Nonlinear time-dependent simulation of helix traveling wave tubes

A one-dimensional nonlinear time-dependent theory for helix traveling wave tubes is studied. A generalized electromagnetic field is applied to the expression of the radio frequency field. To simulate the variations of the high frequency structure, such as the pitch taper and the effect of harmonics, the spatial average over a wavelength is substituted by a time average over a wave period in the equation of the radio frequency field. Under this assumption, the space charge field of the electron beam can be treated by a space charge wave model along with the space charge coefficient. The effects of the radio frequency and the space charge fields on the electrons are presented by the equations of the electron energy and the electron phase. The time-dependent simulation is compared with the frequency-domain simulation for a helix TWT, which validates the availability of this theory.     

螺旋线行波管注波互作用时域理论

研究了螺旋线行波管中电子注与高频场互作用的时域理论.电子对场的作用由高频场方程和空间电荷场方程模拟,场对电子注的作用由运动方程模拟.在螺旋导电面模型下利用安培环路定理和法拉第电磁感应定律得到了时域高频场方程.利用空间电荷波模型处理空间电荷场,得到了空间电荷场方程.将高频场和空间电荷场代入洛伦兹力方程,得到了运动方程.利用耦合阻抗处理高频场方程的激励源,使得高频场方程的求解能够借助诸如HFSS或HFCS等高频模拟软件来实现,增强了时域理论的灵活性.基于上述理论,编写软件数值模拟某螺旋线行波管,验证了时域理论的可行性.     

等离子体加载螺旋线行波管特性研究

利用线性场理论和螺旋线的导电面模型，推导了在强引导磁场下，等离子体加载螺旋线慢波结构的色散关系.数值计算了在不同的等离子体填充密度与填充半径条件下，螺旋线的色散特性、耦合阻抗和行波管的小信号增益.研究发现，在螺旋线中填充了等离子体以后，形成了一种新的混合模式，螺旋线的色散特性与耦合阻抗都发生了很大的变化，行波管的增益得到显著提高. 关键词： 螺旋线行波管 等离子体 混合模式     

Field theory of a traveling wave tube amplifier with a tape helix

A self-consistent relativistic field theory for a helix traveling wave tube (TWT) is presented for a configuration in which a magnetized pencil beam propagates through a tape helix enclosed with a loss-free well. A linear analysis of the interaction is solved subject to the boundary conditions imposed by the beam, helix, and wall. The wave equation for the fields within the electron beam corresponds to the Appleton-Hartree magnetoionic wave modes that are of mixed electrostatic/electromagnetic polarization. Hence, the determinantal dispersion equation that is obtained implicitly includes beam space-charge effects without recourse to a heuristic model of the space-charge field. This dispersion equation includes azimuthal variations and all spatial harmonics of the tape helix. Solutions that correspond to both the extraordinary (X) and ordinary (O ) solutions for the Appleton-Hartree modes are found numerically     

Relations Between Focusing Power of Space-Charge Lenses and External Electromagnetic Fields

Under different external electromagnetic fields,the electron densities of the electron cloud in a self-sustaining space-charge lens are measured with the radio-frequency method and the energy distributions of the ions produced in ionization are measured with the stopping field method.From them the relations between the focusing power of space-charge lenses and the external electromagnetic fields are determined.The available region of the Lebedev-Morozov formula is discussed.     

磁化等离子体填充螺旋线的色散方程

利用等离子体流体理论和纵向场分量法，结合螺旋线的导电面模型，对在有限磁场作用下，填充等离子体的螺旋线进行了严格的场分析. 在给出各区域电磁场分量表达式的基础上，利用螺旋线的边界条件，导出了磁化等离子体填充螺旋线中电磁波传播所满足的色散方程，并对所导出的色散方程进行了讨论. 关键词： 有限磁场 等离子体 螺旋线 色散方程     

亚波长间距理想导体球阵列近区时间反演电磁场的快速求解

为快速求解亚波长间距分布的理想导体球阵列近区的时间反演电磁场,提出一种基于等效偶极子模型的解析分析方法.首先,通过分析球面波照射理想导体小球的散射场解析解发现,散射场可以近似等效为电磁偶极子辐射场的叠加.等效偶极子的强度与初始激励源的幅度成正比关系.通过建立不同小球等效偶极子矢量间的耦合方程组可以直接求解得到相应矢量的大小.然后,结合时间反演腔理论得到相应的时间反演并矢格林函数,继而得到小球阵列近区的时间反演场分布.最后,通过与数值仿真软件的计算结果进行对比,验证了方法的正确性及高效性.研究表明,时间反演技术结合近场亚波长间距小散射体加载能够实现超分辨率的场聚焦.     

基于行波管螺旋导电面模型的空间电荷场研究

通过分析行波管螺旋导电面模型中的电磁场，给出了色散和耦合阻抗计算公式，并深入研究了非线性理论中的空间电荷降低因子.结果表明，螺旋导电面模型相对理想导电圆筒中的空间电荷降低因子在较高频段变化不大.空间电荷降低因子的变化反映了螺旋线外电磁场对电子注的作用，同样的慢波结构，较高频率的电磁场应有较大的影响.因此，使用螺旋导电面模型在较高频段计算空间电荷降低因子是不合适的. 关键词： 行波管 非线性 螺旋导电面 空间电荷降低因子 色散 耦合阻抗     

等离子体填充带状螺旋线的色散方程

利用线性场理论和螺旋线的导带模型，对填充等离子体的带状螺旋线进行了严格的场分析.在给出各区域电磁场分量表达式的基础上，利用螺旋带的边界条件，导出了等离子填充带状螺旋线中电磁波传播的色散方程. 关键词： 等离子体 带状螺旋线 色散方程     

Theoretical research on the performance of a practical helix travelling wave tube

On the basis of a rigorous field theory, two different physical models of attenuator and sever have been proposed. One is named High attenuation （HATT） model in which both attenuator and sever are considered as a unified attenuator, but the sever is regarded as an area of very high loss; the other is called Sever and attenuator （SATT） model in which the sever is modelled as a drift area in which the electric and magnetic fields both vanish. A complex function is derived and potential sinking effect is also considered. Thus, a set of more practical self-consistent equations of nonlinear beam-wave interaction is formulated. Simulations are carried out under the conditions of the two different physical models, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental data. The results show that in the case of single signal drive, the unknown second harmonic should be included for predicting the saturated output power. It is also evident that the SATT model and the HATT model predict the same physical nature, whereas the results predicted by the HATT model are much closer to the experimental data than those obtained from the SATT model. Therefore, these results provide a strong theoretical basis for designing broadband and high gain helix travelling wave tubes.     

声诱导电磁场的赫兹矢量表示与多极声电测井模拟

在假设声场不受电磁场影响的前提下，将Pride声电耦合方程组化为具有电流源的麦克斯韦方程组.与空间位置固定的电流源产生的电磁场不同，孔隙地层中声波诱导的电磁场是由空间波动的电流源产生的.通过引入赫兹矢量，将求解麦克斯韦方程组问题转化为求解关于赫兹矢量的非齐次矢量赫姆霍兹方程组.通过求解该方程组，得出电磁场表达式.利用此方法，针对声电效应测井，分别计算了由单极声源、偶极声源、四极声源激发的井内声场及其诱导电磁场的全波波形. 关键词： 孔隙介质 诱导电磁场 测井 多极声源     

Micromorphic Electromagnetic Theory and Waves

This paper introduces a continuum microelectromagnetic theory (also called micromorphic electromagnetic theory), to discuss electromagnetic phenomena in bodies with microstructures. Balance laws of microelectromagnetic media of the first-grade are given. Constitutive equations are developed. The field equations are obtained . It has been shown that, this theory gives rise to several new vector and tensor waves. A theorem of conservation of energy (Poynting type) is proved. Dispersion relations are obtained for both vector and tensor waves. Relations of tensor waves to microscopic phenomena (such as spin waves) are discussed.     

On the cyclotron maser instability in a waveguide

The cyclotron maser instability is conventionally treated as a pure electromagnetic instability⁽⁵⁾. Waveguide modes can'be equivalent to plane waves reflected slantingly upon the two sides of the waveguide. According to the principles of plasma physics(⁶) the electromagnetic and the electrostatic modes can't be decoupled when the wave vector isn't strictly perpendicular or parallel to the d-c magnetic field. Therefore the conventional treatment is incomplete and invalid in the case of intense beams.Vlasov kinetic theory of the cyclotron maser instability taking into account the space-charge wave is presented. It is found that the respective couplings between the negative-energy cyclotron mode and the RHCP waveguide mode as well as the fast space-charge mode are responsible for the wave-guide maser instability.     

On the Purely Longitudinal Space Charge Wave of an Extended Electromagnetic Theory

An extended electromagnetic theory has earlier been developed, as being based on the hypothesis of a nonzero electric field divergence in vacuo and the requirement of Lorentz invariance. This basis is supported by the commonly accepted fact that the vacuum is not merely an empty space, but has a ground state of nonzero energy and can become electrically polarized. The vacuum is thereby considered as electrically polarizable in the sense of being capable of supporting charge motion in the form of, e.g., space-charge waves. One result of the dynamic states of the present theory is the prediction of a purely longitudinal electric space-charge wave (S-wave) having no induced magnetic field. The behaviour of this wave type is demonstrated for a number of geometrical configurations. Some preliminary proposals are finally made for generation and detection of S waves. These waves are expected to have features which differ from those of the conventional transverse electromagnetic waves. If the S wave would come out to be physically realizable, it may thus form the basis of a new principle for telecommunication without or with very small magnetic induction effects.     

带状螺旋线研究中的坐标变换

分析了带状螺旋线行波管中电磁场分量在柱坐标系下的Floquet形式，证明适当的坐标变换是电磁场分量写成变量分离形式的充分条件.螺旋带平面展开后，应用坐标变换得到的电磁场分量变量分离形式是去除面电流分布假设的理论基础.计算并分析了一个典型结构的色散和耦合阻抗，计算结果与实验结果有很好的一致. 关键词： 螺旋带 坐标变换 色散 耦合阻抗     

Self-consistent field theory of a helix traveling wave tubeamplifier

A self-consistent relativistic field theory of a helix traveling wave tube (TWT) is presented for a configuration in which a thin annular beam propagates through a sheath helix enclosed within a loss-free wall. A linear analysis of the interaction is carried out, subject to the boundary conditions imposed by the beam, helix, and wall. A detrimental dispersion equation is obtained which implicitly includes beam space-charge effects without recourse to a heuristic model of the space-charge field. The equation is valid for arbitrary azimuthal mode number and is solved numerically for the azimuthally symmetric case. The coupled-wave Pierce theory is recovered in the near-resonant limit. Numerical comparisons between the complete dispersion equation and the Pierce model are described. A discrepancy is found between the Pierce and the field theory even for low currents in the nominally ballistic regime, owing to the dielectric effect of the beam on the helix modes     

Interacting electromagnetic waves in general relativity

The problem is considered of finding exact solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations which describe the physical situation of two colliding and subsequently interacting electromagnetic waves. The general theory of relativity predicts a nonlinear interaction between electromagnetic waves. The situation is described using an approximate geometrical method, and a new exact solution describing two interacting electromagnetic waves is given. This describes waves emitted from two sources mutually focusing each other on the opposite source.     

The quantum relativistic two-body problem in time-dependent external potentials

A two-body system with scalar constituents of finite masses is described by a pair of coupled Klein-Gordon equations. The modification required for preserving compatibility in the presence of an external field is nontrivial but can be exactly carried out beyond the static case when the external potential admits a suitable invariance. The conditions ensuring this property are exhibited assuming that the external field is either electromagnetic or a pure spin-two tensor (like a weak gravitational field). Special attention is devoted to plane waves. A suitable superposition of linearly polarized waves permits to apply this method when the field is electromagnetic. Another example is given by an external spin-two field obeying the propagation equation with a mass term.     

Adaptive ultrafast nano-optics in a tight focus

We theoretically demonstrate the control of electromagnetic field properties on a sub-diffraction length scale, by polarization shaping of tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses. The field distribution in a tight focus is represented as a superposition of plane waves. The near-field of a model nanostructure is then obtained as a sum of the near-field distributions induced by the planar waves components. A self-consistent solution of Maxwell’s equations in the frequency domain yields the near-field distributions for planar wave illumination. Adaptive optimization of the incident polarization pulse shape using an evolutionary algorithm allows controlling of a number of observables, such as local nonlinear flux, simultaneous spatial and temporal control of the intensity evolution, and control of the local spectrum. The tight focusing reduces the controllability of the flux distribution in comparison to plane wave illumination. However, it is still possible to control the spatial and temporal field evolution for particular locations in the vicinity of the nanostructure. PACS 42.65.Re; 78.47.+p; 78.67.-n; 82.53.-k     

圆柱螺旋电磁Wiggler的场形分析

 利用载流圆柱螺旋线系统内部的磁标势满足的Laplace方程, 以及系统磁矢势的积分形式, 定出Laplace方程通解的未知系数, 求得左(右)旋单绕圆柱螺旋线的磁标势。应用磁场的叠加原理以及积分法, 给出了各种类型如双绕、双双绕、交叉绕等螺旋形Wiggler的场形分布公式。