碳纳米粒子悬浮液光限幅性能数值模拟

碳纳米粒子悬浮液具有良好的光限幅性质,是一种优良的宽波段光限幅材料。通过热传导方程和米氏散射理论建立了微气泡半径与入射光能量、碳纳米粒子悬浮液散射系数和透过率的理论模型。采用Matlab数值模拟了散射系数随微气泡尺寸因子的变化关系,碳纳米粒子悬浮液光限幅性能随入射光能量的变化规律。研究了气泡尺寸因子、入射激光能量以及波长对碳纳米粒子悬浮液光限幅特性的影响。研究发现当激光能量达到一定值时,微气泡的半径保持恒定,不再随入射激光能量的增加而增加。微气泡尺寸的增大对碳纳米粒子悬浮液的透过率有着显著的影响。同时,碳纳米粒子悬浮液对不同入射光波长和光能表现出不同的光限幅性能。研究结果为实验研究提供了理论指导。     

PVP/洛美沙星-铽纳米粒子微波合成及其荧光特性研究

以PVP为表面修饰剂,用微波合成法制备了粒径分布均匀性能稳定的洛美沙星-铽(LELX-Tb3 )纳米粒子,用扫描电镜、红外光谱和荧光光谱进行了表征.重点分析了PVP的引入对洛美沙星-铽纳米粒子的粒径分布、粒子形貌、红外光谱和荧光光谱的影响,发现PVP修饰后的洛美沙星-铽纳米粒子具有更均匀的尺寸分布,荧光发射峰强度增强;确证了PVP的用量是制备洛美沙星-铽纳米粒子的一个重要因素;探讨了PVP对LFLX-Tb3 荧光的增敏机理.     

草酸钙结石患者尿液中纳米级和微米级晶体研究

尿液中存在的微晶与尿石症的形成密切相关。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、纳米粒度仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了20位草酸钙结石患者尿液中纳米级和微米级晶体的组分、形貌和Zeta电位,并与结石组分进行了比较。结果表明,草酸钙结石中常常含有少量共生的尿酸、磷酸钙和磷酸铵镁;而草酸钙结石患者的尿微晶组分主要为尿酸、磷酸盐和草酸钙等,晶体棱角尖锐,尺寸不一,从几十纳米到几十微米不等,并且有明显的团聚现象。20位草酸钙结石患者的尿纳米晶体的Zeta电位平均值为-5.92 mV,明显高于20位健康对照者尿纳米晶体的Zeta电位(平均值-12.9 mV);相比之下,结石患者尿液pH值(平均值为6.03)则与健康对照者(平均值5.92)没有明显差异。利用现代仪器分析方法分析尿液微晶与尿石组分的关系,可为临床上对症下药,制定预防与治疗措施提供重要的依据。     

尿液中的纳米晶体组分及其对草酸钙结石形成的影响

采用高分辨率透射电子显微镜、选区电子衍射、能谱分析和X射线衍射对草酸钙(CaOx)结石患者尿液中纳米晶体的组分进行了准确分析。这些技术检测到一水草酸钙(COM)、尿酸(UA)和磷酸钙(CaP)的存在,能谱分析检测到大量C,O,Ca和少量N和P等元素,表明尿纳米晶体的主要组分是COM,并含有少量的尿酸和磷酸盐。电子显微镜观察到CaOx结石患者尿纳米晶体的粒径主要分布在几十纳米,其结果与Scherer公式计算相符。采用不同孔径的微孔滤膜(0.45,1.2和3 μm)将尿液过滤后,得到的尿微晶衍射峰的数量随着滤膜孔径的增加而增加,表明尿微晶的种类增加。CaOx尿石的形成过程涉及尿液晶体的成核、生长、团聚和与细胞的粘附等过程。尿液中大量纳米COM晶体的存在是草酸钙结石形成的重要原因。纳米UA,CaP晶体能够作为晶巢促进草酸钙结石的形成。     

聚丙烯胺稳定铜纳米粒子的制备及其SERS活性研究

报道了聚丙烯胺稳定的球形和棒状铜纳米粒子的制备方法。在水溶液中空气条件下,通过水合肼还原二价铜离子到铜纳米粒子。聚丙烯胺的作用除稳定粒子防止聚集外,也可使粒子分散在水溶液中。该法的优点是在室温下,无需惰性气体保护,即可制备水溶液中分散的铜纳米粒子。紫外光谱和透射电镜监测了铜纳米粒子的生长过程。发现氢氧化钠的用量,聚丙烯胺浓度,反应时间等因素都影响到铜纳米粒子的组成,尺寸,形貌和聚集程度。氢氧化钠用量决定了制备粒子的组成成分是铜或氧化亚铜。所制备的球形铜纳米粒子表现出优良的表面增强拉曼散射活性。     

氟氧化物微晶玻璃散射效率的研究

本文利用离散偶极子近似[1](Discrete Dipole Approximation,简称DDA),从理论上系统地探究了氟氧化物微晶玻璃纳米微晶的尺寸、周围介质折射率和多粒子周期性排布结构对散射效率的影响,提出降低微晶玻璃散射效率的有效途径,成功解释了氟氧化物微晶玻璃中的"超透明"现象。     

利用低相干光纤动态光散射法测量浓悬浮液中多分散颗粒粒径分布

本文针对高浓度散射介质,用低相干光纤动态光散射技术测量浓悬浮液中多分散颗粒系的粒径及其粒径分布。利用迭代CONTIN算法对实验数据进行反演运算,得到多分散颗粒系的粒径分布结果。结果表明,浓悬浮液中多分散颗粒系的峰值粒径测量值与给定的两种标准粒径值相吻合,其误差在4%之内,粒径分布曲线中各散射颗粒所反映的散射体光强分布与根据Mie散射计算得到的理论值相吻合。实验结果证明低相干光纤动态光散射实验系统能准确测量浓悬浮液中多分散颗粒粒径及粒径分布。     

表面增强拉曼光谱快速检测尿液中的尿酸

表面增强拉曼光谱是一种表面灵敏度极高的“指纹”光谱技术,检测限可达单分子级别。它可以实现痕量物质的特异性识别及快速、无损检测,广泛应用于生命科学、电化学、环境安全等领域以及人们的日常生活中。通过种子生长法成功地实现了形貌均匀、尺寸可调的球形金纳米粒子的制备,并以此作为增强基底进一步探索其粒径对尿酸拉曼谱峰强度的影响。结果表明,金纳米粒子的尺寸显著影响其拉曼增强能力。在研究范围内,随着金纳米粒子尺寸的增加,其拉曼增强能力逐渐增加。在激光波长为638 nm时,150 nm的金纳米粒子具有最优的拉曼增强能力。这使得它们可适用于尿酸溶液的快速高灵敏度分析,检测限可达0.01 mmol·L-1。进一步的研究还表明,该方法可用于痕量尿酸的定量检测。在0.01～0.5 mmol·L-1范围内,尿酸的浓度与其特征拉曼峰640 cm-1处的峰强度之间呈线性关系,线性相关系数达0.98。将该方法用于真实样品(正常人体尿液)的快速检测,发现该方法不受尿液中其他成分的干扰,可以实现人体尿液中尿酸含量的快速测定。研究结果表明,以金纳米粒子作为基底的表面增强拉曼光谱方法可方便、快速地对尿液中尿酸的含量进行分析,极大地拓展了表面增强拉曼光谱在临床上的应用与研究。     

溶液电火花法制备Ag—TiO2纳米级复相超细粉及其光学性质

首次报道采用溶液电火花制备Ａｇ－ＴｉＯ２纳米级复相超细粉,ＸＲＤ和ＴＥＭ分析表明,所得产物可是金红石相也可是锐钛矿相,粒径分布均匀,一般在５￣２０ｎｍ内,超细粉经超声重新分散后所得纳米粒子的ＴＥＭ像指出,许多粒子是由金属Ａｇ粒子和ＴｉＯ２粒子互相粘连构成葫芦状混合复相纳米结构,显示有比涂层修饰粒子略有减弱的增强激光拉曼散射（ＳＥＲＳ）效应和相应的光学性质。讨论了含有Ａｇ涂层的复合ＴｉＯ２粒子与纯Ｔ     

脉冲激光沉积纳米硅晶粒流体模型的推广

Yoshida等人提出的惯性流体模型只能解释脉冲激光烧蚀制备纳米硅晶粒平均尺寸随环境气压的变化规律.在此模型基础上,考虑到烧蚀粒子的初始速度分布(Maxwell分布),得到了纳米硅晶粒尺寸分布的解析表达式,数值模拟结果与Yoshida等人在不同环境氦气压下制备样品的晶粒尺寸分布的实验统计数据基本相符.还利用修正后的模型对不同环境气体种类(氦、氖、氩)中制备的纳米Si晶粒尺寸分布进行了模拟,模拟结果与实验数据相符.结论可为实现纳米硅晶粒尺寸的均匀可控提供理论依据. 关键词： 纳米硅晶粒 脉冲激光烧蚀 惯性流体模型 尺寸分布     

CdS半导体超微粒样品光谱性质的研究

纳米尺度的半导体超微粒在线性和非线性光学方面表现出来的奇特性质使其成为研究和开发新的功能材料的热点。成键为 S、P轨道的 - 族金属硫化物半导体 ,电子结构和晶体结构均较为简单 ,结晶性能好 -界面无序结构少 ,在纳米尺度上其结构仍与体相材料近似 ,因此 ,成为研究量子尺寸效应的理想材料。本文对采用化学微乳液法合成的 Cd S半导体超微粒的光谱性质进行了研究 ,实验结果显示 ,Cd S超微粒样品的吸收光谱的带边与体相相比发生了蓝移 ;从吸收光谱中可以看到 ,Cd S超微粒样品的吸收边随粒径减少而向短波方向移动。拉曼光谱的电子—— L O声子耦合在粒子尺寸 2 .4- 2 .9nm范围内与粒子尺寸无关     

Size dependence of mechanical properties of gold at the sub-micron scale

The results of both experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that crystals exhibit strong size effects at the sub-micron scale. In experimental studies, the size effects are usually explained by strain gradients. By contrast, atomistic simulations suggest that the yield strength depends on the size even without strain gradients and scales with the sample size through a power relationship. Here we address these two different approaches to the size dependence of mechanical properties. Results of uniaxial compression experiments on gold single crystals at the sub-micron scale, without significant stress/strain gradients, are presented. The free-standing single-crystal Au cylinders are created by focused ion beam machining and are subsequently compressed using a nanoindenter fitted with a diamond flat punch. Compressive stresses and strains, as well as pillar stiffnesses, are determined from the test data. The experiments show that the flow stresses of these pillars increase significantly with decreasing pillar diameter, reaching several GPa for the smallest pillars. These high strengths appear to be controlled by dislocation starvation, which is unique to small crystals. PACS 68.60.Bs An erratum to this article is available at .     

Size and compositionally controlled manganese ferrite nanoparticles with enhanced magnetization

The effects of solvents on the anatase crystallite size prepared by sol–gel microwave-assisted solvothermal method were investigated in this study. Eight different alcohol solvents classified into two groups, i.e. primary and secondary/ternary alcohols, were used as reaction media and the effects of solvent properties, such as dielectric constant, boiling point, and internal pressure during the solvothermal process, on the crystallite size and shape were analyzed. According to the experimental results, selecting the solvent type allowed not only the alteration of the crystallite size but also the crystallite shape without the need of any additives. The boiling point of solvent was determined as the major factor influencing the crystallite size. Among the solvents with similar boiling points, the solvent with a higher carbon number produced the smaller crystallite size because of steric hindrance effect. In addition, the carboxyl groups dissociated from the alcohol solvent can play a role as a structural capping agent to retard the anatase crystal growth along the [001] direction and led to a rectangular crystallite shape with preferred development in {001} facets. On the other hand, the alcoholysis reaction was found easily occurred between the primary alcohol and isopropoxide that effectively limited the hydrolysis and condensation processes but also suppressed the structural capping effect. Therefore, the anatase crystals prepared in the primary alcohols became exceptionally small and showed spherical shape. Finally, the anatase crystals prepared using isopropanol demonstrated the highest photocatalytic activity due to its evident preferred crystallization in the {001} facets.     

Size effect in isometric PbTiO3 crystals

The phase transitions Pm3m⇄P4mm and domain-structure formation in 5–500 μm isometric PbTiO₃ crystals were investigated. The phase transition is characterized by a high rate and by the formation of a single flat interphase boundary {023}. A size effect was observed: In crystals smaller than a critical size (about 20 μm), formation of 90° domains stops and, in agreement with a phenomenological theory, the temperature hysteresis of the phase transition doubles. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 1546–1547 (August 1998)     

尿酸结石患者尿液中的微晶组分及其与结石形成的关系

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、纳米粒度仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了10例尿酸结石患者尿微晶的组分、Zeta电位、形貌及其与尿酸结石形成的关系.结果表明,尿酸结石患者的尿pH值较低,大都在4.8～5.7之间;尿微晶的主要成分为尿酸.其粒度分布很不均匀,从几纳米到几十微米不等,并有聚集现象.相比健康对照者尿纳米微品的Zeta电位(-10.1mV),尿酸结石患者的Zeta电位负值更小(-6.02 mV).对这些患者进行药物治疗(服用柠檬酸钾)后,尿pH可上升到6.5左右,此时尿液中的大部分尿酸转变为溶解度显著增加的尿酸盐,因此,尿酸结石形成的危险性显著降低.本文结果表明,尿石组分、尿微晶组分及尿pH三者之间存在密切的联系.     

A Comparative Study of Various Size Distribution

One of the major product specifications of a crystalline material is the crystal size distribution (CSD). In order to monitor and control the CSD in an industrial crystallization process, on‐line sensors are required. Over the years, a number of techniques to measure the CSD have been established. In this paper, three instruments operated in an on‐line fashion and an off‐line method are compared. The instruments were the OPUS, a HELOS/VARIO (both manufactured by Sympatec) and a Malvern 2600c (manufactured by Malvern). They were implemented on an 1100‐l evaporative draft tube baffle (DTB) crystallizer producing ammonium sulfate crystals from aqueous solution. Samples from this crystallizer were also analyzed offline by wet sieving. The results show reasonably good agreement between the different on‐line techniques and the wet sieving technique concerning the shape of the distribution. However, there is a discrepancy regarding the absolute values, which can be explained by the fact that the techniques used are based on different measuring principles.     

Size effects on the magnetic properties of fine Fe-Cr particles

The magnetic and structural properties of Fe_1003−xCr_x ultrafine particles with x = 5–20 have been studied as a function of particle size. Particles with a size in the range of 80–360 Å were prepared by gas evaporation under argon atmosphere. The particles with smaller diameter had a high coercivity at low temperatures and showed a stronger temperature dependence of coercivity. The x = 20 particles with a size 80 Å had a coercivity about 2100 Oe at 10 K with a superparamagnetic blocking temperature about 150 K. Mössbauer spectra showed the presence of Fe-Cr, -Fe and Fe-oxide components in the bigger particles, and Fe-Cr and Fe-oxides in the smaller particles. The coercivity at low temperatures increased with decreasing particle size and this was attributed to the higher percentage of Fe-oxide on the surface of the smaller particles. This interpretation was further supported by the temperature dependence of coercivity of Fe–Cr particles sandwiched between two Ag films.     

中纬度卷云中冰晶形状浓度分布的研究

在中纬度卷云冰晶双峰厂分布的基础上,对不同温度下的冰晶粒子的分布进行了计算,得到中纬度卷云的浓度分布谱。计算结果表明：在-15～-55℃时,在所有形状的冰晶粒子中,卷云的散射特性主要由柱状和子弹玫瑰状的冰晶粒子决定,柱状冰晶粒子含量随温度的降低而增加,而板状和子弹玫瑰状则减少。     

Size effect during two-particle agglomeration: Results of molecular dynamics simulation

The microscopic mechanisms controlling the atomic rearrangements during agglomeration of Ni particles 3 to 7 nm in size at temperatures T = 0.6–0.95 T _m have been studied by the molecular dynamics method. Pentagonally twinned crystals were obtained as a result of coalescence for the disorientations corresponding to special Σ11 and Σ27 large-angle boundaries.     

Size distribution of metallic colloids in alkali halide single crystals

The size distribution of Ag colloids in KCl single crystals reported by Jain and Arora is compared with the predictions of a theoretical model proposed by the authors.