized, perfused transcardially, and the sciatic nerves were dissected and processed for transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. The proximal and distal segments of the nerves were compared, to address the question of improvement in growth rate; the results revealed a maintenance and increase of nerve regeneration for both myelinated and non-myelinated fibers in distal segments of the experimental group. Also, quantitative analysis of the distal region of the regenerating nerves showed that the numbers of myelinated fibers, Schwann cells (SCs) and g-ratio were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group. The transdifferentiation of BMDCs into Schwann cells was confirmed by double labeling with S100/and Hoechst staining. Our data suggest that BMDCs transplanted into a nerve guide can differentiate into SCs, and improve the growth rate of nerve fibers and motor function in a transected sciatic-nerve model.     

GABAergic synaptic response and its opioidergic modulation in periaqueductal gray neurons of rats with neuropathic pain

Background  

Neuropathic pain is a chronic and intractable symptom associated with nerve injury. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is important in the endogenous pain control system and is the main site of the opioidergic analgesia. To investigate whether neuropathic pain affects the endogenous pain control system, we examined the effect of neuropathic pain induced by sacral nerve transection on presynaptic GABA release, the kinetics of postsynaptic GABA-activated Cl^- currents, and the modulatory effect of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) activation in mechanically isolated PAG neurons with functioning synaptic boutons.     

Temporal mismatch between pain behaviour, skin Nerve Growth Factor and intra-epidermal nerve fibre density in trigeminal neuropathic pain

Background

The neurotrophin Nerve Growth factor (NGF) is known to influence the phenotype of mature nociceptors, for example by altering synthesis of neuropeptides, and changes in NGF levels have been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic pain conditions such as neuropathic pain. We have tested the hypothesis that after partial nerve injury, NGF accumulates within the skin and causes ‘pro-nociceptive’ phenotypic changes in the remaining population of sensory nerve fibres, which could underpin the development of neuropathic pain.

Results

Eleven days after chronic constriction injury of the rat mental nerve the intra-epidermal nerve fibre density of the chin skin from had reduced from 11.6?±?4.9 fibres/mm to 1.0?±?0.4 fibres/mm; this slowly recovered to 2.4?±?2.0 fibres/mm on day 14 and 4.0?±?0.8 fibres/mm on day 21. Cold hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral lower lip was detectable 11 days after chronic constriction injury, although at this time skin [NGF] did not differ between sides. At 14 days post-injury, there was a significantly greater [NGF] ipsilaterally compared to contralaterally (ipsilateral?=?111?±?23 pg/mg, contralateral?=?69?±?13 pg/mg), but there was no behavioural evidence of neuropathic pain at this time-point. By 21 days post-injury, skin [NGF] was elevated bilaterally and there was a significant increase in the proportion of TrkA-positive (the high-affinity NGF receptor) intra-epidermal nerve fibres that were immunolabelled for the neuropeptide Calcitonin Gene-related peptide.

Conclusions

The temporal mismatch in behaviour, skin [NGF] and phenotypic changes in sensory nerve fibres indicate that increased [NGF] does not cause hyperalgesia after partial mental nerve injury, although it may contribute to the altered neurochemistry of cutaneous nerve fibres.     

Evaluation of diffusional anisotropy and microscopic structure in skeletal muscles using magnetic resonance

The pulsed-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method is used for detecting the diffusion of water molecules in biological tissues. Because tissues generally have diffusional anisotropy, their diffusion properties are denoted by a tensor. In this study, we evaluated the diffusional anisotropy and microscopic structure in atrophied skeletal muscles using the PGSE NMR method. The left sciatic nerve was severed in twelve 9-week-old rats. Neurotomy caused neurogenic muscular atrophy at the left gastrocnemius. At 2, 4 and 8 weeks after neurotomy, magnetic resonance signals were selectively acquired from a 2 x 2 x 2 mm(3) voxel, which was located on the left gastrocnemius. The diffusion tensor, the mean diffusivity (MD) and the fractional anisotropy (FA) were calculated from the signals. A theoretical model of the diffusion in muscles was derived from Tanner's equation. The muscle fiber diameter was estimated by fitting the model to the measured signals. The measurements were also performed for normal rats as controls. No significant difference was found in the MD and the estimated intracellular diffusion coefficient between the control group and the denervated group. The denervated group had significantly higher FA compared with the control group (P<.05). The estimated muscle fiber diameter of the denervated group was significantly smaller than the estimated value of the control group (P<.05). These differences were found at 8 weeks after neurotomy. The proposed method is effective for evaluating changes in the microscopic structure of skeletal muscles.     

稀土长期毒性对大鼠体液的1H NMR研究

采用现代核磁共振技术,通过分析灌胃给药0.2,2.0,10,20mg/kg剂量的La(NO₃)₃6个月后大鼠血清中某些内源性化合物的变化研究了稀土化合物在动物体内的作用情况及长期毒性,同时对各剂量组三个月后大鼠尿液的¹H NMR谱图进行了分析,并通过血液中一些重要生化指标的测定对结果进行了验证.体液中氨基酸、乳酸、N-氧三甲胺、3羟丁酸、葡萄糖、尿素、柠檬酸等重要内源化合物的核磁共振谱峰发生了明显的变化,意味着动物体内的代谢出现异常.结果表明高剂量稀土的引入可能使动物肾脏和肝脏均受到损害,且受损程度随稀土剂量的增高而渐趋严重。     

<Superscript>31</Superscript>P NMR Manifestation of Metabolic Changes in Blood of Spinal Cord Injured Rats

The ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique was applied to study the blood of rats with a 3-day spinal cord injury and control rats. Phosphorus-containing blood metabolites: 2,3-diphosphoglycerates, inorganic phosphates, phospholipids, ATP and adenosine monophosphates were detected and quantitatively evaluated. It was found that the amount of 2,3-diphosphoglycerates, inorganic phosphates, phospholipids and adenosine monophosphates increase, and pH of the blood decreases after spinal cord injury. The results demonstrate increased hypoxia in injured rats.     

Cortical disinhibition occurs in chronic neuropathic,but not in chronic nociceptive pain

Background  

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between chronic neuropathic pain after incomplete peripheral nerve lesion, chronic nociceptive pain due to osteoarthritis, and the excitability of the motor cortex assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Hence in 26 patients with neuropathic pain resulting from an isolated incomplete lesion of the median or ulnar nerve (neuralgia), 20 patients with painful osteoarthritis of the hand, and 14 healthy control subjects, the excitability of the motor cortex was tested using paired-pulse TMS to assess intracortical inhibition and facilitation. These excitability parameters were compared between groups, and the relationship between excitability parameters and clinical parameters was examined.