有机氧化还原液流电池的研究进展

氧化还原液流电池（简称液流电池）是一种正在积极研制开发的新型大容量电化学储能装置,其活性物质是流动的电解质溶液,最显著的特点是规模化蓄电. 在广泛利用可再生能源的呼声高涨形势下,可以预见液流电池将迎来一个快速发展的时期. 氧化还原活性物质是液流电池能源转化的载体,也是液流电池中最核心的部分.传统液流电池利用无机材料作为活性物质,然而,无机材料成本高、毒性、资源有限、形成枝晶和电化学活性低等缺点限制了液流电池的大规模应用. 有机活性物质由于具有成本低、“绿色”、资源丰富、分子能级易于调节和电化学反应快等优点,引起了国内外的广泛关注. 近年来,有机液流电池的性能得到快速提升,一系列有机活性物质相继被开发出来. 本文梳理了近年来有机液流电池的研究进展. 首先简要介绍了液流电池的应用领域和技术特点;然后根据电解液种类的不同,详细讨论了有机活性物质在水系和非水系液流电池的应用情况;最后展望了有机液流电池走向实际应用所面临的挑战和潜在研究方向.     

可规模储能的沉积型单液流电池研究进展

与全钒等双液流电池相比,沉积型单液流电池不使用离子交换膜等昂贵材料,结构简化,比能量提高,适合于不同规模的储能场合,研究渐多.本文介绍了沉积型单液流电池的原理与特点及其结构组成,以笔者实验室工作为主,综述了各沉积型单液流电池新体系的研究进展及存在的问题,并指出目前单液流电池待解决的问题是高比容量、高稳定性电极材料和电堆...     

全钒液流电池储能技术开发与应用进展

大规模储能技术是实现大规模可再生能源普及应用和支撑智能电网建设的核心技术. 全钒液流电池（Vanadium Flow Battery, VFB）因其寿命长、安全性好、配置灵活、响应速度快、建设周期短、对环境影响低等突出优势,成为大规模电化学储能技术的首选. 美、日、欧等发达国家都在积极推动大型全钒液流电池技术和装备的研发. 本文重点介绍了由大连融科储能技术发展有限公司和中科院大连化学物理研究所开发的集装箱式全钒液流电池系统的测试结果,对迄今全球最大规模的5 MW/10 MWh全钒液流电池系统的运行情况进行了总结,最后指出通过进一步技术开发与规模化生产,降低其成本、提高其可靠性和电化学性能,是全钒液流电池技术和产业发展的主要方向.     

无机水系液流电池研究

液流电池具有安全性高、循环寿命长以及环境友好等优势,被认为是大规模储能技术的首选技术之一,能够解决太阳能、风能等可再生能源发电不连续、不稳定的瓶颈问题,推动可再生能源的大规模应用,助力碳达峰、碳中和目标的实现。其中无机水系液流电池具有能量效率高、循环性能稳定、技术成熟等优势,是目前工程应用最为广泛的液流电池。本文介绍了无机水系液流电池的技术现状及其示范应用情况,系统阐述了新型无机水系液流电池的原理、技术现状及其挑战,同时对无机水系液流电池未来的技术创新与突破进行了展望,为无机水系液流电池的发展指明了方向。     

铈锌液流电池的研究进展

铈锌氧化还原液流电池与其它液流电池相比,具有电压高、原材料资源丰富和价格便宜等优点,在储能方面具有很大的应用发展潜力。 本文总结了铈锌液流电池的研究进展,特别是对电解液的发展进行了重点总结,并指出了今后铈锌液流电池研究的发展方向。     

液流储能电池技术研究进展

液流储能电池技术是一种高效、大规模电化学储能技术,在风能、太阳能等可再生能源发电、智能电网建设等方面有着广阔的应用前景。本文重点对全钒、多硫化钠-溴和锌-溴液流储能电池的工作原理、特点、国内外研究现状及发展趋势进行了综述,并对其他探索性液流储能电池体系进行了介绍。提出了制约液流储能电池技术发展瓶颈问题,展望了液流储能电池未来发展趋势。     

全钒液流单电池充放电行为及特性研究

建立具有外置双饱和甘汞参比电极及双液流电池的实验装置系统.使用该装置可在同一时刻同时测定小型液流单电池充放电时的电池电压、电池正负极电位及正负极开路电位,进而计算充放电过程电池的欧姆内阻降(iR)及其正负极过电位.以石墨毡为电极、Nafion 117作隔膜的全钒液流单电池,在60 mA.cm-2电流密度下,每一充放电循环的平均iR降约占总电压损耗的74%,表明该电池的电压效率受制于电池的欧姆内阻.充放电曲线显示,电池放电终点之所以出现主要是由于电池负极电位在放电末期的快速上升而引起的.本文设计的全钒单电池于60 mA.cm-2下工作时,其电压及能量效率分别达89%和85%,表明该电池结构合理,且石墨毡是钒电池合适的电极材料.     

石墨基液流电池复合双极板

液流电池是一种安全性高、使用寿命长、可扩展的大规模储能系统,可以协助电网调峰储能,提高能源利用率,发展前景广阔。双极板是液流电池的重要组成部分。功能上起到了分隔、串联电池、传导电流、为电堆提供结构支撑等作用。从成本构成角度看,双极板的价格占电堆成本的比重也较大。开发高性能、低成本的双极板对加快液流电池的商业化应用具有重要意义,也是目前业界的迫切需求。虽然文献上报道了许多针对液流电池双极板开发的工作,但是目前高性能、低成本的液流电池双极板产品仍无法充分满足市场需求。本文着重介绍了石墨基复合双极板的研究现状,介绍了材料选择、工艺流程对关键性能的影响,对相关工作进行了评述,并为液流电池双极板的开发提出了建议。     

提升液流电池能量密度的策略

液流电池因为具有高储能效率,低成本,以及可解耦的能源储存和功率输出设计,被广泛认为是适用于大型储能的首选技术。但是长期以来,液流电池在电网中的大规模部署一直受限于现有的金属基活性材料的高成本和较低的储能密度。因其潜在的低成本,丰富的原材料来源,高度可调的分子结构,具有氧化还原活性的有机分子作为潜在的液流电池活性材料,受到越来越多的关注。本文首先介绍了液流电池的工作机制,以提升非水系有机液流电池的储能密度的策略为重点,总结了非水系液流电池中有机活性材料的研究进展。并讨论了这些策略存在的问题和未来的发展方向。     

TEMPO及其衍生物在有机液流电池体系中的应用

氧化还原液流电池是一类循环效率高、性质可调控的拥有广阔前景的储能体系。相比无机液流电池体系,以TEMPO及其衍生物作为氧化还原活性材料的有机液流电池,具有成本较低、电压较高、可逆性好、结构可调等优势。本文综述了以TEMPO及其衍生物作为氧化还原活性材料的有机液流电池的研究进展,介绍了相关的实验方法、提出了未来的研究方向。     

Metal coordination complexes in nonaqueous redox flow batteries

The ongoing search for new electroactive materials for next-generation redox flow batteries has within the last decade encompassed metal–ligand coordination chemistry. Here, we review the handful of metal coordination complexes proposed as redox flow battery electrolytes. We highlight examples with careful ligand design, driving research towards higher energy density storage materials. Metal coordination complexes designed to be highly soluble not only in the initial redox state but also in all charged states accessed during the battery cycle give particularly impressive performances. Optimisation of flow cell conditions for metal coordination complexes remains largely unexplored, with most complexes screened in nonideal H-cell experiments with little investigation into membrane and electrode materials.     

Direct Solar Charging of an Organic–Inorganic,Stable, and Aqueous Alkaline Redox Flow Battery with a Hematite Photoanode

The intermittent nature of the sunlight and its increasing contribution to electricity generation is fostering the energy storage research. Direct solar charging of an auspicious type of redox flow battery could make solar energy directly and efficiently dispatchable. The first solar aqueous alkaline redox flow battery using low cost and environmentally safe materials is demonstrated. The electrolytes consist of the redox couples ferrocyanide and anthraquinone‐2,7‐disulphonate in sodium hydroxide solution, yielding a standard cell potential of 0.74 V. Photovoltage enhancement strategies are demonstrated for the ferrocyanide‐hematite junction by employing an annealing treatment and growing a layer of a conductive polyaniline polymer on the electrode surface, which decreases electron–hole recombination.     

Direct Solar Charging of an Organic–Inorganic,Stable, and Aqueous Alkaline Redox Flow Battery with a Hematite Photoanode

The intermittent nature of the sunlight and its increasing contribution to electricity generation is fostering the energy storage research. Direct solar charging of an auspicious type of redox flow battery could make solar energy directly and efficiently dispatchable. The first solar aqueous alkaline redox flow battery using low cost and environmentally safe materials is demonstrated. The electrolytes consist of the redox couples ferrocyanide and anthraquinone‐2,7‐disulphonate in sodium hydroxide solution, yielding a standard cell potential of 0.74 V. Photovoltage enhancement strategies are demonstrated for the ferrocyanide‐hematite junction by employing an annealing treatment and growing a layer of a conductive polyaniline polymer on the electrode surface, which decreases electron–hole recombination.     

Treated carbon felt as electrode material in vanadium redox flow batteries: a study of the use of carbon nanotubes as electrocatalyst

Electrodes for large-scale usage in vanadium redox flow battery are usually fabricated without any electrocatalyst due to the lack of good, viable options. The best performance is achieved of carbon-based materials. Recently, some researchers have been reported regarding the use of carbon nanotube as the electrocatalyst in the vanadium redox flow batteries. However, these researches have been carried out without making any comparison between the performance of the traditional method and the carbon nanotube electrocatalyst. In the present study, the loading of multi-walled carbon nanotube, the acid–heat treatment, and their combination were used to modify the carbon felt electrode to be applied in the vanadium redox flow battery. The obtained results showed better electrochemical properties for acid–heat-treated carbon felt electrode compared to the carbon nanotube-loaded one. The best electrode was obtained for using in a vanadium redox flow battery in terms of electrochemical and surface properties after applying a combination of two modification strategies. Applying this proposed method in modification of the carbon felt electrode increased its hydrophilicity more than 17 times and its capability to absorb VOSO₄ solution more than eight times. Also, the charge transfer resistance of a modified electrode, by the combination of the carbon nanotube and the acid–heat treatment, significantly decreased in both positive and negative poles of vanadium redox flow battery. Consequently, the exchange current density enhanced more than 100- and 175-fold in positive and negative poles, respectively, in comparison with carbon felt electrode.     

Radical Compatibility with Nonaqueous Electrolytes and Its Impact on an All‐Organic Redox Flow Battery

Nonaqueous redox flow batteries hold the promise of achieving higher energy density because of the broader voltage window than aqueous systems, but their current performance is limited by low redox material concentration, cell efficiency, cycling stability, and current density. We report a new nonaqueous all‐organic flow battery based on high concentrations of redox materials, which shows significant, comprehensive improvement in flow battery performance. A mechanistic electron spin resonance study reveals that the choice of supporting electrolytes greatly affects the chemical stability of the charged radical species especially the negative side radical anion, which dominates the cycling stability of these flow cells. This finding not only increases our fundamental understanding of performance degradation in flow batteries using radical‐based redox species, but also offers insights toward rational electrolyte optimization for improving the cycling stability of these flow batteries.     

Membranes and separators for redox flow batteries

Ion-exchange membranes are performance- and cost-relevant components of redox flow batteries. Currently used materials are largely ‘borrowed’ from other applications that have different functional requirements. The trend toward higher current densities and the complex transport phenomena of the different species in flow batteries need to be taken into consideration for the design of next-generation membrane/separator materials. In this article, the key requirements and current development trends for membranes and separators for the vanadium redox flow battery are highlighted and discussed.     

水系锌离子二次电池锌负极的研究进展

锌离子二次电池具有优异的充放电性能、高功率密度和能量密度、低成本、高安全性和环境友好的特点,极具发展前景。金属锌,因优异的导电性、低的平衡电势、高的理论比容量和低成本等因素,是水系二次电池中理想的负极材料,然而也存在着枝晶生长、腐蚀和钝化等问题,限制了锌离子二次电池的可逆容量和循环寿命,通过优化调节锌负极的形貌与表面修饰等方法可以提高电池性能。本文综述了水系锌离子二次电池负极材料的研究进展,涵盖了金属锌负极、复合锌负极和锌合金,且展望了锌负极的发展前景。     

全钒氧化还原液流电池中电极材料的研究评述

全钒氧化还原液流电池是一种新型的蓄电池 ,较之传统蓄电池有许多的优点 ,本文介绍了钒电池中的两类电极材料 (金属类和复合类 )的发展情况     

Quinone based conducting redox polymers for electrical energy storage

Conducting redox polymers (CRPs) constitute a promising class of materials for the development of organic matter based batteries with the potential to overcome the main limitations connected to this type of rechargeable battery systems including low conductivity and dissolution problems. In this report we show that the potential of quinones can be effectively tuned into the conducting region of polypyrrole (PPy), both in water based solutions and in acetonitrile, which is a prerequisite for profitable combination of the two units. We also present a device where both anode and cathode are made from PPy substituted with different quinone pendant groups and where good rate performance is achieved without any conductivity additives thus providing support for the hypothesized synergetic effect of a conducting polymer backbone and a covalently attached redox active pendant group. This device constitutes, to the best of our knowledge, the first all-CRP based battery reported to date.