冰雪运动雪上摩擦学与雪蜡研究现状

冬奥冰雪运动摩擦阻力影响运动健儿成绩，减少滑雪板与雪面之间摩擦阻力，有助于提升滑雪时的行进速度，提高运动员成绩排名. 研究冰雪表面摩擦学，有助于认识冰雪表面水润滑机理，为设计高性能滑雪板和雪蜡材料提供相关的研究基础. 因此，本文作者从冰雪表面摩擦学开始，简要介绍冰雪表面水润滑机理及影响冰雪表面摩擦学性能的影响因素，如环境参数(运动环境的温度/湿度)、雪基参数(雪面硬度、密度，雪面温度/湿度、冰晶大小、雪面污染物)、滑雪板基底参数及雪蜡的使用等；着重介绍了滑雪运动必备的材料-滑雪板减阻蜡的作用和分类，含氟雪蜡对人员环境的危害，雪蜡的选择与打蜡方式对雪板减阻性能的影响以及国内外现有的冰雪摩擦测试装置. 最后，对我国现有冰雪摩擦学基础研究，冰雪运动摩擦学及雪蜡材料的应用开发研究提出了几点建议和期望. 

Recent Research and Development of Snow Friction on Snowsports and Snow Wax

The friction resistance between snow and ski affects athletes’ score. Reducing the friction resistance will help to increase movement speed and improve ranking of athletes. The study of tribology of ice & snow surfaces is also helpful to reveal the water lubrication mechanism of ice and snow, as well as provide relevant research basis for design high performance ski and snow wax materials. So in this review, we started from the tribology and aqueous lubrication mechanism of ice & snow, and the influence factors, including environmental parameters (temperature and humidity), snow surface parameters (hardness & density, ice crystal size, pollutants), ski parameters (ski material, surface structure and roughness) and the use of ski wax, etc, that affect ice & snow friction were discussed. Then, the ski wax, the essential material in ski sport, was introduced in detailed. The function and classification of snow wax, the hazard of fluorinated wax to human and environment, the usage and waxing process of snow wax were discussed. And some ice &snow friction test equipment, including the online measure device in outdoor ski field and snow & ice friction tester in laboratory were introduced. Finally, some suggestions and prospects were put forward for the basic & applied research on the ice & snow friction and the development and application of snow wax materials.