硫酸软骨素/L-谷氨酸对碳酸钙形貌及晶体生长影响的研究

根据生物矿化原理,通过CO2的缓慢扩散,在硫酸软骨素(CSB)/L-谷氨酸二元体系中,与富集在有机/无机界面钙离子的结合,合成了不同形貌的碳酸钙.系统地研究了室温下各种因素对碳酸钙晶体形貌和晶型的影响.产物用XRD、SEM和FT-IR进行表征,FT-IR和XRD分析表明:所得的晶体为方解石的晶型,SEM表明体系中CSB的浓度,pH值,CSB/L-谷氨酸的浓度比对碳酸钙形貌起着重要作用.通过改变实验条件得到了椭球型,哑铃型等形貌碳酸钙晶体,并对其可能的形成机理进行了分析.     

水溶性壳聚糖/鸡蛋清对仿生碳酸钙晶体形貌的控制

在水溶性壳聚糖/鸡蛋清的调控下,采用气相扩散法仿生制备出多种形貌的碳酸钙晶体.研究了Ca2+起始浓度、m壳聚糖∶ m鸡蛋清质量比对碳酸钙形貌和晶型的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及X射线衍射(XRD)等测试技术对获得的碳酸钙样品进行表征.XRD及FT-IR结果表明所得碳酸钙包括方解石和球霰石两种晶型,SEM观察表明Ca2+浓度及m壳聚糖∶m鸡蛋清质量比对碳酸钙形貌有重要的调控作用.     

柠檬酸钠作用下碳酸钙的制备

选取柠檬酸钠(Na3C6H5O7)为碳酸钙生长的控制剂,通过气体扩散的方法仿生合成了不同形貌的碳酸钙,并考察矿化时间对碳酸钙晶型和形貌的调控作用.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)以及X射线衍射(XRD)对所得产物进行了表征.结果表明,随着矿化时间的改变所得碳酸钙粒子的形貌发生了显著的变化,出现哑铃状、高尔夫球状、球状等形貌.     

阳离子聚合物聚乙烯亚胺诱导的碳酸钙仿生矿化研究

以富含胺基的阳离子聚合物聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为碳酸钙生长的矿化调节剂,采用气体扩散的方法,研究了不同PEI浓度以及不同矿化时间对碳酸钙形貌和晶型的影响.分别采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等实验手段对所得的样品进行了表征.结果表明,在较低的聚乙烯亚胺浓度下获得空心球状的球霰石和方解石,在较高浓度下,为方解石的聚集体,并随着矿化时间的延长,方解石的形貌趋于规则.     

L-天冬氨酸诱导叠层碳酸钙微晶的形成

利用气相扩散的方法得到一种特殊形貌的碳酸钙层状聚集体.探讨了L-天冬氨酸的浓度、反应时间对碳酸钙的形貌和晶型的影响.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)及红外吸收光谱(FT-IR)对合成出的样品的形貌、结构进行了表征.结果表明:L-天冬氨酸的浓度及反应时间对碳酸钙的形貌和晶型有着重要的影响,并对L-天冬氨酸浓度影响碳酸钙的形貌和晶型的机理进行了解释.     

PASP调控球形碳酸钙沉积过程研究

本文以聚天冬氨酸(PASP)为有机质模板,采用碳化法研究了水溶液中碳酸钙的沉积过程,利用FT-IR、XRD、SEM及粒度分析等方法对碳酸钙沉积样品晶型和晶貌进行了表征,并结合生物矿化的基本原理分析了晶体形成和成长变化过程.结果表明,有机质PASP能够调控碳酸钙沉积由方解石型转变为球霰石型,晶体形貌由菱形转变为球形,同时晶体平均粒径减小64.3;,且粒径分布收窄.主要原因是PASP模板中相邻两-COO-间距离与Ca2+的12配位体空间构型中的两个氧原子间距离相匹配,碳酸钙颗粒经过介晶形成了表面为小颗粒附着的球形晶体,PASP吸附在颗粒表面能够抑制晶体生长.     

聚合物与表面活性剂混合模板调控碳酸钙结晶

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSSS)分别与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)组成混合模板,在CaCl2、Na2CO3体系中调控合成CaCO3晶体.考察了不同CTAB浓度及结晶温度对碳酸钙晶体的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)及X射线衍射(XRD)等技术对晶体的形貌和结构进行了表征,并对不同形貌碳酸钙的形成机理进行了探讨.结果表明:在PVA和CTAB模板中,5℃为方解石椭球状聚集体,25℃时为菊花状、立方状的方解石和球霰石的混晶,90℃时得到针状文石晶簇.以PSSS和CTAB模板调控下的碳酸钙,5℃时为球状的方解石和球霰石的混晶,25℃为颗粒均匀的球形球霰石,90℃时得到了花朵状文石.不同形貌及晶型碳酸钙的生成源自聚合物与CTAB组成复合物结构的差异.     

壳聚糖盐酸盐诱导核-壳结构碳酸钙的形成

以壳聚糖盐酸盐为诱导有机基质,利用直接沉淀法仿生制备出核-壳结构的碳酸钙.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对碳酸钙样品进行了表征.探讨了反应溶液的添加顺序和静置时间对碳酸钙晶型与形貌的影响,并对其生长机理进行了分析.     

白云石制备似立方体状方解石型碳酸钙晶体及其机理研究

以轻烧白云石粉、氯化铵和二氧化碳为原料,在未使用晶型控制剂的情况下,通过蒸氨-沉钙过程制备出了似立方体状碳酸钙。研究了反应温度、溶液中钙离子浓度、通气速率、搅拌速度以及陈化时间对碳酸钙中方解石相含量以及晶体形貌的影响,并探索了沉钙反应的晶型控制机理。结果表明,在反应温度40 ℃、钙离子浓度0.05 mol/L、通碳速率100 mL/min、搅拌速度400 r/min和陈化时间2 h的条件下,制备出形貌规整、粒径分布均匀的似立方体状碳酸钙,平均粒径为5~10 μm。该研究为提升白云石的使用价值、生产高附加价值的碳酸钙产品,以及提高白云石资源的利用率提供理论基础。     

水热条件下不同形貌和晶相碳酸钙的形成和转化

利用碳酸氢钙水热分解制备了具有不同形貌和晶相的碳酸钙.在水热情况下,得到了多种形貌的方解石和霰石碳酸钙,研究了碳酸氢钙浓度、添加剂氯化镁浓度、反应时间和温度等对碳酸钙形貌和晶相的影响.以X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对制备的碳酸钙进行了表征.研究发现,水热条件对碳酸钙形貌和晶相的形成以及演化过程有重要影响.水热条件下发现了稳定的碳酸钙晶相向亚稳定相转化的反常相变,对相关的形成及转化机理进行了相应的阐述.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.