纤维素负载金属催化剂研究进展

高分子负载金属催化剂由于催化活性好、稳定性高、反应后容易和产物分离、易于从反应体系中分离回收和重复使用等原因,近年来成为了人们的研究热点之一。纤维素是自然界中储量最丰富的天然高分子,其在大多数有机溶剂中稳定,且其比表面积大,结构中含有大量羟基,可参与许多反应。本文以自然界中储量丰富、无毒、可降解、可再生的天然高分子纤维素为载体,按照纤维素负载金属催化剂制备方式的不同,综述了纤维素负载Pd、Ag、Au、Cu等金属催化剂的制备及其在有机反应中的应用。     

聚合物固载芳亚胺环金属化合物的合成及其催化性能

聚合物固载的催化剂用于有机合成时,既具有相转移催化反应的特点:反应条件温和,操作简便,选择性高;又具有高分子试剂的优越性:在有机溶剂中的高催化活性,可回收并循环利用,反应产物易于纯化,可减少对环境的污染,因此具有广阔的应用前景.芳亚胺环金属化合物作为均相催化剂对Heck反应具有很高的催化活性,不足之处是难以回收和循环使用.本工作将不同芳亚胺环金属化合物固载到聚合物链上,制备了二个系列高分子固载金属催化剂,研究了它们对Heck反应的催化性能.     

可溶性高分子负载催化剂*

均相催化剂的负载化是解决催化剂分离与回收的一条有效途径,也是绿色化学研究的重要内容。可溶性高分子,尤其是树状大分子作为另一类催化剂载体近年来受到了越来越多的关注。通过选择合适的反应介质,可溶性高分子负载催化剂可以在均相条件下催化有机反应,反应结束后通过外加不良溶剂的固/液相分离、温度等调控的液/液相分离以及膜过滤等方法进行催化剂的分离与回收。本文概述了在可溶性高分子负载催化剂研究中取得的新进展,重点介绍了负载手性催化剂在不对称催化反应中的应用。     

聚合物负载贵金属催化剂的合成及其在氢化反应中的应用进展

聚合物负载贵金属催化剂大多具有良好的光学催化活性,并且反应后容易从反应物中分离,重复实用性高,成为近年来人们研究的热点。常见的聚合物载体主要为有机聚合物及多种无机-有机杂化材料。本文主要按聚合物载体种类的不同,综述了聚合物负载Pt、Pd、Rh等贵金属催化剂的制备方法及其在烯烃、二烯烃、炔烃和硝基芳香化合物等物质的催化氢化中的应用情况。同时,对以树形分子为载体的催化剂、负载多元金属催化剂以及负载金型催化剂的研究及应用情况也进行了总结和评述。     

聚合物负载的手性联二萘酚的合成及其在不对称催化中的应用进展

作为一种有机配体, 手性1,1'-联二萘酚(BINOL)被广泛应用于过渡金属催化的均相不对称有机反应. 为克服均相催化剂不易回收重复使用等缺陷, 人们深入研究了聚合物负载手性BINOL催化剂的方法. 总结了近年来聚合物负载手性BINOL催化剂的合成及其在不对称有机催化中的应用, 并对负载型BINOL催化剂进行了展望.     

负载型N-杂环卡宾催化剂在有机反应中的最新研究进展

负载型氮杂环卡宾金属催化剂兼具氮杂环卡宾金属配合物和固体催化剂的优势,其具有反应活性高、反应完成后便于分离和重复使用等特点,已被广泛用于催化各类有机反应中.综述了基于有机聚合物、磁性纳米粒子、碳材料和硅材料等不同类型载体制备的负载型氮杂环卡宾金属配合物催化剂的合成与应用的最新研究进展.     

高分子固载化烯烃歧化催化剂研究进展

本文了国内外对高分子负载烃歧化催化剂的研究概况。高分子固载化金属催化剂的研究始于六十年代末。由于高分子负载金属催化剂兼具均相和多相催化剂的优点，既具有均相催化剂的高活性又具多相催化剂的易回收分离，因而受到越多的高分子和催化工作者的重视。这种技术在加氢，氧化，脱氢，脱氢，环氧化，氢甲酰化，硅氢加成，不对称合成等有机催化领域都已得到不同程度的研究和应用，并获得了良好的效果，仅近年来就有许多综述和专著对     

高分子键联螯合钛酸酯的合成及催化性能研究

高分子催化剂以其独特的优点和功能日益受到人们的重视,目前均相催化剂的高分子固载化已成为催化剂研究的一个新领域。烷基钛酸酯是合成高沸点酯的有效催化剂,具有催化活性高、不易引起副反应等优点,但由于是均相催化反应,催化剂不易分离且不能回收及重复使用。本文首次将钛酸四丁酯与聚苯乙烯二乙醇胺树脂及异辛醇反应,制成一种稳定性良好的高分子键联螯合钛酸酯催化剂,对合成邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)具有良好的催化活性,且可重复使用。     

聚合物支载的有机催化剂Ⅰ.非手性有机催化剂

对二十余年来聚合物支载的有机催化剂的合成、性能及其在催化反应中的应用,包括负载催化剂的回收和重复使用等进行了综述.用于支载体的聚合物包括交联聚合物、线型聚合物及树形聚合物;支载的有机催化剂包括手性及非手性催化剂两类.本文作为第一部分将介绍聚合物支载的非手性有机催化剂,包括相转移催化剂、氧化催化剂、酸以及碱催化剂.     

Nafion树脂负载的钯催化Suzuki偶联反应和Heck酰基化反应

相对于均相催化剂,高分子负载的催化剂有诸多优点,如催化剂易分离并可重复使用,后处理简便有利于连续反应[1,2].我们首先制备了3-二苯膦基-1-丙胺,然后在微波促进下与磺酰氟型Nafion-F树脂薄膜反应得到负载的含膦配体,再与烯丙基氯化钯二聚体进行配位反应得到负载在Nafion薄膜上的Pd催化剂1.该催化剂在Suzuki偶联和Heck酰基化反应中表现出非常高的催化活性,催化剂重复使用五次活性均未见明显降低(Scheme 1).     

Supramolecular Strategies for the Recycling of Homogeneous Catalysts

Supramolecular approaches are increasingly used in the development of homogeneous catalysts and they also provide interesting new tools for the recycling of metal-based catalysts. Various non-covalent interactions have been utilized for the immobilization homogeneous catalysts on soluble and insoluble support. By non-covalent anchoring the supported catalysts obtained can be recovered via (nano-) filtration or such catalytic materials can be used in continuous flow reactors. Specific benefits from the reversibility of catalyst immobilization by non-covalent interactions include the possibility to re-functionalize the support material and the use as “boomerang” type catalyst systems in which the catalyst is captured after a homogeneous reaction. In addition, new reactor design with implemented recycling strategies becomes possible, such as a reverse-flow adsorption reactor (RFA) that combines a homogeneous reactor with selective catalyst adsorption/desorpion. Next to these non-covalent immobilization strategies, supramolecular chemistry can also be used to generate the support, for example by generation of self-assembled gels with catalytic function. Although the stability is a challenging issue, some self-assembled gel materials have been successfully utilized as reusable heterogeneous catalysts. In addition, catalytically active coordination cages, which are frequently used to achieve specific activity or selectivity, can be bound to support by ionic interactions or can be prepared in structured solid materials. These new heterogenized cage materials also have been used successfully as recyclable catalysts.     

Hydroformylation of Olefins by a Rhodium Single‐Atom Catalyst with Activity Comparable to RhCl(PPh3)3

Homogeneous catalysts generally possess superior catalytic performance compared to heterogeneous catalysts. However, the issue of catalyst separation and recycling severely limits their use in practical applications. Single‐atom catalysts have the advantages of both homogeneous catalysts, such as “isolated sites”, and heterogeneous catalysts, such as stability and reusability, and thus would be a promising alternative to traditional homogeneous catalysts. In the hydroformylation of olefins, single‐atom Rh catalysts supported on ZnO nanowires demonstrate similar efficiency (TON≈40000) compared to that of homogeneous Wilkinson's catalyst (TON≈19000). HAADF‐STEM and infrared CO chemisorption experiments identified isolated Rh atoms on the support. XPS and XANES spectra indicate that the electronic state of Rh is almost metallic. The catalysts are about one or two orders of magnitude more active than most reported heterogeneous catalysts and can be reused four times without an obvious decline in activity.     

镍基催化剂上甲烷干气重整反应的优化(英文)

利用单一因子法、正交设计法以及均匀设计法深入考察了镍基催化剂上的甲烷二氧化碳重整反应的影响因子、催化剂组成、最佳反应条件以及助剂效应。研究发现,最佳催化剂组成为：Ｎｉ,８５ｗｔ％：ＭｇＯ,３ｗｔ％;ＣｅＯ２,３ｗｔ％;载体：Ａｌ２Ｏ３。助剂可有效抑制催化剂积碳,但同时由于覆盖部分金属活性位,一定程度上降低了催化剂的活性。该催化剂上５００ｈ甲烷二氧化碳重整反应稳定性试验表明该催化剂性能优越．有较高的开发潜力。     

自组装纳米金膜上铂微/纳结构电催化剂的制备及性能

基于纳米金(AuNP)表面基团的静电自组装作用制备了多层有序的纳米金超薄膜. 研究了自组装纳米金超薄膜上铂微/纳结构催化剂(Pt/AuNP)的制备过程. 考察了沉积电位和沉积时间对甲酸电氧化活性的影响, 确定了最佳沉积电位为0 V, 最佳沉积时间为600 s. 同时对比考察了Pt/AuNP/PE/GCE, AuNP/PE/GCE和纯Pt电极在0.1 mol/L H2SO4介质中对甲酸电氧化活性以及载体对沉积物形态和甲酸氧化活性的影响. 研究结果表明, 纳米金组装体对铂的电沉积有明显的促进作用; Pt/AuNP/PE/GCE对甲酸的电氧化有很好的电催化性能.     

L-Proline Functionalized Polymers Prepared by RAFT Polymerization and Their Assemblies as Supported Organocatalysts

We have prepared a range of well-defined copolymers of styrene and L-proline functionalized styrene (5-11 kDa) using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques and explored their use in supported catalysis. Upon deprotection of the L-proline functionalities, the solution self-assembly of these copolymers was investigated in mixed solvent systems. The resulting assemblies were characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy (on graphene oxide substrates, along with cryo-TEM and tomography), and scanning electron microscopy. The application of these functional assemblies as supported catalysts for the aldol condensation reaction was explored using cyclohexanone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde. The rate and selectivity of solution catalysis in our self-assembled system were comparable to those of L-proline, and a significant advantage of our system was that the polymer support could be utilized at lower catalyst loadings with comparable activity and also could be recycled a number of times while maintaining activity and selectivity.     

固体碱上硫醇氧化反应中助剂的作用

采用微波分散MgO的方法制备固体碱以替代脱硫醇反应中常用的液体碱，其制水冲刷性有利于延长固体碱催化剂的寿命。使用甲醇和含表面活性剂助剂能明显提高催化剂的活性。采用吸光光度法监测反应体系，发现助剂的加入可以加大活性组分磺化酞菁钴（CoPcS)在,催化剂表／界面水相中的溶解度；而紫外光谱的研究进一步证实了甲醇可以防止CoPcS分子间的二聚，促进活性组分的高分散。     

固载化催化剂在烯烃氧化合成醛酮中的应用

总结了固载化催化剂在烯烃氧化合成醛酮中的应用。着重介绍了钯配合物固载在无机载本上,钯盐和杂多化合物固载在无机载体上,钯盐固载在化催化剂在烯烃氧化合成醛酮中的应用。对负载型液相催化剂,负载型水相催化剂,负载型熔融盐Wacker催化剂,活性C固载的Pd膜及Pt膜催化剂催化烯烃氧化合成醛酮也作了简单介绍。     

Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube-Supported Precious Metal Catalysts by Coverage with Metal Oxide Layers

Precious metals such as Pd, Pt, and Rh have been utilized as the active components of many catalysts. Owing to the high cost of these metals, their loadings in catalysts must be reduced. However, reducing loadings without compromising catalytic performance is difficult. Precious metal catalysts are inevitably deactivated by severe reaction conditions (e.g., high temperature and pressure), which tend to increase of the size of the precious metal particles. Here, we review our recent work on the functionalization of supported precious metal catalysts by coverage with layers of metal oxides such as silica. Coverage with silica layers a few nanometers thick prevents aggregation of the metal particles as well as their detachment from the supports under severe reaction conditions. For example, coverage of supported Pt and Pd electrocatalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells with silica layers effectively improves catalyst durability by inhibiting not only particle aggregation but also the diffusion of dissolved metal species out of the catalysts. Coverage of supported precious metal photocatalysts with titania layers also enhances catalytic activity.     

介孔硅材料及其负载型催化剂去除挥发性有机物的最新进展

介孔硅材料由于具有大的比表面积,均一的孔结构和大的孔径,常被用于分离、吸附和催化等领域.本文综述了近年来国内外介孔硅材料及其负载型催化剂去除各类挥发性有机物(VOCs)的研究进展,主要包括烃类、甲醇、甲醛、丙酮、苯、甲苯、萘、乙酸乙酯等.讨论了介孔硅材料的结构对VOCs吸附过程的影响;介绍了不同催化剂消除各类VOCs的催化性能及反应机理,并重点评述了甲苯在不同催化剂上的研究进展.分析结果表明,介孔硅材料的表面环境、孔道结构以及宏观形貌是影响VOCs分子在介孔硅材料上吸附的主要因素;贵金属催化剂的应用需要提高其抗中毒性以及降低成本;过渡金属的研究应着重于研发高活性的负载型过渡金属复合氧化物催化剂.最后对国内外介孔硅材料及其负载型催化剂的发展进行了展望,今后催化剂的设计可以从“氧化硅载体”和“介孔孔道”两个方面展开,这将为设计合适的催化剂处理各类VOCs污染物提供一定参考.