萃金体系第三相的产生及其谱学研究

利用^198Au示踪法研究了十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵从碱性氰化液中萃取金第三相的产生过程，同时用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR），核磁共振（NMR），激光光散射（DLS）等方法分析了第三相形成后上下两有机相的微观结构，结果表明，随着有机相中金浓度的增大，有机相中有纳米级的聚集体形成；当金浓度继续增大时，有机相分为上下两相，有机相中的金，磷酸三丁酯（TBP）和水主要集中在下层，下层有机相有明显的水特征吸收峰，TBP的P=O伸缩振动向低频移动，核磁共振（^31P-NMR)的化学位移明显移向高场；用激光光散射技术测定了两有机相中聚集体的大小。     

TRPO萃淋树脂从碱性氰化液中固相萃取Au(Ⅰ)机理研究

研究了TRPO-D3520萃淋树脂从碱性氰化液中固相萃取Au(CN)-₂的性能,并借助傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和扫描电镜(SEM)等方法对固相萃取Au(Ⅰ)的机理进行了讨论。结果表明：阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB在固相萃取中起到了关键的作用,当待萃水相中加入的CTMAB与Au(CN)-₂的摩尔比达到1∶1时,TRPO-D3520萃淋树脂即对金具有良好的萃取性能;萃淋树脂负载金后,FTIR分析表明Au(CN)-₂中的C≡N伸缩振动吸收峰位于2 144 cm-1,TRPO中的PO伸缩振动峰由1 153 cm-1向低频移至1 150 cm-1;N(1s),Au(4f_7/2)和Au(4f_5/2)XPS谱揭示了树脂中金的价态和配位环境未发生变化,仍以Au(CN)-₂形态存在于萃淋树脂中;O(1s) XPS谱图表明,经固相萃取后,树脂中化学结合水的含量明显增加,化学结合水的峰面积由30.74%增加至42.34%;固相萃取后,P(2p)XPS谱图峰位由132.15 eV增加至132.45 eV,说明PO基团与水分子存在一定的氢键作用,生成P=O…H—O—H。综上可推测,TRPO-D3520树脂固相萃取Au(CN)-₂的过程为：离子对扩散至树脂孔内,被孔内的TRPO借助水分子为桥的氢键作用溶剂化而固相萃取。     

表面活性剂从碱性氰化液中萃取金机理研究

本文利用Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换红外光谱（ＦＴＩＲ）、放射性同位素示踪实验、核磁共振（ＮＭＲ）等方法研究了萃金过程及负载金有机相的溶液结构，实验结果表明：伴随萃取过程，有机相金含量逐渐增加，有机相含水量逐渐增加，磷酸三丁脂（ＴＢＰ）中磷氧双键（Ｐ＝Ｏ）伸缩振动吸收峰向低频移动；核磁共振（ＮＭＲ）＾３１Ｐ的化学位移向高场移动。表明在有机相的聚集体中ＴＢＰ的磷氧基与氰化金阴离子有相互作用。     

草酸反萃取法直接沉淀负载铈有机相的表征分析

研究了氢氧化钠介质皂化条件下,用草酸溶液从负载铈的P507有机相中直接反萃取沉淀铈的试验结果。利用红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及热重-差热分析仪(TG-DSC)等手段,对反萃所得铈沉淀物及最终焙烧产物的物相、形貌和热失重等进行了分析、测试与表征。实验结果表明:沉淀有机相为球形有机铈的配合物,焙烧产物为球形的立方晶系的CeO2晶体,说明前驱物与产物形貌有遗传继承性。IR证实了萃合物的结构与最终CeO2晶体结构完全不同,热重表明吸附水失重为3.5%,所得最终产物的化学组成为CeO2.1/3H2O。     

溶剂萃取ICP-AES法测定硫酸法钛白废酸中的钪

本文采用磷酸二（２－乙基乙基）酯溶液将钪定量地萃到到有机相中,使钪与Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｔｉ＾２＋分离,排除了大量铁和钛对钪的光谱干扰和基体干扰,然后用ＮａＯＨ反萃取有机相中的钪,用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法测定。该方法已应用于钛白废酸中钪的准确测定。结果令人满意。     

伯胺萃取Cr(Ⅵ)的光谱学研究

利用等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES),激光拉曼光谱,傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR),核磁共振(1H NMR)分析技术对伯胺在近中性条件下从水溶液中萃取Cr(Ⅵ)的过程进行了研究。ICP-AES对萃取前后水相Cr(Ⅵ)浓度测试结果显示,在近中性条件下,伯胺仍然能够萃取Cr(Ⅵ)。激光拉曼光谱显示,未经酸化的伯胺从近中性水溶液中萃取Cr(Ⅵ)后在890 cm-1处出现新峰。红外光谱显示在近中性条件下直接使用伯胺萃取Cr(Ⅵ)与经酸化处理后按离子交换历程萃取的萃取机理不同,Cr(Ⅵ)进入有机相后在885 cm-1处产生与拉曼光谱对应的新峰。1H核磁共振波谱显示,—NH₂上的质子峰向低场移动,伯胺在萃取过程中通过氢键与Cr(Ⅵ)结合。综合以上不同分析手段得到的结果可以推断,伯胺在近中性的水溶液中是以溶剂化萃取历程通过氢键结合方式萃取Cr(Ⅵ)。     

双水相液膜微萃取咖啡因的动力学

自行设计了双水相支撑液相膜微萃取装置,以聚四氟乙烯徽孔膜为支撑,以磷酸三丁酯为有机萃取相,紫外光谱法研究了咖啡因稀水溶液的双水相液萃取。发现咖啡因以分子形式通过磷酸三丁酯有机液膜萃取进入HCl溶液中,萃取动力学受浓度差和收集液相中的化学反应控制,萃取率与咖啡因浓度成反比。     

用三正辛胺-苯萃取分离体系-原子吸收光谱对铬作形态分析

研究了痕量铬形态分析的三正辛胺(TOA)-苯萃取分离体系-原子吸收光谱法。用三正辛胺(TOA)和苯在H₂SO₄介质中把水相中的Cr(Ⅵ)萃入到有机相而Cr(Ⅲ)留在水相中,使两种形态的Cr分离到两相中后对有机相的Cr(Ⅵ)和水相的Cr(Ⅲ)进行AAS测定,可求得Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的含量,该方法对实际水样加标回收率分别在95.0%～102% 和94.8%～103%之间,相对标准偏差分别为2.9%和2.6% ,体系对Cr(Ⅵ)有富集作用,对Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的检出限分别为6.6 μg·L-1和0.20 mg·L-1,TOA对Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳萃取量为4.6 mg·mL-1,该法简单、快速、准确。     

TBP-Pd（Ⅱ）-HCl萃取体系微乳的生成及溶液聚集态的谱学研究

采用动态激光光散射(DLS)、Fourier变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振波谱(31P-/1H NMR)等谱学技术,研究了TBP-Pd(Ⅱ)-HCl萃取有机相中微乳的形成以及溶液聚集态结构的变化。结果表明:(1)伴随钯的萃取,TBP萃取有机相中形成微乳。(2)萃取有机相中酸含量的变化导致溶液结构发生相应改变:胶团聚集体平均流体力学半径随有机相中酸含量的增加先增大而后又减小。微乳"内核水"的O—H伸缩振动吸收谱带逐渐宽化,与邻近的C—H伸缩振动区形成交迭,且有机相含酸量越高,交迭程度越大。水分子O—H—O弯曲变角振动吸收峰形也发生很大变化。TBP的PO伸缩振动明显向低频移动。核磁共振31P化学位移与活泼氢1H化学位移变化行为相反,说明TBP分子与酸和水分子发生缔合,形成RP=O.H 或RP=O.H3O ,并与PdCl42-存在相互作用。(3)有机相形成微乳水团后,由于大量H 的进入,微乳水团中酸浓度表现出明显的"增浓效应"。微乳水池内部微观环境的改变是导致钯萃取行为变化的主要原因。     

TBP-Pd(Ⅱ)-HCI萃取体系微乳的生成及溶液聚集态的谱学研究

采用动态激光光散射(DLS)、Fourier变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振波谱(31P-/1H NMR)等谱学技术,研究了TBP-Pd(Ⅱ)-HCI萃取有机相中微乳的形成以及溶液聚集态结构的变化.结果表明:(1)伴随钯的萃取,TBP萃取有机相中形成微乳.(2)萃取有机相中酸含量的变化导致溶液结构发生相应改变:胶团聚集体平均流体力学半径随有机相中酸含量的增加先增大而后又减小.微乳"内核水"的O-H伸缩振动吸收谱带逐渐宽化,与邻近的C-H伸缩振动区形成交迭,且有机相含酸量越高,交迭程度越大.水分子O-H-O弯曲变角振动吸收峰形也发生很大变化.TBP的P=O伸缩振动明显向低频移动.核磁共振31P化学位移与活泼氢1H化学位移变化行为相反,说明TBP分子与酸和水分子发生缔合,形成RP=0·H 或RP-O·H3O ,并与PdC2-4存在相互作用.(3)有机相形成微乳水团后,由于大量H 的进入,微乳水团中酸浓度表现出明显的"增浓效应".微乳水池内部微观环境的改变是导致钯萃取行为变化的主要原因.     

A comparative study of radical cations of thiourea,thiosemicarbazide, and diethylthiourea in aqueous sulphuric acid media employing pulse radiolysis technique

The generation of radical cations of thiourea [(NH₂)₂C=S], thiosemicarbazide [(NH₂―NH)(NH₂)C=S], and diethylthiourea [(C₂H₅―NH)₂C=S] in aqueous sulphuric acid media of low to high acid strengths utilizing the pulse radiolysis technique is reported. In this system, the decay half‐life of radical cations of thiourea and its derivatives observed were longer (ranging from 45 to 100 µs at acid strength pH/H₀ = ?4.1), and the formation times could be altered with the change in acid strengths. By doing so, a wide range in half‐life of radical cations of thiosemicarbazide (0.7 to 100 µs) was observed in contrast to thiourea and diethylthiourea with the variation in acid strengths (pH/H₀) from 0.7 to ?4.1. This perhaps helps in studying the spectral and kinetic properties of transient radical cations comfortably. The general mechanism for the formation of radical cations of the aforementioned compounds in radiolysis has been revisited in which the electron transfer reactions are active. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Microscopic insight into catalytic HCN removal over the CuO surface in chemical looping combustion

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is well-accepted as a main nitrogen-containing precursor from fuel nitrogen to nitrogen oxides. When using coal as fuel with a CuO-based oxygen carrier in chemical looping combustion (CLC), complex heterogeneous reactions exist among the system of HCN, O₂, NO, H₂O, and CuO particles. This work performs density functional theory (DFT) calculations to systematically probe the microscopic HCN heterogeneous reactions over the CuO particle surface. The results indicate that HCN is chemisorbed on the CuO surface, and the third dissociation step within the consecutive three-step HCN dissociations (HCN*→CN*→NCO*→N*) is the rate-determining step. Namely, the CN*/NCO* radicals can be deemed as an indicator of the performance of HCN removal due to their quite higher dissociation energies. With the existence of O₂, H₂O, and NO, the reaction mechanism of HCN conversion becomes extremely complex. Both DFT calculations and kinetic analyses determine that O₂, NO, and H₂O all significantly accelerate the consumption of CN*/NCO* radicals to produce various N-containing species (NOx or NH₃) to different extents. Finally, a skeletal reaction network in a system of O₂/NO/H₂O/HCN is concluded, which clearly elucidates that CuO exhibits excellent catalytic activity toward HCN removal.     

CaO高温脱除氰化氢试验研究

本文在石英反应器内试验了高温脱除HCN反应机理,研究了CaO对氰化氢的脱除作用,探讨了温度、体积空速和氰化氢浓度对脱除氰化氢的影响.试验结果表明:当T<45℃,CaO促使HCN中的N元素转化到CaCN_2,当T>800℃,CaO促使HCN中的N元素全部转化为N_2;CaO在800℃时,只要体积空速小于12000 h~(-1),CaO对HCN均有接近100%的脱除效果;在体积空速10000 h~(-1)、温度800℃工况下,CaO对初始浓度范围127×10~(-6)-512×10~(-6)的HCN均有接近100%的脱除效果.     

Si cleaning method without surface morphology change by cyanide solutions

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) aqueous solutions can remove copper contaminants from Si surfaces more effectively than hydrochloric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixture (HPM) and sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide mixture (SPM). When pH of the HCN solutions is adjusted at 9, Si surface morphology is not changed, while when pH exceeds 10, the Si surfaces are considerably roughed. AFM measurements show that Cu contaminants are present in the form of particles on the bare Si surfaces. XPS measurements show that the particles consist of metallic Cu. The Cu particle height decreases almost linearly with the cleaning time, and the Cu surface concentration decreases exponentially with it. It is concluded that Cu particles gradually dissolve into the HCN aqueous solutions by the direct reaction with cyanide ions at the surface of the Cu particles.     

表面修饰的CdS纳米荧光探针的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成硫脲表面修饰的硫化镉纳米粒子[CdS/SC(NH₂)₂],研究硫脲的用量对其粒径的影响,用X射线粉末衍射、透射电子显微镜,红外光谱以及荧光光谱等手段进行了表征。并研究了小牛胸腺DNA的加入对该纳米粒子荧光光谱的影响。实验结果表明,硫脲的用量对该纳米粒子的粒径大小及发光特性有明显影响,随反应物中硫脲与镉离子的物质的量的比值增加,CdS/SC(NH₂)₂纳米粒子粒径变小,其发射波长蓝移,表现出明显的量子尺寸特性;小牛胸腺DNA的加入使CdS/SC(NH₂)₂纳米粒子的发射光谱强度减弱,实验推测该纳米粒子与小牛胸腺DNA存在静电相互作用, 该研究结果可望用于DNA的分析测定。     

Electrochemically grown rough-textured nanowires

Nanowires with a rough surface texture show unusual electronic, optical, and chemical properties; however, there are only a few existing methods for producing these nanowires. Here, we describe two methods for growing both free standing and lithographically patterned gold (Au) nanowires with a rough surface texture. The first strategy is based on the deposition of nanowires from a silver (Ag)–Au plating solution mixture that precipitates an Ag–Au cyanide complex during electrodeposition at low current densities. This complex disperses in the plating solution, thereby altering the nanowire growth to yield a rough surface texture. These nanowires are mass produced in alumina membranes. The second strategy produces long and rough Au nanowires on lithographically patternable nickel edge templates with corrugations formed by partial etching. These rough nanowires can be easily arrayed and integrated with microscale devices.     

Fabrication and characterization of Au/SiO2 nanocomposite films grown by radio-frequency cosputtering

Au/SiO₂ nanocomposite films were prepared on Si wafers by cosputtering of SiO₂ and gold wires. Au/Si atomic ratios in Au/SiO₂ nanocomposite films were varied from 0.53 to 0.92 by controlling the length of gold wire to study the evolution of the crystallization of gold, the size of Au/SiO₂ nanocomposite particles, and the optical properties of as-deposited Au/SiO₂ nanocomposite films. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that Au exists as a metallic phase in the bulk of SiO₂ matrix. Dome-shaped Au/SiO₂ nanocomposite particles and both Au (1 1 1) and (2 0 0) planes were observed in a field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies respectively. With an ultraviolet-visible, absorption peaks of Au/SiO₂ nanocomposite films were observed at 525 nm.     

Coadsorption of gold with chlorine on CeO2 (111) surfaces: A first principles study

To investigate the effects of chlorine on the Au/ceria catalysts,the adsorption of gold or chlorine and their coadsorpiton on the stoichiometric and partially reduced CeO₂（111） surfaces are studied from the first principles.It is found that the adsorption of Au is significantly enhanced by the chlorine preadsorption on the stoichiometric CeO₂（111） surface;while on the partially reduced CeO₂（111） surface,the preadsorbed chlorine inhabits the oxygen vacancy（which is the preferred adsorption site for gold）,leading to a CeOCl phase and the dramatical weakening of the Au adsorption.Therefore,chlorine on the CeO₂（111） surface can affect the Au adsorption thus the activity of the Au/CeO₂ catalyst.     

Electron absorption spectra of univalent copper-, silver-, and gold-thiourea complexes in aqueous solutions

Using data on the stability of complex forms, electron absorption spectra of copper (I)-, silver (I)-, and gold (I)—thiourea complexes in an aqueous solution M_itu_j (Ag: i=1, 2, j=1–3; Cu: j=1, 2; Au: j=2) are calculated from the spectra of solutions of a known analytical composition. Parameters of particular bands of the absorption spectra of these complexes are given. It is found that the integral intensity of the spectra of the solutions is proportional to the concentration of thiourea in the solution with high accuracy. The same is also valid for the spectra in solutions that contain mercury (II) and thiourea. The total intensity of longwave bands in the spectra of the complexes is proportional to the number of ligands in a molecule of the complex. Institute of Ionorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Lavrent’ev Ave., 630090, Novosibirsk-90, Russia, Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 4, pp. 458–462, July–August, 1997.