化学-力学耦合理论与数值方法

该文研究了化学场中的质量扩散与力学耦合问题,构造了化-力耦合情况下的力学本构关系与质量扩散的本构关系,并由这些本构关系和化学场、力学场的控制方程,得到化-力场耦合的有限元方程.通过数值算例,详细分析了由应力场引起的质量重分布和由化学场引起的结构变形.研究表明,力学与化学之间存在明显的相互作用,并采用有限元数值方法进行了分析.     

一种化学-力学耦合连续介质理论与数值格式

对化学驱动的连续介质化学-力学耦合系统进行研究,从热力学定律和化学势角度出发,推导了等温过程的化学-力学耦合本构关系和控制方程,利用变分方法建立了化学-力学耦合系统的能量泛函,得到化学-力学耦合控制方程的等效积分形式和相应的有限元列式. 结合算例,对连续介质的化学-力学耦合行为进行了数值计算,数值结果反映了化学与力学系统的相互耦合作用,即浓度变化能引起介质的变形,同样力学作用也能引起浓度重分布. 从全新的角度建立了描述连续介质的化学-力学耦合行为的基本理论和数值方法,能够较好地反映一类连续介质的化学-力学耦合行为.      

智能复合材料的化学-力学完全耦合理论及有限元计算

许多智能复合材料例如生物组织和聚合物胶体,都表现出多场耦合行为.目前化学-力学耦合理论属于一个比较新的领域,还不成熟.本文主要研究化学一力学耦合行为,并在ABAQUS软件中进行了数值模拟计算.应用力学平衡方程、离子扩散方程和包含力学-化学耦合因素的的本构关系椎导出了力学-化学耦合的等效积分形式,建立力学-化学耦合的有限元方程.在ABAQUS软件中开发用户单元子程序,进行数值模拟.计算结果表明:力学与化学存在着相互耦合作用,浓度变化能引起固体的变形,同样力学作用也能引起浓度重分布:由于耦合作用,固体的有效性能与扩散性质都发生了改变:力学-化学耦合作用过程实际是机械能与化学能之间能量转换过程;最终,研究体中械能与化学能达到相互平衡状态,且质量守恒.本文的理论和方法可应用于模拟生物组织、粘土等材料的力学-化学耦合行为.     

多孔介质的热-电-化-力学耦合理论及应用

本文针对自然界中不同种类的多孔介质,评述了包含化学效应的多场耦合力学问题的国外内研究现状.介绍了研究多场耦合问题的理论架构,并基于唯象理论和热力学理论,建立了一般性的热-电-化-力学多场耦合理论,在此基础上简化为化学-力学耦合理论,利用相应的控制方程和本构关系, 给出了线性耦合系统的变分原理,并证明了化学-力学耦合理论架构的封闭性. 基于所提出的化-力耦合模型,通过数值算例解释了多孔介质中的化学-力学耦合现象.最后对多孔介质,特别是对活体生物软组织中的多场耦合研究中存在的问题进行了讨论,并展望了本领域的未来发展趋势.     

智能软材料热-电-化-力学耦合问题的研究进展

本文重点评述了自然界中的典型智能软材料:聚合物胶体和水凝胶以及关节软骨的多场耦合力学问题的国内外研究现状。基于唯象热力学理论和哈密顿原理,建立了一般性的热-电-化-力学多场耦合理论。重点针对等温过程的化学-力学耦合本构关系和控制方程,通过哈密顿原理,建立了化力耦合系统的有限元列式。证明了化学-力学耦合理论架构的封闭性。通过数值算例分析了水凝胶和关节软骨的多场耦合作用。最后展望了智能软材料多场耦合研究的未来发展趋势。      

岩石化学腐蚀-围压细观损伤本构模型与离散元模拟研究

基于Lemaitre应变等价性假设理论,假定受水化学-力耦合损伤的岩石微元强度服从Weibull分布,考虑化学腐蚀与围压耦合作用对岩石力学参数的影响,通过核磁共振技术与损伤力学理论,引入细观化学损伤变量与力损伤变量,并认为微元破坏符合SMP准则,建立岩石化学腐蚀-力耦合损伤本构模型,并采用理论推导的方法得出所需的模型参数。同时基于颗粒离散元方法,引入参数半径乘子来改变颗粒间的黏结接触尺寸,从而模拟水化学损伤,采用平直节理模型对水化学作用后的岩石进行三轴压缩模拟,得到了水化学作用和不同围压下的岩石三轴应力-应变模拟曲线。通过对比所构建的岩石化学腐蚀-力耦合损伤本构模型理论曲线、离散元模拟曲线和试验曲线,结果表明三者吻合度较好,能够很好地反映岩石在化学腐蚀和围压耦合作用下的力学特性与破坏特征,并通过离散元方法得到了岩石在三轴压缩过程中裂纹的产生与分布情况。     

智能软材料热""电-化-力学耦合问题的研究进展

正智能软材料是指具有较低模量,在外场(如热、电、磁、化、光等)作用下能够产生较大力学响应的材料。本文评述了聚合物胶体、水凝胶以及关节软骨等典型智能软材料的多场耦合力学问题的国内外研究现状,重点讨论了这类智能软材料以化学扩散为特征的热-电-化-力学耦合的基本理论和研宄方法。详细介绍了具有代表性的国内外主要研究团体的研究进展。阐述了基于热力学理论和哈密顿原理所建立的一般性热-电-化-力学多场耦合理论框架。针对等温过程的化学-力学耦合的本构关系和控制方程,证明了化学-力学耦合     

含埋藏椭圆形裂纹金属构件电磁热止裂时热应力场分析

对带有椭圆埋藏裂纹金属构件在脉冲放电瞬间的热应力场进行了理论分析。在热应力场的求解中,利用了热传导和非定常热应力理论,由求解的热应力场公式发现：在脉冲放电瞬间,电磁热在裂纹尖端形成热压应力场,热压力场可有效地抑制裂纹的扩展。以Cr12MoV模具钢中埋藏椭圆裂纹止裂为例,具体计算了脉冲放电瞬间的热应力场分布情况,为空间裂纹电磁热止裂技术的实际应用提供了理论基础。     

高温下混凝土化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模拟及破坏分析

提出了一个用于模拟高温下混凝土中化学-热-湿-力学耦合行为的化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模型.发展了用于积分率形式的耦合本构方程的三步算子分裂算法.导出了化学-热-湿-力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型的一致性切线模量矩阵,以保证对于全局耦合控制方程Newton迭代过程的二阶收敛率.算例数值结果显示了本文发展的化学塑性-损伤耦合本构模型在重现火灾和热辐射条件下的混凝土中化学-热-湿-力学耦合行为的有效性.     

蒸汽压力作用下板条的湿热粘弹性分析

本文分别采用Fick第二定律和Fourier热传导定律模拟了板条的湿气场和温度场,并利用分离变量法给出了板条湿气场和温度场的解析解;采用Wong模型的Kitano和Galloway形式,模拟了回流焊接过程中产生的蒸汽压力;基于Weitsman湿热粘弹性本构关系,利用半逆解法和Laplace变换法,给出了在蒸汽压力作用下湿热粘弹性板条位移场和应力场的解析解.借助解析解,研究了温度和湿度对蒸汽压力作用下粘弹性板条位移场和应力场时空分布的影响.     

Pre-kinking of a moving crack in a magnetoelectroelastic material under in-plane loading

A constant moving crack in a magnetoelectroelastic material under in-plane mechanical, electric and magnetic loading is studied for impermeable crack surface boundary conditions. Fourier transform is employed to reduce the mixed boundary value problem of the crack to dual integral equations, which are solved exactly. Steady-state asymptotic fields near the crack tip are obtained in closed form and the corresponding field intensity factors are expressed explicitly. The crack speed influences the singular field distribution around the crack tip and the effects of electric and magnetic loading on the crack tip fields are discussed. The crack kinking phenomena is investigated using the maximum hoop stress intensity factor criterion. The magnitude of the maximum hoop stress intensity factor tends to increase as the crack speed increases.     

ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTIONS OF MODE I STEADY GROWTH CRACK IN MATERIALS UNDER CREEP CONDITIONS

An asymptotic analysis is made on problems with a steady-state crack growth coupled with a creep law model under tensile loads. Asymptotic equations of crack tip fields in creep materials are derived and solved numerically under small scale conditions. Stress and strain functions are adopted under a polar coordinate system. The governing equations of asymptotic fields are obtained by inserting the stress field and strain field into the material law. The crack growth rate rather than fracture criterion plays an important role in the crack tip fields of materials with creep behavior.     

APPLICATION OF THE DIGITAL MOIRE METHOD IN FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF A CRACKED RUBBER SHEET

This paper deals with the mode I crack problem of a cracked rubber sheet under plane stress condition using the delicate digital moire technique. Through the four step phase-shifting method of automated fringe analysis, the displacement fields in the Cartesian coordinate system are given. By the coordinate-transform equation, the radial and circular displacement distributions in the polar coordinate system are obtained. The displacement isoline distributions and displacement vector distributions near the crack tip are discussed. The strain isoline distributions near the crack tip are also analyzed in this paper. Finally, the distribution rules for the mechanical fields near the crack tip are discussed with the sector division method.     

Higher order fields for damaged nonlinear antiplane shear notch, crack and inclusion problems

Damaged nonlinear antiplane shear problems with a variety of singularities are studied analytically. A deformation plasticity theory coupled with damage is employed in analysis. The effect of microscopic damage is considered in terms of continuum damage mechanics approach. An exact solution for the general damaged nonlinear singular antiplane shear problem is derived in the stress plane by means of a hodograph transformation, then corresponding higher order asymptotic solutions are obtained by reversing the stress plane solution to the physical plane. As example, traction free sharp notch and crack, rigid sharp wedge and flat inclusion, and mixed boundary sharp notch problems are investigated, respectively. Consequently, higher order fields are obtained, in which analytical expressions of the dominant and second order singularity exponents and angular distribution functions of the near tip fields are derived. Effects of the damage and hardening exponents of materials and the geometric angle of notch/wedge on the near tip quantities are discussed in detail. It is found that damage leads to a weaker dominant singularity of stress, but to little stronger singularities of the dominant and second order terms of strain compared to that for undamaged material. It is also seen that damage has important effect on the angular distribution functions of the near tip stress and strain fields. As special cases, higher order analytical solutions of the crack and rigid flat inclusion tip fields are obtained, respectively, by reducing the notch/wedge tip solutions. Effects of damage and hardening exponents on the dominant and second order terms in the solutions of the crack and inclusion tip fields are discussed.     

Ⅱ型动态扩展裂纹尖端的弹黏塑性渐近场

考虑材料的黏性效应建立了Ⅱ型动态扩展裂纹尖端的力学模型,假设黏性系数与塑性等效应变率的幂次成反比,通过分析使尖端场的弹、黏、塑性得到合理匹配,并给出边界条件作为扩展裂纹定解的补充条件,对理想塑性材料中平面应变扩展裂纹尖端场进行了弹黏塑性渐近分析,得到了不含间断的连续解,并讨论了Ⅱ型裂纹数值解的性质随各参数的变化规律.分析表明应力和应变均具有幂奇异性,对于Ⅱ型裂纹,裂尖场不含弹性卸载区.引入Airy应力函数,求得了Ⅱ型准静态裂纹尖端场的控制方程,并进行了数值分析,给出了裂纹尖端的应力应变场.当裂纹扩展速度(M→0)趋于零时,动态解趋于准静态解,表明准静态解是动态解的特殊形式.     

Dynamic crack tip fields and dynamic crack propagation characteristics of anisotropic material

Based on mechanics of anisotropic material, the dynamic crack propagation problem of I/II mixed mode crack in an infinite anisotropic body is investigated. Expressions of dynamic stress intensity factors for modes I and II crack are obtained. Components of dynamic stress and dynamic displacements around the crack tip are derived. The strain energy density theory is used to predict the dynamic crack extension angle. The critical strain energy density is determined by the strength parameters of anisotropic materials. The obtained dynamic crack tip fields are unified and applicable to the analysis of the crack tip fields of anisotropic material, orthotropic material and isotropic material under dynamic or static load. The obtained results show Crack propagation characteristics are represented by the mechanical properties of anisotropic material, i.e., crack propagation velocity M and fiber direction α. In particular, the fiber direction α and the crack propagation velocity M give greater influence on the variations of the stress fields and displacement fields. Fracture angle is found to depend not only on the crack propagation but also on the anisotropic character of the material.     

Effect of electric fields on fracture behavior of ferroelectric ceramics

The asymptotic problem of a semi-infinite crack perpendicular to the poling direction in a ferroelectric ceramic subjected to combined electric and mechanical loading is analyzed to investigate effect of electric fields on fracture behavior. Electromechanical coupling induced by the piezoelectric effect is neglected in this paper. The shape and size of the switching zone is shown to depend strongly on the relative magnitude between the applied electric field and stress field as well as on the ratio of the coercive electric field to the yield electric field. A universal relation between the crack tip stress intensity factor and the applied intensity factors of stress and electric field under small-scale conditions is obtained from the solution of the switching zone. It is found that the ratio of the coercive electric field to the yield electric field plays a significant role in determining the enhancement or reduction of the crack tip stress intensity factor. The fracture toughness variation of ferroelectrics under combined electric and mechanical loading is also discussed.     

Exact solutions for piezoelectric screw dislocations near two asymmetrical edge cracks emanating from an elliptical hole

The interaction between piezoelectric screw dislocations and two asymmetrical interfacial cracks emanating from an elliptic hole under combined mechanical and electric load at infinity is dealt with. The closed-form solutions are derived for complex potentials and generalized stress fields. In the limiting cases, some well-known results can be obtained from the present solutions. Moreover, some new exact solutions are shown. The stress intensity factor and the energy release rate at the right tip due to a screw dislocation near the right interfacial crack are also calculated. The results show that the shielding effect of dislocation on crack expanding decreases with the increase in dislocation azimuth angle and the distance between the dislocation and the crack tip, and the repulsion acting on the dislocation from the other half plane demotes crack propagation. The increasing of the length of the other crack promotes crack growth, but the increasing of the minor semi-axis demotes it.     

Finite deformation analysis of crack tip fields in plastically compressible hardening–softening–hardening solids

Crack tip fields are calculated under plane strain small scale yielding conditions. The material is characterized by a finite strain elastic–viscoplastic constitutive relation with various hardening–softening–hardening hardness functions. Both plastically compressible and plastically incompressible solids are considered. Displacements corresponding to the isotropic linear elastic mode I crack field are prescribed on a remote boundary. The initial crack is taken to be a semi-circular notch and symmetry about the crack plane is imposed. Plastic compressibility is found to give an increased crack opening displacement for a given value of the applied loading. The plastic zone size and shape are found to depend on the plastic compressibility, but not much on whether material softening occurs near the crack tip.On the other hand, the near crack tip stress and deformation fields depend sensitively on whether or not material softening occurs. The combination of plastic compressibility and softening(or softening–hardening) has a particularly strong effect on the near crack tip stress and deformation fields.     

A numerical study of crack tip constraint in ductile single crystals

In this work, the effect of crack tip constraint on near-tip stress and deformation fields in a ductile FCC single crystal is studied under mode I, plane strain conditions. To this end, modified boundary layer simulations within crystal plasticity framework are performed, neglecting elastic anisotropy. The first and second terms of the isotropic elastic crack tip field, which are governed by the stress intensity factor K and T-stress, are prescribed as remote boundary conditions and solutions pertaining to different levels of T-stress are generated. It is found that the near-tip deformation field, especially, the development of kink or slip shear bands, is sensitive to the constraint level. The stress distribution and the size and shape of the plastic zone near the crack tip are also strongly influenced by the level of T-stress, with progressive loss of crack tip constraint occurring as T-stress becomes more negative. A family of near-tip fields is obtained which are characterized by two terms (such as K and T or J and a constraint parameter Q) as in isotropic plastic solids.