壁虎超强的黏附能力——隐藏在脚下的奥秘

壁虎具有超强的黏附爬行能力,几乎能在任意表面上行走,其特殊的黏附本领引起了人们的广泛关注.本文介绍了壁虎脚掌的精细黏附系统结构是其超强黏附能力的主要来源,并综述了目前国内外对壁虎黏附机理的研究进展.最后,给出了仿生黏附的应用前景.     

表面粗糙度对TC4钛合金柱壳剪切带形成的影响

剪切带是材料在高应变率加载条件下特有的变形和损伤形式之一,关于影响金属材料中剪切带形成的敏感性因素及其机理的研究,一直是科学研究和工程设计中关注的重点问题. 在柱壳高速坍塌过程中,剪切带优先在内表面形核, 其形核及扩展行为受内表面介观状态的影响显著.本文采用爆轰加载厚壁圆筒坍塌实验技术,结合材料表面处理技术、微结构表征技术和剪切带理论模型分析,研究了内表面粗糙度变化对TC4钛合金柱壳剪切带形成影响的细观动力学规律.结果表明, 在爆炸加载形成的高应变率条件下,表面粗糙度对TC4钛合金柱壳中剪切带形成具有明显影响. 在相同的变形条件下,随着试样内表面粗糙度的增大, 剪切带数量、长度和形核速率均增大;表面粗糙度越大, 部分剪切带扩展速率越快, 剪切带长度差异越大,剪切带的屏蔽效应增强. 分析表明,实验获得的剪切带间距与W-O模型和M模型预测结果基本吻合,具体数值受试样内表面粗糙度影响, 随着表面粗糙度的增大,实验结果逐渐小于预测数值.      

非等温粗糙表面液滴撞击特性试验与仿真研究

非等温固体表面液滴碰撞现象广泛存在于航空航天领域机械零部件中,液滴碰撞动力学行为的研究对提升机械零部件传热换热以及润滑性能具有重要意义.为获得液滴在非等温粗糙表面的撞击特性,研究了硅油在金属表面撞击、铺展和回缩的动力学行为,并着重分析了硅油黏度、撞击速度、油滴初始直径、金属表面粗糙度及温度对硅油撞击特性的影响.结果表明,在等温表面,液滴最大铺展直径与撞击速度、基体表面温度及液滴初始直径正相关,与基体表面粗糙度、硅油黏度负相关;当表面粗糙度介于6.3～25μm时,其对液滴最大铺展直径影响较小;在非等温表面,液滴回缩过程中少量液体残留并形成尾迹,且残留尾迹随基体温度升高而愈发明显;随后数值模拟了硅油在非等温粗糙表面的碰撞过程,并揭示了基体温度和表面粗糙度的影响机制.本文中研究成果为理解非等温粗糙金属表面液滴的撞击行为提供了丰富的理论和试验依据.     

配副金属表面粗糙度对丁腈橡胶O型圈摩擦学特性的影响

UMT-3多功能摩擦磨损试验机上,以丁腈橡胶O型圈/316L不锈钢粗糙表面配副为研究对象,系统研究了配副金属表面粗糙度对丁腈橡胶摩擦学行为的影响,重点探讨了不同表面粗糙度下摩擦系数和磨损体积的变化规律、揭示了不同表面粗糙度下橡胶表面的损伤机制.结果表明:表面粗糙度对丁腈橡胶O型圈的摩擦磨损有重要影响;随着表面粗糙度的增加,稳定阶段的摩擦系数呈先降低后升高的变化趋势.当表面粗糙度在Ra为0.1μm左右时,丁腈橡胶表现出较低的摩擦系数和材料磨耗,磨损表面呈现出典型的花纹磨损特征;而过高或过低的表面粗糙度下丁腈橡胶均表现出较高的摩擦系数和材料磨耗,其磨损机制以黏着磨损和疲劳磨损为主.     

表面黏附及表面输运的最新研究进展

表面黏附及表面输运作为典型的材料表面行为,已成为表面力学关注的重要课题及学科前沿,揭示该类表面效应的形成机制及其影响因素,对微纳米器件、微纳米传感器、微纳米传输、智能材料表面等创新设计具有重要的指导意义。本文针对表面黏附及表面输运两种典型的表面力学行为,综述了国内外在该方面的最新研究进展,主要介绍了作者课题组在该方面的最新工作及取得的成果,最后针对该方面研究提出未来工作展望。     

钢轨-磨石相互作用的摩擦学模拟试验研究

设计了新型钢轨打磨摩擦试验机,实现了钢轨-磨石相互作用的摩擦学模拟试验,研究了不同打磨参数下的钢轨-磨石界面的摩擦系数、表面粗糙度、磨损量及硬度等变化情况.结果表明:随磨石粒度增加,打磨钢轨表面粗糙度和磨损量呈减小趋势;增加磨石转速导致摩擦系数和表面粗糙度减小,打磨钢轨磨损量和表面硬度增加;随打磨压力增加,摩擦系数和表面粗糙度呈减小趋势,但磨损量和表面硬度增加;打磨钢轨表面存在明显的犁沟,随磨石粒度减小犁沟变宽;所设计钢轨打磨摩擦试验机可用来评价不同参数下钢轨-磨石界面相互作用的摩擦学行为.     

考虑界面粗糙度动态变化的点接触弹流润滑特性研究

针对点接触弹流润滑的粗糙度效应,建立了考虑表面粗糙度动态变化的点接触弹流润滑模型,实现了油膜厚度和压力分布的快速求解. 对点接触弹流润滑下的粗糙表面弹性变形进行了定性和定量研究,同时分析了表面均方根粗糙度、载荷、相对运动速度和滑滚比对最小膜厚和最大压力的影响,以及表面形貌动态变化对膜厚比的影响. 结果表明:形貌变化改变了弹流油膜和压力分布特性,相对于光滑表面,表面粗糙度总体上提高了最大接触压力、降低了最小膜厚,在轻载工况下表面粗糙度对油膜厚度的削弱更加显著,而不同速度下粗糙度的影响程度基本相同,呈现线性变化趋势,膜厚比随载荷增大呈现先增后减的变化趋势,并在530 MPa左右达到峰值.      

表面粗糙度对微细管内气体流动特性的影响

采用了表面粗糙度粘性系数模型对微细管内的气体流动进行数值模拟，以研究微管内壁表面粗糙度对微管内气体流动的影响。运用本文改进的表面粗糙度粘性系数模型，数值模拟与实验数据十分吻合。计算结果表明，进出口压力一定时，表面粗糙度对流场的压力、密度及温度分布的影响不大，但是对速度场的影响十分显著，表面粗糙度使气体流动速度减小，并使壁面附近的速度梯度减小，从而使通过管道的气体质量流量减小，在微管内的气体流动中，表面粗糙度的影响是不能被忽略的。     

冰雪运动雪上摩擦学与雪蜡研究现状

冬奥冰雪运动摩擦阻力影响运动健儿成绩,减少滑雪板与雪面之间摩擦阻力,有助于提升滑雪时的行进速度,提高运动员成绩排名. 研究冰雪表面摩擦学,有助于认识冰雪表面水润滑机理,为设计高性能滑雪板和雪蜡材料提供相关的研究基础. 因此,本文作者从冰雪表面摩擦学开始,简要介绍冰雪表面水润滑机理及影响冰雪表面摩擦学性能的影响因素,如环境参数(运动环境的温度/湿度)、雪基参数(雪面硬度、密度,雪面温度/湿度、冰晶大小、雪面污染物)、滑雪板基底参数及雪蜡的使用等;着重介绍了滑雪运动必备的材料-滑雪板减阻蜡的作用和分类,含氟雪蜡对人员环境的危害,雪蜡的选择与打蜡方式对雪板减阻性能的影响以及国内外现有的冰雪摩擦测试装置. 最后,对我国现有冰雪摩擦学基础研究,冰雪运动摩擦学及雪蜡材料的应用开发研究提出了几点建议和期望.      

基于表面粗糙度影响的摩擦声发射特性研究

接触表面粗糙度是影响摩擦的重要因素之一,而摩擦为复杂的动态过程,在线测量非常困难.为了研究表面粗糙度对摩擦的影响,利用声发射技术对不同粗糙度表面的摩擦过程进行了检测.研究结果表明：摩擦系数随着表面粗糙度的增大而增大,但当粗糙度增至一定程度时,摩擦系数随着表面粗糙度的增大而减小;声发射信号各参数（振铃计数、振幅、能量）随表面粗糙度的变化规律与摩擦系数随粗糙度的变化规律一致;声发射信号各参数与表面粗糙度存在密切的对应关系,因此,用声发射技术实时监测摩擦过程是可行的.     

三维激光扫描技术获取高精度DTM的应用研究

基于离心分离技术研制了微小力测试平台，测 试到蚂蚁在光滑玻璃上的水平吸附力可达40倍身体重量. 用扫描电子显微镜观察 了蚂蚁足的形态. 分析结果表明分泌液对吸附是很重要的，排除掉真空力、静电力等吸附机 制后，推断吸附力主要来源于由分泌液产生的垂直于表面方向的毛细作用力和平行 方向的黏性力. 用ANSYS分析表明垫子表面微褶皱可迅速排出液体. 这些研究可进 一步揭开昆虫的吸附机制.     

玻璃样品对表面对失效波萌生的影响

实验首次发现经过酸（5％HCl)处理的玻璃样品表面以及飞片表面粗糙度的变化均对失效液（failure wave)形成的载荷阈值有明显影响。这说明失效波的形成机制与玻璃样品表面固有微裂纹。碰撞瞬间由于样品表面与其内部力学性质差异导致的微裂纹形核、长大等因素有直接关系。从而对进一步研究失效波的萌生机制和建立相关理论模型提供重要的支持。     

Peeling behavior of a viscoelastic thin-film on a rigid substrate

In order to study the adhesion mechanism of a viscoelastic thin-film on a substrate, peeling experiment of a viscoelastic polyvinylchloride (PVC) thin-film on a rigid substrate (glass) is carried out. The effects of peeling rate, peeling angle, film thickness, surface roughness and the interfacial adhesive on the peel-off force are considered. It is found that both the viscoelastic properties of the film and the interfacial adhesive contribute to the rate-dependent peel-off force. For a fixed peeling rate, the peel-off force decreases with the increasing peeling angle. Increasing film thickness or substrate roughness leads to an increase of the peel-off force. Viscoelastic energy release rate in the present experiment can be further predicted by adopting a recently published theoretical model. It is shown that the energy release rate increases with the increase of peeling rates or peeling angles. The results in the present paper should be helpful for understanding the adhesion mechanism of a viscoelastic thin-film.     

Pulse laser ablation of ground glass

We have studied pulse laser ablation of ground glass surface. Ablation process in air and in vacuum has been observed by high speed framing camera. Burst of small fragments of glass has been observed in the present experiment, when ground glass surface is laser ablated through glass plate from rear side. Production of macro particles by laser ablation is an inherent characteristic of ground glass, and no similar phenomena have been observed in case of ablation of other transparent materials. By using ns-duration Nd:YAG laser of 100–400 mJ/pulse, observed maximum particle velocity ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 km/s. In order to understand the particle generation process, scanning electron micrograph observation of the ground surface in the region of no laser irradiation and also in the damaged region, has been made. Cleavage surface structure has been evidenced in the damaged surface area, which stems from plenty of micro cracks covering the virgin glass surface. Effects of surface roughness on the particle generation were studied by using ground glass of quartz with different surface roughness. Produced glass particles were captured in vacuum by a polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) plate. Size distribution was obtained by analysing the trapped particles on the PMMA plate and revealed that most probable particles size has almost no dependence on the initial surface roughness. Finally, we applied the phenomena to ignite pentaerithritoltetranitrate (PETN) powder explosive, and succeeded in igniting (PETN) powder only by laser ablation of ground glass.      

石墨氧化物分子沉积膜的制备及其摩擦学行为研究

采用分子沉积技术制备了石墨氧化物（GO）－聚二丙烯二甲铵（PDDA）多层超薄膜，用紫外和红外光谱对超薄膜的结构进行了分析，用原了力显微镜考察了薄膜的表面形貌及纳米摩擦学行为。结果表明：石墨氧化物分子沉积膜可以降低玻璃表面的摩擦系数；其摩擦系数随载荷增大而降低；该分子沉积薄膜良好的润滑性能归因于其较低的表面剪切强度。     

金刚石切削Soda-lime玻璃中的刀具磨损及其对工件表面粗糙度的影响

金刚石切削加工光学玻璃时,工件表面粗糙度与刀具磨损直接相关,为研究切削距离递增下的金刚石刀具磨损及其对工件加工表面粗糙度的影响,进行了Soda-lime玻璃金刚石切削的刀具磨损试验,并对刀具磨损形貌、后刀面磨损带的材料成份、工件的表面形貌及粗糙度进行了检测.结果表明:切削距离递增下的金刚石刀具前刀面磨损表现为平滑且均匀的月牙洼磨损,后刀面磨损表现为磨损带逐渐增大,且磨损带内有沿切削方向的微沟槽产生;切削距离未达到150 m时,工件表面粗糙度Rq、Ra及Rmax值始终低于32、25及300 nm,切削距离超过150 m后,工件表面粗糙度显著增大.机械摩擦作用、热化学作用及磨料磨损作用为导致金刚石刀具磨损的主要原因.     

Observations of shear adhesive force and friction of Blatta orientalis on different surfaces

The shear adhesive force of four non-climbing cockroaches (Blatta orientalis Linnaeus, 1758) was investigated by the use of a centrifugal machine, evaluating the shear safety factor (adhesion force divided by body weight) on six surfaces (steel, aluminium, copper, two sandpapers and a common paper sheet) having different roughness. The adhesive system of Blatta orientalis was characterized by means of a field emission scanning electron microscope and the surface roughness was determined by an atomic force microscope. The cockroach maximum shear safety factor, or apparent friction coefficient, is determined to be 12.1 on the less rough of the two sandpapers, while its minimum value is equal to 1.9 on the steel surface. A two-sample Student t analysis has been conducted in order to evaluate the significance of the differences among the obtained shear safety factors due to both roughness and chemistry. An interesting correlation between cockroach shear adhesion and surface roughness emerges with a threshold mechanism dictated by the competition between claw tip radius and roughness, indicating that the best adhesion is obtained for roughness larger than the claw tip radius.     

VIBRATION OF CANTILEVERS WITH ROUGH SURFACES

We study the effect of surface roughness on the resonance frequency of micro-cantilever sensors. The analysis demonstrates that surface roughness can enhance, decrease or even annul the effect of surface stress on the resonance frequency, depending on the surface inclination angle and the Poisson ratio of the coating film on the cantilever.     

偶件表面粗糙度对碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

在栓-盘摩擦磨损试验机上考察了干摩擦条件下偶件表面粗糙度对碳纤维增强尼龙（PA1010）复合材料摩擦学性能的影响,采用不迩显微镜观察分析了偶件表面转移膜的形貌。结果表明,碳纤维能够明显提高PA1010的耐磨性能,当碳纤维增强相的质量分数为10%和20%时,增强PA1010复合材料的磨损率比非增强PA1010的降低3～6倍。这是由于碳纤维起到了承载作用并具有较强的抗犁削能力所致,磨损表面形貌光学显微分析表明：磨损前后偶件表面形貌发生了明显的变化;当偶件表面粗糙度Ra处于0.11～0.13um范围内时,复合材料的摩损率最低;随Ra值的增大或减小微切削和转移膜疲劳脱落加剧致使复合材料的磨损率快速增大。     

Measuring the momentum flux of molecules reflected from a surface of given roughness in free molecule flow

The magnitude of the force transferred to a solid surface by reflected molecules in free molecule flow depends firstly on the mechanism of the interaction of the molecules and the element of the surface, or, more precisely, is determined by the velocity distribution function of the reflected molecules, and secondly on the collisions of the molecules with the irregularities of the surface, the number of which depends on the angles of inclination of the sides of these irregularities [1]. Thus, if the microrelief of a plate placed in a molecular flow is known, then certain information about the character of the interaction of the molecules and the surface element can be extracted from measurements of the force acting on it. The aim of this paper is the experimental study of the transfer of momentum by molecules reflected from a plate, depending on the degree of roughness of the surface. Most experimental studies of the transfer of momentum and energy between a flow of rarefied gas and a surface have been made with the aim of revealing the qualitative features of the influence of roughness on the interaction [2–5]. Quantitative estimates of the angles of inclination of the irregularities on test models have been given in very few papers [6–8]. An integral measure is proposed in [6] for estimating the roughness. This is the measure used in the present study.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 158–162, July–August, 1985.