Solution properties of polymers of pyridinium and ammonium methacrylates

Solution properties of poly[1(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridiniumbenzene sulfonate methacrylate] and poly[1(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammoniumbenzene sulfonate methacrylate] were studied. Within a certain concentration range of some added low molecular weight electrolytes, phase separation occurs. The dependence of intrinsic viscosity on molecular weight was determined and the steric factor estimated for both polymers. For nonaqueous solvents, an extrapolation of the dependence of the refractive index increment of the polymer on the refractive index increment of the polymer on the refractive index of the solvent leads to an apparent refractive index of the polymer, different from the refractive index determined directly by the immersion method. Some peculiarities of light scattering in solutions with no electrolyte added are mentioned.     

Solution properties of polymers of pyridinium and ammonium methacrylates.

Solution properties of poly[1(2-hydroxyethyl)pyridiniumbenzene sulfonate methacrylate] and poly[1(2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammoniumbenzene sulfonate methacrylate] were studied. Within a certain concentration range of some added low molecular weight electrolytes, phase separation occurs. The dependence of intrinsic viscosity on molecular weight was determined and the steric factor estimated for both polymers. For nonaqueous solvents, an extrapolation of the dependence of the refractive index increment of the polymer on the refractive index of the solvent leads to an apparent refractive index of the polymer, different from the refractive index determined directly by the immersion method. Some peculiarities of light scattering in solutions with no electrolyte added are mentioned.     

烯烃顺反异构的拓扑方法研究

在烯烃的顺式与反式异构体中, 处于碳碳双键两端的顶点间的距离是不同的. 可根据几何原理计算与双键相连的顶点间的空间距离, 并以此构造分子图的修正距离矩阵来区分这种差异.按照我们已报导的顶点度-距离指数(VDI)和边度-距离指数(EDI)的计算方法, 用修正距离矩阵(MD)代替距离矩阵(D), 得到修正的顶点度-距离指数(MVDI)和修正的边度-距离指数(MEDI). 这两个参数能较好地区分烯烃顺反异构体的分子结构信息.对烯烃顺反异构体的沸点(b. p.)、折光率(nD 20)、密度(D20)及摩尔折光率(nM)等物化性质进行定量相关, 得到模型方程的相关系数(R)分别为0.9981、0.9570、0.9884和0.9999. 同时, 交叉验证和随机抽样预测结果表明模型具有良好的稳定性和较强的预测能力.     

Effect of molecular architecture and size of mesogen on phase behavior and photoactive properties of photoactive liquid crystalline hyperbranched polyester epoxies containing benzylidene moiety

A series of photoactive liquid crystalline linear and hyperbranched polyester epoxies were synthesized by polyaddition of photoactive bis benzylidene alkanone diol monomers and terephthalic acid and trimesic acid respectively with good yield. The effect of molecular architecture (linear and hyperbranched), size of mesogenic unit (cyclic and acyclic units) on the physicochemical, thermal, mesogenic, and photoactive properties of hyperbranched polymers were studied and compared. Degree of branching of hyperbranched polymers was found to be in the range of 0.46–0.49. Monomers containing cyclic moieties only exhibited nematic mesophase, while all polymers exhibited typical nematic mesophase. Intermolecular photo cycloaddition reaction was studied by ultraviolet–visible spectra (UV–vis) and NMR spectroscopy and photo viscosity measurement of UV irradiated polymer solutions. Faster photo induced behavior of hyperbranched polymers containing acyclic alkanone moiety, as compared to polymers containing cycloalkanone moieties, was observed. The change in the refractive index was found to be in the range of 0.02–0.024. Substantial variation of refractive index indicates that this polymer could be used for optical recording. All the polymers were also found to be fluorescent in nature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 552–563, 2008     

High-refractive index acrylate polymers for applications in nanoimprint lithography

The development of polymeric optical materials with a higher refractive index,transparency in the visible spectrum region and easier processability is increasingly desirable for advanced optical applications such as microlenses,image sensors,and organic light-emitting diodes.Most acrylates have a low refractive index(around 1.50)which does not meet the high perfo rmance requirements of advanced optical materials.In this research,three novel acrylates were synthesized via a facile one-step approach and used to fabricate optical transparent polymers.All of the polymers reveal good optical properties including high transparency(≥90%)in the visible spectrum region and high refractive index values(1.6363)at 550 nm.Moreover,nanostructures of these acrylate polymers with various feature sizes including nanogratings and photonic crystals were successfully fabricated using nanoimprint lithography.These results indicate that these acrylates can be used in a wide range of optical and optoelectronic devices where nanopatterned films with high refractive index and transparency are required.     

Synthesis and optical properties of fluorinated poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s

Fluorinated dihydroxy phosphine oxide monomers were synthesized via chlorination, Grignard, and demethylation techniques. The prepared monomer was successfully polymerized with each of the three perfluorinated monomers (decafluorobiphenyl, decafluorobenzophenone, and pentafluorophenylsulfide) by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The average molecular weight ranged between 7800 and 14,900 g/mol. The glass‐transition temperatures of the polymers were registered in the range of 185–235 °C, and all the polymers exhibited high thermal stability up to 326–408 °C. The results of the refractive‐index measurements indicated control of the refractive index between 1.5181 and 1.5536 and an optical loss of 0.53 dB/cm at 1550 nm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1497–1503, 2003     

应用分子电性距离矢量预测烷烃和一元醇的折光指数

应用分子电性距离矢量对81个烷烃、22个一元醇进行了结构表征,通过多元线性回归与逐步回归的方法建立了分子电性距离矢量与折光指数的定量结构性质模型,模型的相关系数分别为0.980和0.979.采用留一法对模型进行交互检验复相关系数R2cv分别为0.927和0.898.说明定量结构性质模型具有很好的稳定性和预测功能.     

Size exclusion chromatography of branched polymers: Star and comb polymers

Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to estimate the elution curve of size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The present simulation can be applied to various types of branched polymers, as long as the kinetic mechanism of nonlinear polymer formation is given. We considered two types of detector systems, (1) a detector that measures the polymer concentration in the elution volume to determine the calibrated molecular weights, such as by using the differential refractive index detector (RI), and (2) a detector that determines the weight‐average molecular weight of polymers within the elution volume directly, such as a light scattering photometer (LS). For polydisperse star polymers, both detector systems tend to give a reasonable estimate of the true molecular weight distribution (MWD). On the other hand, for comb‐branched polymers, the RI detector underestimates the molecular weight of branched polymers significantly. The LS detector system improves the measured MWD, but still is not exact. The present simulation technique promises to establish various types of complicated reaction mechanisms for nonlinear polymer formation by using the SEC data quantitatively. In addition, the present technique could be used to reinvestigate a large amount of SEC data obtained up to the present to estimate the true MWD.     

环烷烃及烷烃的折光指数与结构的关系研究

A new structure information autocorrelation topological index tX is designed and developed based on the vertex degree of molecular topology and autocorrelation function of mathematics. Quantitative structure property the relationships for estimating the refractive index of cycloalkane and alkane are set up based on multiple linear regression. The vertex degree is defined as βi .The structure information autocorrelation topological index tX is set up with the βi. The refractive index （nD）, for the 64 cycloalkanes, are correlated with this topological indices. The index, for the 27 alkanes, are also correlated with this topological indices. The calculated results showed that the calculated refractive index of cycloalkanes and alkanes are in good agreement with the experimental data, with the mean velative deviation 0.25%. With the established model, the refractive index of the other 5 alkanes are predicted.     

Synthesis of novel polymer containing selenium by radical addition polymerization of 1,4-benzenediselenol to 1,4-divinylbenzene

A novel addition polymerization of 1,4-benzenediselenol (BDSe) to 1,4-divinylbenzene (DVB) was carried out with various azo radical initiators [dimethyl 2,2′-azobisisobutyrate (DAIB), 1,1′-azobis(1-acetoxy-1-phenylethane) (AAPE), and AIBN] in toluene at 65 and 75°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The polymerization proceded without an induction period, and pale-yellowish powder polymers were obtained in 89% yields for 75 h (DAIB), 89% yields for 24 h (AAPE), and 60% yields for 8 h (AIBN). The molecular weight (M_w) of the insoluble polymers in toluene was about 4000 (IBN) to 14,000 (DAIB or AAPE) by GPC. The polymer had an alternating structure of BDSe to DVB units by ¹H-NMR, IR analyses, and selenium contents, but the polymer contained the diselenide linkage by Raman spectroscopy. By AIBN initiator, the yield of the polymers did not increase over 60% and higher molecular weight polymer was hardly obtained. According to the model addition reaction of benzeneselenol to styrene by AIBN, it was found that AIBN was consumed by the side reaction between dimethyl-N-(2-cyano-2-propyl)ketenimine derivedAppl 11 from AIBN and benzeneselenol to give the adduct C, MH⁺ 295 by DCI MS. On the other hand, DAIB and AAPE initiators, which do not form a ketenimine intermediate, gave the polymers of higher molecular weight in a higher yield. The polymer film exhibited high refractive index (n²⁵_D = 1.81) and a reversible phase transition between a transparency and an opaque by thermal mode. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Evaluation of a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) for predicting mid-visible refractive index of secondary organic aerosol (SOA)

In this work we describe and evaluate a simple scheme by which the refractive index (λ = 589 nm) of non-absorbing components common to secondary organic aerosols (SOA) may be predicted from molecular formula and density (g cm(-3)). The QSPR approach described is based on three parameters linked to refractive index-molecular polarizability, the ratio of mass density to molecular weight, and degree of unsaturation. After computing these quantities for a training set of 111 compounds common to atmospheric aerosols, multi-linear regression analysis was conducted to establish a quantitative relationship between the parameters and accepted value of refractive index. The resulting quantitative relationship can often estimate refractive index to ±0.01 when averaged across a variety of compound classes. A notable exception is for alcohols for which the model consistently underestimates refractive index. Homogenous internal mixtures can conceivably be addressed through use of either the volume or mole fraction mixing rules commonly used in the aerosol community. Predicted refractive indices reconstructed from chemical composition data presented in the literature generally agree with previous reports of SOA refractive index. Additionally, the predicted refractive indices lie near measured values we report for λ = 532 nm for SOA generated from vapors of α-pinene (R.I. 1.49-1.51) and toluene (R.I. 1.49-1.50). We envision the QSPR method may find use in reconstructing optical scattering of organic aerosols if mass composition data is known. Alternatively, the method described could be incorporated into in models of organic aerosol formation/phase partitioning to better constrain organic aerosol optical properties.     

基于PSRK模型预测高分子溶液汽液平衡

为了更好地预测高分子溶液的汽液平衡,本文应用PSRK模型改进的混合规则[即将组合项(∑xiInb／bi)与原UNIFAC模型中的组合项(Flory-Huggins项)相抵消所获得的简化的混合规则]来计算方程的能量参数α。为了计入自由体积效应对高分子溶液的过量Gibbs自由能的贡献,在计算体积参bij时,将原混合规则中的指数修订为bij^1/2(bi^1/2 bj^1/2)/2。应用PSRK模型结合改进的混合规则预测二元高分子溶液体系的汽液平衡,结果表明新模型的计算精度是令人满意的。     

在四官能团引发剂存在下的自缩合乙烯基聚合反应制备丙烯酸酯类超支化共聚物

超支化聚合物具有特殊的结构和性能 ,可通过一步法聚合直接制得 ,具有大规模工业应用前景 .近年来 ,超支化聚合物的研究已成为高分子科学的热门课题之一[1～ 3 ] .超支化聚合物的一个主要缺点是它的分子量分布比较宽 .Ｍ櫣ｌｌｅｒ[4] 等通过理论计算指出 ,在聚合体系中加入ｆ个功能基团的分子Ｂｆ[对自缩合乙烯基聚合反应 (ＳＣＶＰ) ,Ｂｆ为ｆ个引发基的引发剂 ;对ＡＢｘ 型单体的缩聚反应 ,为有ｆ个Ｂ官能团的分子 ],可以降低超支化聚合物的分子量分布 ,这一结果已被实验证实[5～ 7] .我们用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ方法模拟了在多官能团引…     

Development of a modified grating coupler in application to geosciences

A grating coupler system has been developed to measure refractive index gradients with high spatial (6.7 μm) and temporal (milliseconds) resolution. The system was applied to two-phase model systems consisting of water and non-aqueous pollution liquids. Refractive index gradients at the interfaces between the aqueous and organic phase of 1-butanol, hexane, and 1-heptanol were monitored under steady-state conditions. The temporal resolution was utilized in diffusion experiments with glycerol and sodium chloride in water, where the formation of a concentration gradient was studied. In a further application, the grating coupler system was modified to monitor low-level concentrations of aqueous pollution profiles as are caused by bacterial degradation in the aqueous phase. Toluene was selected as contaminant. The sensor sensitivity was improved by coating the sensor with the pre-concentrating polymers polydimethylsiloxane and Teflon® AF-2400. With the grating coupler setup, a multi-purpose instrument was created to measure high-resolution refractive index gradients with high temporal and spatial resolution in different fields of application. The new sensor system can be used to measure absolute refractive indices by covering parts of the sensing area with cover media of known refractive index. Coatings can be used for sensitivity improvement by pre-concentrating the sample, for selectivity by utilizing filtering properties of the coating, and as calibration standard for absolute refractive index measurements.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Star Polymer with Comb-like Poly(lauryl methacrylate) Arms by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization via One-pot ‘Arm-First’ Method

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to prepare core crosslinked star polymers with comb-like poly (lauryl methacrylate) (LMA) arms by one-pot “arm-first” method, involving the synthesis of comb-like PLMA arms, followed by their crosslinking, using a mixture of LMA monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) crosslinker. By adjusting the feeding time and level of EGDMA, a series of star-like polymers with various comb-like arms length and number can be obtained. The molecular architecture including radius of gyration (Rg), hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and intrinsic viscosity (η_i) etc. were characterized by a triple-detector gel permeation chromatography (GPC) equipped with a refractive index detector, viscometer detector and a multi-angle static laser light scattering (MALLS) detector. The thermal property and shearing stability of these star-like polymers were also investigated.     

含氟丙烯酸酯光致聚合物的全息特性研究

提高记录单体在成膜物中的迁移速率,加大记录单体与成膜物的折射率差,可以实现光致聚合物的折射率空间调制最大化.本工作以高折射率的超支化聚酯(折射率1.586)为成膜树脂,利用超支化聚合物分子结构疏松、便于小分子在其间扩散的特性,同时以低折射率的单官能团含氟丙烯酸酯(折射率1.372)和高活性的双官能团丙烯酸酯(折射率1.457)为记录单体制备了光致聚合物全息膜,以衍射效率为指标优化单体构成和全息膜的厚度,研究了该全息膜的衍射效率、空间分辨率、折射率调制度等性能.该光致聚合物全息材料的折射率调制度为4.82×10^-3,衍射效率达到99.4%,在空间分辨率3750 lp/mm的衍射效率仍然达到85.6%,感光灵敏度56 mJ/cm².     

水溶性聚合物和两性聚合物——Ⅰ.环氧乙烷-苯乙烯-环氧乙烷三嵌段聚合物(PEO—PSt—PEO)的合成和表征

用萘钠为引发剂的相继阴离子聚合合成了环氧乙烷-苯乙烯-环氧乙烷三嵌段聚合物(PEO-PSt-PEO),对经纯制的嵌段聚合物和母体聚苯乙烯用粘度法、GPC、¹H-NMR、折光指数增量(dn/dc)和溶解性测定等方法进行了表征。发现:1.在高引发剂浓度下,聚苯乙烯的[η]和M反而随[M]/[I]的减小而增加,说明存在引发剂的自抑制效应;2.嵌段聚合物在三种不同溶剂中的dn/dc与其组成有良好的线性关系,因此,dn/dc测定可作为确定嵌段聚合物组成的一个可靠方法;3.PEO-PSt-PEO三嵌段聚合物在THF中GPC谱图的峰值分子量与母体聚苯乙烯相似;4.聚苯乙烯含量较低的嵌段聚合物在THF中的溶解性较差。