The dynamic behaviour of sharp V-notches under impact loading

The dynamic behaviour of sharp V-notches which are either symmetric or oblique to the longitudinal boundary of a homogeneous elastic and isotropic strip subjected to an impact plane pulse was studied by the method of caustics. The stress pulse impinging on the flanks of the notch reflects and diffracts in different ways depending on the geometry of the notch relative to the coming pulse. For compressive stress pulses a stress concentration at the bottom of the notch does not create a crack propagation phenomenon, whereas for tensile pulses there is a possibility for an incubation, nucleation and eventual propagation of a crack. A complete experimental study of the incubation nucleation and propagation of cracks from the bottoms of notches in thin strips under tensile stress pulses was undertaken, whereas for compressive stress pulses the stress concentration at the bottom of the notch was evaluated. Interesting results were disclosed concerning the reinforcement of pulses by reflection and caging in, the evolution of stress concentration at the notch and the mode of crack propagation inside the plate. Dynamic stress intensity factors were evaluated all over the paths of crack propagation indicating a close intimacy between crack velocity and values of SIFs.     

Effect of rising elastic modulus in surface layer on stress intensity and gradient

The relaxation element method is applied to obtain the stress field around a crack under normal tension. A surface layer is assumed to surround the crack periphery taken to be in the shape of a narrow ellipse. The elastic modulus within this layer increases from zero to the bulk value of the medium outside. Calculations show that the stresses are finite at the crack tip; they reach a maximum in the layer and then decay to the well known solution of Griffith outside the layer. The influence of plastic deformation on the crack front stresses can also be simulated by the surface layer model. Stress concentration at the crack front is found to be lower when plastic deformation takes place. Sharp decay of stress next to the crack is accompanied by increase of local stress gradients. Severity of the local stress fluctuation depends on the width of the crack surface layer.     

THERMAL STRESS FIELD WHEN CRACK ARREST IN AN AXIAL SYMMETRY METAL DIE USING ELECTROMAGNETIC HEATING

In order to solve the thermal stress field around crack tip in metal die when crack prevention using electromagnetic heating, a metal die with a half-embedded round crack was selected as the study object. The complex function method was used as a basis for the theoretical model of the space crack prevention in metal dies using electromagnetic heating. The crack arrest was accomplished by a pulse current discharge through the inner and outer. The theoretical analysis results show that the temperature around the crack tip rises instantly above the melting point of the metal. Small welded joints are formed at a small sphere near the crack tip inside the metal die by metal melting as a result of the heat concentration effect when the current pulse discharged. The thermal compressive stress field appears around the crack tip at the moment. The research results show that the crack prevention using electromagnetic heating can decrease the stress concentration and forms a compressive stress area around the crack tip, and also prevents the main crack from propagating further, and the goal of crack preventing can be reached.     

SH波入射时半空间界面裂纹与圆形衬砌的相互作用

利用复变函数和Green函数法研究了双相介质半空间界面裂纹及界面附近圆形衬砌对SH 波的 散射与动应力集中问题。首先,采用映像思想构造满足自由边界条件的散射波表达式,进而求解所需的 Green函数;其次,采用裂纹切割技术构造裂纹,并根据连续性条件建立了求解该问题的无穷代数方程组; 最后,给出了不同入射波数时界面裂纹与衬砌的相互作用。结果表明,裂纹的存在显著放大了衬砌界面的动 应力集中。     

I-II复合型裂缝断裂角的分层剪滞模型与分析

采用修正的剪滞理论建立了岩石、混凝土等准脆性材料的I-II复合型裂缝在单向拉伸荷载作用下的计算模型,得到了与实验相吻合且优于传统S判据的断裂角。通过对远场应力、斜裂缝区应力以及子层位移的合理简化,得到了求解剪滞分析模型的边界条件,进而得到了含斜裂缝的各子层位移分布函数。引入最大应力集中因子,对I-II复合型裂缝前缘应力场进行简化;基于斜裂缝沿最大应力集中因子方向扩展,得到裂缝的断裂角。根据斜裂缝的应力分布,设置不同的子层分区,得到了更为细化的位移分布模式。通过对计算数据的分析,针对单向拉伸荷载作用下的I-II复合型裂缝,建立了按应力场分区设置子层的分层剪滞模型,得到更为精确的斜裂缝断裂角。     

基于内聚力模型的白点萌生机理研究

基于内聚力理论、氢压理论和应力作用下氢富集理论，在以往孔洞锻合研究的基础上，建立了白点萌生扩展的有限元分析模型。研究了初始氢浓度、裂纹长度以及多裂纹耦合作用等多种因素对白点萌生的影响，确定了不同条件下白点萌生的临界氢浓度及其变化趋势。结果表明，氢对白点萌生具有重要的影响，在白点萌生过程中，高浓度的氢聚集在裂纹端部，极大地降低了钢的内聚力强度；对于单裂纹，随着裂纹长度的增加，白点萌生的临界氢浓度逐渐减小并趋于稳定值；当多个密集小裂纹同时存在时，裂纹间的耦合效应会导致小裂纹有贯穿形成大裂纹的趋势，而远端裂纹的耦合效应则相对较小；对于多裂纹，白点萌生临界氢浓度具有随裂纹个数的增加而线性递减的趋势。     

单向纤维增强复合材料中纤维断裂及其发展

纤维增强复合材料中某根纤维断裂后，断口作为裂纹向何处发展？它可以向纤维和基体的界面发展形成界面脱粘，也可向基体发展，造成基体开展，从而殃及邻近纤维。另外，一根纤维的断裂会在其邻近纤维中造成应力集中。本文采取轴对称边界元法对这些问题进行仔细研究。本文假定纤维在基体中成六角形分布，即每根纤维周围有六根纤维，均匀地分布在以该纤维为中心的圆周上。     

Improved model of the griffith crack

The plane-stress state of a cracked continuous medium in tension is determined using relaxation elements. The stress state is analyzed at the tip of a crack surrounded by a plastically deformed material as a band of localized plastic deformation (LPD) shaped like an elongated ellipse. The plastic deformation considerably decreases the stress concentration at the crack tip. As the localization of the plastic deformation increases, the stresses at the crack sides decrease to zero. The decrease in stresses at the tip is accompanied by an increase in the concentration and gradients of the stresses at the end of theLPD band. Here the region of perturbation of the stress field is comparable with the width of the band. Institute of Physics of Strength and Materials Science, Tomsk 634055. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 132–141, November–December, 1998.     

单纤维与裂纹交互微力学:完整粘接纤维

使用微拉曼光谱技术研究裂纹前喙Kevlar49芳纶纤维交互微力学行为.在建立Kevlar49芳纶纤维轴向变形与拉曼频移线性关系的基础上,通过逐点测量裂尖前喙完整粘接纤维上的应力分布,探讨了裂纹与完整粘接纤维的交互作用,建立了完整粘接纤维上的应力传递模型.Ⅰ型裂纹切口前方的高应力区造成粘接完好纤维上出现应力集中,应力强度因子K1影响着纤维应力集中长度.     

横观各向同性油气藏水力压裂裂纹扩展规律研究

针对横观各向同性与各向同性油气藏水力压裂裂纹扩展的差异性,基于扩展有限元法建立水力压裂力学模型,通过ABAQUS子程序开发了各向同性和横观各向同性岩体的起裂判据。在各向同性岩体数值模拟结果与解析解以及现场压裂典型曲线对比吻合的基础上,得到了包含层理构造的横观各向同性岩体水力压裂过程中裂纹扩展规律。层理类岩体水力压裂的裂缝扩展方向由地应力状态、层理方向以及岩体与层理界面抗拉强度共同决定;水力压裂过程中,注水压力在裂纹尖端产生应力集中,层理面法向分量先达到界面抗拉强度时,裂纹沿层理方向开裂,反之裂纹沿垂直最小地应力的方向扩展;裂纹扩展速度随层理抗拉强度的增加而降低;由于地层的滤失,随压裂液的注入,裂纹长宽尺度增长速率降低。     

A quantum-mechanically informed continuum model of hydrogen embrittlement

We present a model of hydrogen embrittlement based upon: (i) a cohesive law dependent on impurity coverage that is calculated from first principles; (ii) a stress-assisted diffusion equation with appropriate boundary conditions accounting for the environment; (iii) a static continuum analysis of crack growth including plasticity; and (iv) the Langmuir relation determining the impurity coverage from its bulk concentration. We consider the effect of the following parameters: yield strength, stress intensity factor, hydrogen concentration in the environment, and temperature. The calculations reproduce the following experimental trends: (i) time to initiation and its dependence on yield strength and stress intensity factor; (ii) finite crack jump at initiation; (iii) intermittent crack growth; (iv) stages I and II of crack growth and their dependence on yield strength; (v) the effect of the environmental impurity concentration on the threshold stress intensity factor; and (vi) the effect of temperature on stage II crack velocity in the low-temperature range. In addition, the theoretically and experimentally observed intermittent cracking may be understood as being due to a time lag in the diffusion of hydrogen towards the cohesive zone, since a buildup of hydrogen is necessary in order for the crack to advance. The predictions of the model are in good quantitative agreement with available measurements, suggesting that hydrogen-induced degradation of cohesion is a likely mechanism for hydrogen-assisted cracking.     

Reducing the effects of rivet holes on fatigue life by adhesive bonding

Rivet holes are potential sites for fatigue crack initiation in aircraft structures. Several methods for improving the life of such details were investigated including coating the surface of the hole with adhesive, cold-expansion of the holes, the insertion of close-fit rivets and the use of adhesively-bonded rivets. Of the various techniques examined, only that involving adhesively-bonded rivets provided any significant improvements in fatigue life. It resulted in a reduction in fatigue crack propagation rate of about 50% compared with that for specimens incorporating open holes.A finite element analysis indicated that adhesive bonding significantly reduces both the local stress concentration at the hole and the stress intensities at the crack tips, thus retarding crack initiation and reducing fatigue crack propagation rates. However, the effective reduction in stress intensity resulting from bonding (about 17%) is much less than the 50% predicted by the finite element analysis. This discrepancy is attributed mainly to shortcomings in the model for defining the characteristics and behaviour of the adhesive.     

SH波对内含裂纹衬砌结构的散射及动应力集中

当衬砌结构内含裂纹时 ,采用Green函数的方法 ,研究了SH波对裂纹的散射及其动应力集中 ,构造了在含有半圆形衬砌的弹性半空间上 ,在水平面上任一点承受时间谐和出平面线源载荷作用时的位移函数作为Green函数 ;推导了SH波对衬砌内有裂纹的散射定解积分方程组 ,进而求得裂纹尖端的动应力因子 ,重点讨论了衬砌及周围介质对裂纹尖端动应力因子的影响 ,给出了介质参数变化对裂纹尖端动应力因子的影响曲线 ,为工程设计提供了依据。     

Stress concentration around a spheroidal crack caused by a harmonic wave incident at an arbitrary angle

A method is proposed to study the stress concentration around a shallow spheroidal crack in an infinite elastic body. The stress concentration is due to the diffraction of a low-frequency plane longitudinal wave by the crack. The direction of wave propagation is established in which the combined concentration of mode I and mode II stresses is maximum __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 70–77, January 2006.     

Finite element analysis for steady-state hydride-induced fracture in metals by composite model

Delayed hydride cracking, which is observed in hydride-forming metals, due to the precipitation of hydrides near the crack tip, is investigated under conditions of constant temperature and crack velocity, plane strain and small-scale hydride-precipitation. The coupling of the operating physical processes of hydrogen-diffusion, hydride precipitation and material deformation is taken into account. The material is assumed to be an elastic composite made of hydrides and solid solution, with properties depending locally on the volume fraction of the hydrides. In the present analysis, the composite elastic properties have been derived by a generalized self consistent model for particulate composites. With respect to hydride-precipitation, two cases have been considered: (i) precipitation in a homogeneous medium with elastic properties, equal to the effective properties of the composite and (ii) precipitation in an inhomogeneous medium, where the expanding hydride has different elastic properties than those of the surrounding solid solution. The differences between the near-tip field distributions, produced by the two precipitation models, are relatively small. The effect of the hydrogen concentration far from the crack tip, on the near-tip field is also studied. It is shown that for small crack growth velocities, near the threshold stress intensity factor, the remote hydrogen concentration weakly affects the normalized stress distribution in the hydride-precipitation zone, which is controlled by the thermodynamically required hydrostatic stress, under hydrogen chemical equilibrium. However, for values of the applied stress intensity factor and the crack tip velocity, away from the threshold stress intensity factor and crack arrest, the effect of remote hydrogen concentration on the normalized near-tip stress field is strong. Reduction of the remote hydrogen concentration generally leads to reduction of the hydride-precipitation zone and increase of the near-tip stresses. Also reduction of the remote hydrogen concentration leads to distributions closer to those under hydrogen chemical equilibrium.     

The dynamic behaviour of an oblique edge-crack under impact loading

When a stress wave (tensile or compressive) impinges on a crack existing in an elastic medium, reflection, refraction and diffraction-phenomena take place. A result of diffraction is the loading of the crack. While compressive stress-waves do not create any stress concentration at the tip of an existing crack, tensile stress-waves develop stresses at the tip which may cause a propagation of the crack. If the tensile pulse is weak the crack may propagate by steps under the action only of successive tensile stress-pulses, whereas intermediate compressive-stress pulses do not have any influence.A complete study of the phenomena of incubation, initiation and propagation of cracks in thin plates, when they are subjected to a compressive pulse, which is subsequently reflected from the free boundaries of the plate and changed to complicated wave-trains, was undertaken in this paper, based on the method of caustics. Interesting results that were derived from this experimental study are presented.     

THE STRESS FIELD AT MODE I CRACK TIP ON STEEL PIPE UNDER AXIAL TENSION

采用弹性断裂力学Westergaard 的方法,分析在轴向拉伸载荷作用下钢管的Ⅰ型裂纹尖端处的应力场. 基于Ⅰ型裂纹钢管应力场的特征,设定尖端处的应力艾雷函数,给出其应力场模型边界条件和应力场的解析函数,并利用裂纹尖端处的切平面研究裂纹尖端局部应力场,建立了钢管裂纹尖端应力场模型. 通过钢管与平板Ⅰ型裂纹应力场模型的对比,结果表明二者明显不同,钢管裂纹尖端处应力峰值影响范围仅与裂纹长度、拉应力相关.     

力场-化学场耦合作用对含裂纹固体电解质力学行为的研究

为了研究力场-化学场耦合作用下的含裂纹电解质的断裂问题,本文构造了耦合情况下力场和浓度场的本构关系,并由这些本构关系建立了力场-化学场耦合问题的有限元方程。通过具体的算例,进一步探讨了裂纹尖端应力场和氧空位浓度分布的耦合作用对GDC(氧化钆掺杂的氧化铈)力学行为的影响,发现在耦合作用下,裂尖应力场对氧空位的分布有明显的诱导作用。     

带凸缘弯曲梁应力集中区内表面裂纹应力强度因子的研究

用三维光弹性冻结应力实验技术与修正的多点超定法相结合研究了带凸缘弯曲梁应力集中区内表面裂纹的应力强度因子。分析了不同过渡圆弧的应力集中对两种表面裂纹(半圆形表面裂纹与前缘直线表面裂纹)的影响。用实验方法得到了应力强度因子放大系数的数值.结果表明,应力集中对浅裂纹的影响是更大的,是不可忽视的,但放大系数随表面裂纹的几何形状变化很小。这些对管节点的断裂力学评估提供了有价值的实验依据.