Noise source localization in shallow water

The possibilities of the method for detecting a noise source, estimating its radial velocity and its distance from the receiver, based on the double Fourier transform of the interference pattern formed during motion, have been considered for a single-receiver configuration. It is shown that, as compared to a signal with a uniform spectrum, the limiting values of the input signal-to-noise ratio, at which the noise source can be localized, increase by about half. The results of a computational experiment are presented. A comparative analysis of the noise immunity of the algorithm applied to signals with uniform and noise spectra is performed.     

Spectrogram and localization of a sound source in shallow water

The paper describes an approach to detecting a sound source and estimating the radial velocity and distance from the receiver, based on repeat Fourier transformation of the interference pattern formed during motion. The obtained spectrogram contains localized domains of the spectral density of single modes. We estimate the localization domain and spectral density distribution and discuss the resolution of moving sound sources. We present the results of a field experiment and consider the interference immunity of the approach for localizing a source using a single receiver.     

Spectrograms of single-type modes and their application to problems of sound source localization in oceanic waveguides

The previously proposed method for selecting groups of single-type wave fieldmodes in oceanic waveguides, based on a double Fourier transform of the interference pattern formed by a moving sound source, is theoretically substantiated. This procedure, which is possible due to the invariance of the frequency shift of field maxima with respect to the numbers of interfering single-type modes, leads to spectral density localization. The sizes of acceptable localization domain and spectral density distribution are estimated. The results of a natural experiment on application of this procedure to problems of detection of a sound source and estimation of its radial velocity and distance from receiver are reported.     

基于极坐标变换去除计算机层析图像环形伪影

探测器像元响应的不一致、光源能不稳定等因素使得计算机层析(CT)图像中含有较多的环形伪影,严重降低了图像质量,影响了图像的三维重建和量化分析,为此提出了基于极坐标变换与傅里叶变换后低通滤波的算法去除环形伪影。通过极坐标变换将直角坐标下的环形伪影转化为极坐标下的线性伪影,然后对线性伪影图像进行傅里叶变换获得频谱图像,进而设计二维低通滤波器进行滤波处理,最后通过傅里叶逆变换与坐标逆变换获得校正后的图像。利用Matlab软件,编写程序对算法进行验证,结果表明,该算法能够有效地去除环形伪影,使图像内部细节清晰可见,并且保护了图像边缘信息,提高了图像的信噪比;另外,使用该方法处理100张切片图像只需3.5min,可满足批量处理的需求。     

基于激光驱动等离子体光源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统

近红外傅里叶变换光谱仪作为一种常用的科研级近红外光谱检测仪器,广泛应用于各个科研领域。目前的近红外光谱仪着重于光谱分辨率方面的提升,在光谱信噪比提升方面关注较少。光谱信噪比直接影响光谱线指数测量精度的优劣,光谱信噪比越高,光谱线指数测量精度越高,越有利于对微量物质进行精细光谱比对。因此,提升光谱仪的光谱信噪比是十分必要的。对比常用的钨灯光源,激光驱动等离子体光源(LDLS)不仅在近红外区域具有高光照强度的优点,而且其独特的高频调制输出信号在经锁相放大器调制解调后能够很好的抑制背景信号对干涉光谱所带来的影响。高亮度与辐射调制的结合使得以LDLS作为光源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统在光谱信噪比方面获得显著提升。基于上述原因,提出利用新型激光驱动等离子体光源作为光谱信号输出源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统,并与含有调制能力的钨灯光源搭建的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统进行了信噪比的比较实验。首先利用钨灯光源由斩波器高频调制再经过锁相放大器解调的方式,对锁相放大器积分时间进行优化并通过计算干涉光谱信噪比进行评估,分别对比了积分时间为0.5,1,5,10和20 ms的干涉光谱信噪比与对称度,确定后续系统中的锁相放大器最佳积分时间为5 ms,该状态下钨灯光源所实现的干涉光谱信噪比经计算约为90∶1;其次利用激光驱动等离子体光源代替钨灯光源和斩波器,在最佳积分时间下进行干涉光谱信噪比对比评估,结果表明激光驱动等离子体光源的干涉光谱信噪比与传统钨灯光源相比提升111倍;最后,利用近红外标准片对系统进行光谱测量准确性评估,结果表明利用该光源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统的近红外吸收峰值误差<0.5 nm,具有高光谱准确性与分辨能力。     

The Marple algorithm for the autoregressive spectral estimates of the SMMW fourier transform spectroscopy data

The Marple algorthm for the autoregressive spectral estimates has been applied to the SMMW Fourier transform spectrum analysis. The experimental results have shown that this method yields AR spectra with three times higher resolution than the FFT method does. The improvements obtained from the Marple algorithm over the maximum entropy algorithm include higher resolution, less bias in the spectral peak frequency estimation and absence of observed spectral line splitting. The effects of the structure of the spectral lines and the noise on the resolution are discussed.Projects supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China     

交调失真影响下星间微波光子链路接收灵敏度优化

高输入信号功率时的交调失真是降低星间微波光子链路接收灵敏度的主要因素。考虑输入N路四相相移键控(QPSK)调制信号的情形,建立了强度调制/直接检测(IM/DD)星间微波光子链路模型。利用傅里叶级数展开、傅里叶变换/逆傅里叶变换和Graf加法定理,推导出了接收信号任意谐波和交调分量的解析表达式,在确定三阶交调失真个数的基础上,得到了接收光功率与信号噪声失真比(SNDR)之间的关系。着重分析了不同调制方式下链路接收灵敏度与信道数和调制系数之间的关系。当调制系数较小时,接收灵敏度对信道数变化不敏感。随着调制系数的增大,接收灵敏度先增大后减小,存在最佳的调制系数可以使链路接收灵敏度最高。     

基于FFT奇异值分解的光谱信号去噪算法

微型光谱仪在采集光谱信号过程中,光谱数据经常受到来自仪器光学系统和电子电路中的干扰出现噪声和光源特征峰,严重干扰了真实光谱信号的图谱特征,因此需要使用合理的预处理方法保留光谱信号中有用信号并尽可能过滤噪声信号同时将光源特征峰滤除,从而提高光谱信息定量分析的稳健性和准确性。并且在线检测系统要求尽可能减少人为参数选择对去噪效果的影响,奇异值分解经常应用于由系统电路引起的噪声去噪,奇异值降噪阶次的选取对提高信号信噪比十分关键,但是往往参数选取主要依赖经验调试和实验验证。因此,提出了一种基于奇异值重构信号分量频率的光谱信号去噪算法。该算法首先重构原始光谱信号单个奇异值分量信号,然后对每个奇异值分量信号作快速傅里叶变换,得到每个奇异值分量信号快速傅里叶变换结果中振幅最大所对应的频率值,最后按照奇异值递减方式对相应分量信号频率值进行一阶滞后差分,得到频率差分谱,研究表明,差分谱第一个谱峰值在大于设定阈值处所对应的奇异值即为奇异值分解降噪的有效阶次。结果表明：对包含多种重金属离子的溶液在线测量的紫外可见光谱信号,添加不同强度的随机噪声,并进行去噪处理,使用信噪比和均方根误差两个性能指标进行对比。所提算法相较于SG滤波算法和小波变换去噪算法信噪比分别提高了22.05%,10.88%,均方根误差分别降低了74.28%,41.29%。所提算法完全基于数据驱动,在处理真实紫外可见光谱信号中不仅抑制了噪声影响,而且将微型光谱仪的光源特征峰有效滤除,在紫外可见光谱信号的定量分析中具有较好的应用前景。     

Experimental research on spectrum and imaging of continuous-wave terahertz radiation based on interferometry

A system for measuring terahertz spectrum is proposed based on optical interferometer theory, and is experimentally demonstrated by using a backward-wave oscillator as the terahertz source. A high-resolution, high-precision interferometer is constructed by using a pyroelectric detector and a chopper. The results show that the spectral resolution is better than 1 GHz and the relative error of frequency is less than 3%. The terahertz energy density distribution is calculated by an inverse Fourier transform and tested to verify the feasibility of the interferometric approach. Two kinds of carbon-fiber composites are imaged. The results confirm that the interferometer is useful for transmission imaging of materials with different thickness values.     

Application of least-square estimation in white-light scanning interferometry

White-light scanning interferometry (WLSI) is a powerful tool for investigating the profile of a test object that contains sharp steps. Due to the light source used in WLSI system, it is able to overcome phase ambiguity problem, which is often encountered in monochromatic interferometry. In this paper, a new algorithm based on least-square estimation using short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is proposed to measure the profile of a test object. STFT is used to extract the peak position of the coherence envelope of a white-light interference signal and retrieve the corresponding phase values simultaneously at first. A complex phasor (CP) method is introduced to further reduce the phase noise. Then, the phase values at several positions around are utilized to achieve a more accurate peak position based on least-square line fitting. Both simulated and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is able to accurately measure the profile of a test object.     

A restoration procedure for (non-stationary) signals from moving sources

Moving sources, such as trains, cars and airplanes, provide non-stationary sound and vibration signals in situations where the receiver is not moving with the source. For non-stationary signals there are strong limitations on the use of computerized analysis techniques based on Fourier transformation. For instance, it is not possible to compute reliably either power spectral density functions or coherence functions. A procedure has been developed, and is discussed in this paper, that restores non-stationary signals into stationary ones, thus enabling one to apply the analysis techniques mentioned above to moving source data with a reliable outcome.     

Optical detection of indocyanine green encapsulated biocompatible poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles with photothermal optical coherence tomography

We describe a functional imaging paradigm that uses photothermal optical coherence tomography (PT-OCT) to detect indocyanine green (ICG)-encapsulated biocompatible poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles embedded in highly scattering tissue phantoms with high resolution and sensitivity. The ICG-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were fabricated using a modified emulsification solvent diffusion method. With a 20 kHz axial scan rate, PT-OCT based on spectral-domain interferometric configuration at 1310 nm was used to detect phase changes induced by a 808 nm photothermal excitation of ICG-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles. An algorithm based on Fourier transform analysis of differential phase of the spectral interferogram was developed for detecting the depth resolved localized photothermal signal. Excellent contrast difference was observed with PT-OCT between phantoms containing different concentrations of ICG-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles. This technique has the potential to provide simultaneous structural and molecular-targeted imaging with excellent signal-to-noise for various clinical applications.     

LS算法在亚毫米波付里时变换谱中的应用

本文介绍自回归谱分析法的另一种算法-前后向最小二乘法(LS算法)在亚毫米波付里叶变换谱中的应用。LS法比最大熵谱法(Burg法)具有更高的分辨率,而且可以避免谱线的分裂和减少谱线的偏移,从而得到更精确的结果。本文还着重讨论了光谱的窗口宽度和噪声对分辨率的影响     

A fast wave superposition spectral method with complex radius vector combined with two-dimensional fast Fourier transform algorithm for acoustic radiation of axisymmetric bodies

Based on the two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D FFT) algorithm, a wave superposition spectral method with complex radius vector has been proposed to efficiently analyze the acoustic radiation from an axisymmetric body. First, the complex Fourier series are used along both circumferential and meridian directions, to expand the integral kernel function and unknown source strength density distributed function. Then, by means of the rectangular integral formula, the radiation sound pressure is described in the form of two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform and generalized through 2D FFT algorithm. Finally, several numerical examples are performed to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the present method. Comparing with the other existing analysis ways, the present method has three different characteristics: (1) there is no singular integral in the numerical computation; (2) the unique solution can be given for all eigen wavenumbers owing to the application of the virtual boundary technology with complex radius vector; and (3) the computational efficiency is improved remarkably because all Fourier terms are calculated simultaneously through 2D FFT algorithm.     

窄带傅里叶变换光谱仪中平稳高斯噪声的理论分析

在本文所研究的空间调制型傅里叶变换光谱仪中, 在窄的光谱带宽内进行探测可以有效提高光谱的分辨率. 为了研究光源辐射噪声对系统的影响, 本文将辐射噪声归纳为一种高斯窄带的平稳随机过程, 利用线性系统分析方法, 根据统计学原理推导了辐射噪声作为随机变量通过干涉系统前后的输入信噪比与输出信噪比. 然后, 对于一个具有窄带矩形光谱的系统进行了计算仿真, 得出了信噪比增益随着光程差在不同自相关度和互相关度取值时的变化情况. 仿真结果表明, 不同光程差下的信噪比增益在相关度空间是一单调的平滑曲面, 增益极值始终沿着相关度圆的半径和周线移动, 并且经过一个光程差又回到初始的位置. 根据对信噪比增益的分析, 可以将噪声的相关度取值控制在某一范围之内, 并作为系统光源设计与测试的依据.     

Spectral fitting of NMR spectra using an alternating optimization method with a priori knowledge.

As alternatives to the fast Fourier transform, advanced parametric methods based on the damped sinusoidal data model have been devised to better quantify the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy time-domain data. Previously, linear prediction (LP) fitting methods using Householder triangularization and singular value decomposition (SVD) techniques have been applied to the NMR spectroscopy data analysis. In this paper, we propose an alternating optimization method to quantify the time-domain NMR spectroscopy data. The proposed algorithm uses the a priori knowledge of the possible frequency intervals of the damped sinusoids to obtain more accurate parameter estimates when the NMR spectroscopy data are obtained under low signal-to-noise ratio conditions and the peaks are close together. None of the LP and SVD type of methods can use such approximate a priori knowledge. We have shown with measured NMR spectroscopy data that the proposed algorithm can be used to obtain accurate parameter estimates of frequencies, amplitudes, and damping ratios of the damped sinusoids and therefore the ultimate fit of the spectrum by using the a priori knowledge about the possible frequency intervals of the damped sinusoids.     

Medical ultrasound imager based on time delay spectrometry

A reflection mode proof-of-concept medical ultrasound imager based on time delay spectrometry has been developed and tested. The system uses a broad band swept-frequency signal operating up to 10 MHz. Signal processing using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) permits extraction of range information. The imager has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than pulse-echo systems which allows high resolution at greater depths. The time delay spectrometry (TDS) spread spectrum operates at lower peak intensities than pulse-echo and permits more control of the spectral content and amplitude of the signal. At present, the system is non-real time which degrades in vivo imaging because of averaging over several cardiac cycles and tissue movement.     

Comparison of some resolution enhancement methods applied to35Cl-NQR nutation spectroscopy

The³⁵Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance spin echo nutation spectroscopy method was used to determine asymmetry parameters,η, of the electric field gradient tensor in cyanuric chloride, 1,3,5-trichloro-cyanuric acid and 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. For comparison of advantages and drawbacks of some data processing methods we have tried integral transforms of nutation interferogram (pseudo-FID) data (Hankel and Hartley transforms) alternative to the Fourier transform. Another processing method, which provides a power spectrum estimated from time-domain data, is the maximum entropy method (MEM), and we applied the Burg algorithm version of it. We found that MEM gives the best enhancement of the nutation spectrum resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio, provided the number of autocorrelation coefficients is chosen for optimum performance of the Burg algorithm, otherwise estimated singularities in the nutation spectrum can be obscured by multiple spurious peaks or the spectrum resolution is low. In the Hankel transform with the first-order Bessel functions the improvement in resolution is achieved at the expense of the overall signal-to-noise ratio and for noisy experimental data this transform did not show reliable results. The Hartley transform gives a resolution better than the Fourier transform but worse than the two other methods. Unlike the Hankel transform after the Hartley transform the signal-to-noise ratio is not degraded. Theη parameter determined by MEM for cyanuric chloride was 18%, which is close to previously reported values. For 1,3,5-trichloro-cyanuric acidη = 20% and for the two chlorine sites in 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoinη = 0 and 12% respectively. These values are in substantial agreement with the anticipated double bond character of N-Cl bonds in the two last compounds.     

The extended Fourier transform for 2D spectral estimation.

We present a linear algebraic method, named the eXtended Fourier Transform (XFT), for spectral estimation from truncated time signals. The method is a hybrid of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and the regularized resolvent transform (RRT) (J. Chen et al., J. Magn. Reson. 147, 129-137 (2000)). Namely, it estimates the remainder of a finite DFT by RRT. The RRT estimation corresponds to solution of an ill-conditioned problem, which requires regularization. The regularization depends on a parameter, q, that essentially controls the resolution. By varying q from 0 to infinity one can "tune" the spectrum between a high-resolution spectral estimate and the finite DFT. The optimal value of q is chosen according to how well the data fits the form of a sum of complex sinusoids and, in particular, the signal-to-noise ratio. Both 1D and 2D XFT are presented with applications to experimental NMR signals.     

Random to deterministic transform

A method of transforming an ergodic random signal to its deterministic equivalent is presented. The transform requires that the spectral density of the random signal should be known. It also depends on the ability to obtain the inverse Fourier transform of a function. A specific relationship is developed to evaluate the root mean square of a random signal based on its deterministic equivalent. A sample application is presented to demonstrate that a step input can be equivalent to a hyperbolic spectral density. A linear system is subjected to the hyperbolic spectral density and the equivalent step. The calculated root mean square outputs are found to be identical. Deterministic equivalents for other random signals are also indicated.