人造金刚石单晶生长机理的金属包膜研究进展

在高温高压条件下,利用触媒合金合成金刚石单晶过程中,包覆着金刚石单晶的金属薄膜起着极其重要的作用,揭示其本质对解释金刚石合成机理有着重要的意义.本文从金属包膜的形貌、成份、组织结构以及余氏理论和程氏理论在金属包膜研究中的应用等方面阐述了人造金刚石生长机理的研究现状.在此基础上提出了今后的研究方向.     

高温高压下石墨-Ni70Mn25Co5体系中金刚石单晶合成工艺参数对金属包膜的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪,研究了高温高压下金刚石单晶合成工艺参数对石墨-Ni70Mn25Co5体系中金属包膜组织形貌和成分的影响。结果发现:合成压力和合成温度都合适时,金属包膜中基本无条状石墨,而且包膜中间都存在网状物,包膜中存在着明显的碳、镍和锰的成分起伏;此时合成时间对包膜的形貌影响不明显;而合成压力为5.1GPa的包膜中存在大量条状石墨,包膜中间无网状物。分析认为,网状物为溶入了锰、钴的镍基γ固溶体,该固溶体是高温高压合成过程中促使金刚石转变的催化相。     

人造含硼金刚石单晶表面形貌与生长机制研究

本文借助Olympus光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对高温高压合成的含硼金刚石单晶表面形貌进行了分析.研究发现,含硼金刚石表面存在蚀坑、球形颗粒集团、平行台阶、花瓣状生长丘和三角形螺旋台阶等多种表面形貌.这些形貌与晶体内部的缺陷有关,硼原子的进入使金刚石晶体生长速度增加,位错增多,进而导致不同表面形貌的形成,螺旋位错生长是含硼金刚石的主要生长方式.     

人造金刚石金属包膜研究进展

对高温高压下合成金刚石形成的金属包膜的深入研究具有重要意义,有可能是揭示金刚石合成机理的     

热稳定性混合生长型聚晶金刚石研制

本文在分析国内外钻探用聚晶金刚石应用及性能基础上,研制开发耐高温界面生长型聚晶金刚石,采用0.05钴片或钴铁片(5;铁)扩散工艺,对工艺组装制备及合成工艺条件进行详细分析论证,建立一种界面生长型聚晶金刚石合成工艺,由于采用强酸处理方法去除残余金属钴存在处理不彻底及对性能影响大缺陷,通过分析国内外聚晶热稳定性基础上,得出生长型聚晶晶间结构即Co存在状态是提高热稳定性关键,通过降低进入聚晶金属Co含量和改变晶间物相及组成,即主要是改变金属Co存在状态,加入适量金属Ti、W,在扩散生长同时生成新的固溶体-硬质合金,即TiC-Co、 WC-TiC-Co固溶体,从而改变聚晶显微组织中残留Co存在状态,并对样品进行电镜扫描、电子探针分析、转靶X射线衍射分析等分析,研究证明其结构基本是D-D键结合的高晶体,晶粒金刚石之间是D-D键错综连接形成多孔网状结构,产品具有高自锐性和热稳定性,热稳定达到1473K.最后对生长机理进行初步分析,并提出界面生长机理.     

直喷式直流电弧等离子化学气相沉积法金刚石单晶外延层制备研究

采用非循环直流喷射(直喷式)直流电弧等离子化学气相沉积法,在Ar/H2/CH4气氛下,成功制备了金刚石单晶外延层.试验采用的是3 mm×3 mm×1.2 mm的高温高压Ib型金刚石单晶衬底.研究了不同衬底温度和甲烷浓度对金刚石单晶外延层的形貌,速率和晶体质量的影响.采用光学显微镜,激光共聚焦表征了样品的形貌,利用千分尺测量其生长速率,利用Raman表征其晶体质量,采用OES诊断Ar/H2/CH4等离子气氛下C2、CH与Hβ的相对浓度.研究表明,温度和甲烷浓度对单晶刚石形貌和质量产生了明显的影响.在衬底为温度980℃,甲烷浓度在1.5;的条件下,生长速率达到了36 μm/h,并且晶体质量较好(半高宽仅为1.88 cm-1).同时发现生长参数对金刚石单晶外延层的生长模式有着显著地影响.     

用FeNiMn55#粉末触媒合成工业金刚石

利用FeNiMn55#粉末触媒在国产六面顶压机上进行工业金刚石单晶的合成,研究高温高压条件下(5.7 Gpa,1400～1600 ℃),C-FeNiMn55#粉末触媒体系中金刚石单晶的生长特性.结果表明,C-FeNiMn55#系能够合成出六-八面体及八面体金刚石,但六面体金刚石生长区间较窄,不易生长.通过光学显微镜观测表明,合成出的金刚石单晶呈黄色,晶形完整,晶体内部有气泡产生.M(o)ssbauer测试结果表明金刚石中包裹体的主要成分为Fe3C和FeNiMn55#合金.     

金刚石单晶合成工艺与铁基触媒中初生Fe3C形貌的关系

利用光学显微镜和X射线衍射等手段,表征了高温高压下合成金刚石单晶时不同合成工艺的铁基触媒合金组织结构.结果发现:金刚石合成效果较好时的触媒组织中Fe3C呈规则的条状,而合成效果不好时的触媒组织中局部出现了不规则的团絮状Fe3C.分析认为,Fe3C在不同的结晶条件下表现出不同的生长行为,高温高压下金刚石单晶的生长与触媒中Fe3C的生长行为有密切关系.     

立方氮化硼单晶生长界面层的精细结构

以Li3N为触媒、六方氮化硼(hBN)为原料,采用静态高温高压法合成立方氮化硼(cBN)单晶.为探讨cBN合成机理,利用扫描电镜观察了cBN单晶生长界面层形貌,利用俄歇电子能谱和X射线光电子能谱对界面层精细结构进行了表征.结果表明,cBN单晶被合成后的触媒粉末所包裹,界面层中B、N元素相对比例基本保持不变,且随着距离cBN单晶越来越近,B、N元素的sp2杂化态逐渐减少,sp3杂化态逐渐增多,这说明hBN含量逐渐减少,而cBN含量逐渐增多.由于Li元素非常活泼,在高温高压体系中的电子结构极不稳定,故可以作为电子转移的桥梁,完成电子由N向B的转移.据此认为在cBN单晶生长界面层中,B、N元素的sp2杂化态逐渐转变成了sp3杂化态.以上结果说明hBN在触媒催化作用下可直接转变为cBN.     

金刚石单晶合成效果与合成后铁基触媒组织的相关性研究

采用粉末冶金法制备铁基触媒片,在六面顶压机上高温高压合成金刚石单晶.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)等表征了不同成分的触媒以及同一触媒在不同合成时间条件下金刚石单晶的合成质量和合成后的铁基触媒组织.结果表明:当金刚石单晶合成质量较好时,合成后铁基触媒组织特征表现为初生板条状渗碳体分布较均匀,呈平行生长的条束,渗碳体的板条两边缘较平直,而且数量较多.触媒成分和合成时间是影响铁基触媒组织中初生渗碳体的数量和形态的主要因素.     

CsI-LiCl共晶材料的坩埚下降法生长与闪烁性能研究

本文采用坩埚下降法,在真空密封的石英坩埚中成功生长出CsI-LiCl与CsI-LiCl:Na共晶闪烁体。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察晶体微结构表明该共晶中LiCl相与CsI相存在周期性的层状排列,CsI相的厚度在5 μm左右。共晶样品的X射线激发发射谱显示在CsI-LiCl和CsI-LiCl:Na共晶样品存在缺陷发光,在CsI-LiCl样品中还观察到了纯CsI的自陷激子(STE)发光。CsI-LiCl样品在α粒子激发下的多道能谱中观察到明显的全能峰,这一结果证明CsI-LiCl共晶可用于热中子探测的潜力。     

静电纺丝法制备CeO2微纳米纤维及其除氟性能

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)为载体,六水合硝酸铈[Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O]为原料,采用静电纺丝法制备了Ce(NO₃)₃/PAN纤维,在空气中热处理得到CeO₂微纳米纤维,通过XRD、BET和SEM对CeO₂微纳米纤维进行表征。采用静态吸附实验探讨了CeO₂微纳米纤维去除水溶液中氟离子的性能,考察了溶液pH值、初始氟离子浓度及共存阴离子等对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,pH=3时,CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附性能最佳,CeO₂吸附量随着F^-浓度的增大呈上升趋势。CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附等温线遵循Langmuir模型,二级动力学模型能很好地描述CeO₂微纳米纤维对F^-的吸附过程。CeO₂微纳米纤维的除氟性能优良,可为其实际应用提供理论参考。     

First-principles coexistence simulations of supercooled liquid silicon

We perform first-principles coexistence simulations of the low-density and the high-density phases of supercooled liquid silicon and find a negative slope for the coexisting line in the temperature-pressure plane. Electron density maps and electron-localization function plots of the two phases of silicon show marked differences. The calculated differences suggest more localized electrons in the low-density liquid compared to the high-density liquid, coming from an increased population of covalent bonds, which further explain the calculated negative slope in the two phase coexistence regime. This is consistent with the presence of a pseudo-gap in low-density liquid silicon, absent in the high-density liquid which shows a metallic behavior.     

Crystal structures of thecis andtrans isomers of dithiahexahydro[3.3]metacyclophane

Structures of both thecis andtrans isomers of dithiahexahydro[3.3]metacyclophane, ?C₆H₄?CH₂SCH₂?C₆H₁₀?CH₂SCH₂?, have been determined, wherecis andtrans refer to the attachments to the cyclohexane ring. Thecis form crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP2₁/c witha=8.4299(11)Å,b=21.772(2)Å,c=8.9724(13)Å, β=116.574(11)^o, andZ=4. Thetrans isomer packs into the monoclinic space groupP2₁ witha=8.159(16)Å,b=10.185(5)Å,c=9.558(2)Å, β=112.435(18)^o, andZ=2. The cyclohexane ring of thecis isomer is in the chair conformation, while the cyclohexane of thetrans isomer is found in a twisted boat conformation.     

CTAB与SDBS对碳酸锶粒子生长形态调控及机理研究

以表面活性剂CTAB和SDBS为化学添加剂,采用化学共沉淀法对碳酸锶晶体的生长形态进行调控,成功地制备出了实心的树枝状和花瓣为空心的花状碳酸锶粉体,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等分析手段对样品进行了表征;最后重点对化学添加剂可能产生的影响机理进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,CTAB和SDBS在晶体生长的过程中能起到显著的影响作用,两者对粒子分散性能的作用效果相反,而且后者对晶体(013)和(213)晶面表面能降低的贡献明显大于前者.     

Triethyl ammonium salt of O,O′-bis(p-tolyl)dithiophosphate, [Et3NH]+[(4-MeC6H4O)2PS2]−

Triethyl ammonium Salt of O,O′-bis(p-tolyl)dithiophosphate and O,O′-bis(m-tolyl)dithiophosphate have been obtained by reaction of p- and m-cresol, respectively with P₂S₅ in toluene and have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structure of O,O′-bis(p-tolyl)dithiophosphate has been determined. Crystal data: [Et₃NH]⁺[(4-MeC₆H₄O)₂PS₂]⁻: Monoclinic, P2₁/c, a=15.2441(9) ?, b=10.415(2) ?, c=3.9726(9) ?, β=91.709(7)°, V=2217.5(1) ?⁻³, Z=4.Supplementary materials Additional material available from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC no. 600927 for [Et₃NH]⁺[(4-MeC₆H₄O)₂PS₂]⁻ comprises the final atomic coordinates for all atoms, thermal parameters, and a complete listing of bond distances and angles. Copies of this information may be obtained free of charge on application to The Director, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 2EZ, UK (fax: +44-1223-336033; email: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk or www:http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk).     

Crystal structure of Zn4Na(OH)6SO4Cl·6H2O

The structure of Zn₄Na(OH)₆SO₄Cl·6H₂O, a secondary mineral from Hettstedt, Germany, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are hexagonal,a=8.413(8),c=13.095(24) Å, space group $P\bar 3$ , Z=2. The structure was refined to R=0.0554 and R_w=0.0903 for 970 reflections with I≥3σ(I). The structure can be described as zinc hydroxide layers perpendicular toc, from which sulfates and chlorides extend. The layers are held together by a system of hydrogen bonds involving hexaaquo Na⁺ ions which occupy the interlayer space.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 5-[2-(6-bromonaphthalenyloxymethyl)]-3-(4-morpholinomethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>)-thione

Abstract  The title compound, C₁₈H₁₈BrN₃O₃S, a derivative of 1,3,4-oxadiazole, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with unit cell parameters a = 6.8731(3), b = 8.9994(4), c = 15.7099(6) ?, α = 92.779(3)°, β = 130.575(3)°, γ = 107.868(4)°, Z = 2. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the planar naphthyl and morpholine (chair) rings with the planar oxadiazol ring is 50.1(8) and 76.8(6)°, respectively. The planar naphthyl ring is twisted 52.2(5)° with the mean plane of the morpholine ring. A group of four intermolecular close contacts are observed between a bromine atom and hydrogen atoms from the closely packed naphthyl, morpholine and oxy–methyl groups in the unit cell. These molecular interactions in concert with an additional series of π–π stacking interactions that occur between the center of gravity of the two 6-membered rings of the naphthalene group influence the twist angles of each of these three groups. A MOPAC AM1 calculation of the conformation energy of the crystal structure [226.0128(9) kcal] compared to that of the minimum energy structure after geometry optimization [29.9744(1) kcal] reveals a significantly reduced value. The twist angles of the three groups above also change after the AM1 calculation giving support to the influence of both intermolecular C–H···Br short-range interactions and Cg π–π stacking interactions on these angles which therefore play a role in stabilizing crystal packing. Graphical Abstract  Crystal structure of 5-{[(6-bromonaphthalen-2-yl)oxy]methyl}-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione, C₁₈H₁₈BrN₃O₃S, is reported and its geometric and packing parameters described and compared to a MOPAC computational calculation. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Crystal structure of irisolidone from the flowers of Pueraia lobata

Irisolidone (5,7-dihydroxy-6,4′-dimethoxyisoflavone) was isolated from the flowers of Pueraia lobata and its crystal structure was examined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The crystal structure of irisolidone is monoclinic, space group P2₁/c with a = 15.491(9) ?, b = 7.895(4) ?, c = 13.321(7) ?, β = 110.546(9)° and Z = 4. Hydrogen bonding and aromatic π–π stacking assemble the title compound into a three-dimensional networking structure.