INFLUENCE OF ASIAN DUSTS ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS IN TAIWAN DISTRICT USING THE PENGHU ISLANDS AS AN EXAMPLE

1. Introduction In the early months of each year, Asian dusts transport frequently from Northwest China and Mongolia to the Pa-cific-Rim countries (Kagawa et al., 2001; Uno et al., 2002). It causes significant environmental effects such as ambient air quality deterioration, atmospheric visibility impairment, radiation energy reduction, mineral deposition, and acid rain neutralization (Terada et al., 2002; Zhang & An, 1999). During Asian dust periods, significant increases of atmos-pheric …     

Effect of chemical composition of PM_(2.5) on visibility in Guangzhou,China,2007 spring

The object of this study was to investigate the correlation of visibility with chemical composition of PM2.5 in Guangzhou. In April 2007, 28 PM2.5 samples were collected daily at the monitoring station of the South China Institute of Environmental Sciences (SCIES), in urban Guangzhou. Water-soluble ionic species (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and carbonaceous contents (OC and EC) of the PM2.5 samples were determined to characterize their impact on visibility impairment. The results showed that sulfate was the dominant species that affected both light scattering and visibility. The average percentage contributions of the visibility-degrading species to light scattering coefficient were 40% for sulfate, 16% for nitrate, 22% for organics, and 22% for elemental carbon. Because of its foremost effect on visibility, sulfate reduction in PM2.5 would effectively improve the visibility of Guangzhou.     

Chemical properties and origin of dust aerosols in Beijing during springtime

Ground observation of dust aerosols was conducted in Beijing in the spring of 2005 in order to investigate the element composition and origin of mineral dust. Mass concentrations of most mineral elements of particles increased during dust events. Mineral elements were predominant in the sums of total element loadings in both dusty and non-dusty days. Mg, Si, Fe, Al or Ti can be used as an indicator of dust outflow; Cl can be viewed as an evidence of dust particles mixing with anthropogenic emissions. Mineral and pollutant elements showed a bimodal mass particle-size distribution (MSD) in non-dusty days, and a trimodal distribution in dusty days, but their peak concentrations fell in different size stages. Zn and S were mainly enriched in fine particles, whereas Cl was enriched in medium particles, but most mineral elements and Cu were enriched in coarse particles. Mineral elements were dominated by crustal material in dusty even non-dusty days, but pollutant elements were from non-crustal material including local and remote sources. Back trajectory analysis indicated that dust particles in Beijing mainly originated from the Gobi and desert regions of Mongolian and northern China.     

Elemental compositions of PM2.5 and TSP in Lijiang,southeastern edge of Tibetan Plateau during pre-monsoon period

PM_2.5 and total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected at Lijiang, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, China. Sixteen elements (Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Ti, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, Br, Sb, Pb and Cu) were analyzed to investigate their elemental compositions during the pre-monsoon period. The results showed that Ca was the most abundant element in both PM_2.5 and TSP samples. The enrichment factors (EFs) of Si, Ti, Ca, Fe, K and Mn were all below 10 for both PM_2.5 and TSP, and these elements also had lower PM_2.5/TSP ratios (0.32–0.34), suggesting that they were mainly derived from crustal sources. Elements Cu, Zn, S, Br and Sb showed strong enrichment in PM_2.5 and TSP samples, with their PM_2.5/TSP ratios ranging from 0.66 to 0.97, indicating that they were enriched in the fine fractions and influenced by anthropogenic sources. Analysis of the wind field at 500 hPa and calculations of back trajectories indicated that Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn and Fe can be influenced by transport from northwestern China during the dust-storm season, and that S, K, Ni, Br and Pb reached high concentrations during westerly transport from south Asia. Combined with the principle component analysis and correlation analysis, elements of PM_2.5 samples were mainly from crustal sources, biomass burning emissions and regional traffic-related sources.     

陕北晋西砂黄土的胶结物与胶结作用研究

在野外调查的基础上,采用SEM、XRD、土壤物理和土壤化学等方法,对陕北晋西12个县市的48个马兰黄土样品进 行了全分散法粒度组成测定、聚集体分析以及黄土胶结物组成的测试分析。结果表明,砂黄土中的粘土矿物和超细碳酸盐、 游离氧化物和有机质等胶结物质主要是以聚集体包膜的形式存在于碎屑颗粒表面,并构成砂黄土骨架间的结构联结,具有弱 胶结特性。砂黄土中粘土矿物和有机质为非水稳性胶结物质,仅在干燥状态具有较弱的胶结作用;黄土中的CaCO3呈粗颗粒 骨架和细分散超细碳酸钙两种形式存在,并分别起着骨架作用和胶结作用,超细碳酸钙为不可逆的胶结材料,在聚集体形成、 保存以及聚集体与碎屑颗粒之间的联结方面发挥着重要作用;非晶质游离氧化物(SiO2、Fe2O3、Al2O3)含量虽低,但由于他们 是以薄膜形式分布在颗粒表面,在黄土胶结作用中也是不可忽视的,并与上述各种胶结物共同起作用。通过统计分析认为, 凝聚系数可以较好地反映黄土的胶结程度,成为联系黄土胶结特性与黄土物理力学性质之间的桥梁。黄土胶结物组成及其 胶结机理的研究不仅有助于深化砂黄土工程特性的认识,而且对揭示黄土高原表生地球化学环境具有重要意义。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY MINERALS IN ASIAN DUST AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE

The objectives of this research were to characterise the clay minerals composition of soil-derived dust in Northern China and to set up a mineralogical signature to trace their origin. Mineral composition of aerosol particles was investigated at Aksu, Dunhuang, Yulin, Tongliao and Changwu during an intensive field campaign period of ACE-Asia. The results show that the kaolinite （K） to chlorite （C） ratio is sensitive to the regional origin of Asian dust. Western source areas （represented by Aksu） displayed the lowest K/C ratio of 0.3 （average）, while it was found to increase up to 0.70 （average） upon moving towards northern source areas （represented by Yulin）. By studying transported dust in a deposition area representative of the Chinese Loess Plateau, the usefulness of the K/C ratio, when associated with back air-mass trajectories, was found to lie in revealing the origin of the dust. Comparison of the mineralogical data between Asian dust and Sahara dust, shows that the K/C ratio is also an effective signature to identify the source areas on a hemisphere scale.     

SPATIAL AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS IN PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION, CHINA

Concentrations and spatial distributions of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in atmospheric particles were measured at 8 sites in four cities (Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Zhuhai) of Pearl River Delta Region (PRDR), China during 2001 winter period and 2002 summer period. PM2.5 (particie diameter smaller than 2.5 um) and PM10 (particie diameter smaller than 10 um) samples were collected on pre-fired quartz filters with mini-volume samplers and analyzed using thermal optical reflectance (TOR) method. The average PM2.5and PM10 Ievel were 60.1 and 93.1 μg·m-3, respectively, with PM2.5 constituting 65.3% of the PM10 mass. The average OC and EC concentrations in PM2.5 were 12.0 and 5.1 μg·m-3, respectively, while those in PM10 were 16.0 and 6.5 μg·m-3, respectively. The carbo-naceous aerosol accounted for 37.2% of the PM2.5 and 32.8% of the PM10. The highest concentrations of OC and EC were observed at Guangzhou city in both vvinter and summer seasons. The average OC/EC ratios were 2.     

PM2.5 in China： Measurements,sources, visibility and health effects,and mitigation

Concern over the health effects of fine particles in the ambient environment led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop the first standard for PM2.5 （particulate matter less than 2.5 μm） in 1997. The Particle Technology Laboratory at the University of Minnesota has helped to establish the PM2.5 standard by developing many instruments and samplers to perform atmospheric measurements. In this paper, we review various aspects of PM2.5, including its measurement, source apportionment, visibility and health effects, and mitigation. We focus on PM2.s studies in China and where appropriate, compare them with those obtained in the U.S. Based on accurate PM2.5 sampling, chemical analysis, and source apportionment models, the major PM2.5 sources in China have been identified to be coal combustion, motor vehicle emissions, and industrial sources. Atmospheric visibility has been found to correlate well with PM2.s concentration. Sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate carried by PM2.s, commonly found in coal burning and vehicle emissions, are the dominant contributors to regional haze in China. Short-term exposure to PM2.s is strongly associated with the increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in China. The strategy for PMzs mitigation must be based on reducing the pollutants from the two primary sources of coal-fired power plants and vehicle emissions. Although conventional Particulate Emission Control Devices （PECD） such as electrostatic precipitators in Chinese coal-fired power plants are generally effective for large particles, most of them may not have high collection efficiency of PM2.5. Baghouse filtration is gradually incorporated into the PECD to increase the PM2.5 collection efficiency. By adopting stringent vehicle emissions standard such as Euro 5 and 6, the emissions from vehicles can be gradually reduced over the years. An integrative approach, from collaboration among academia, government, and industries, can effectively manage and mitigate the PM2.s p     

An insight into the mechanical behavior of binary granular soils

This paper investigates the participation of the fines fraction in the load-carrying structure of binary mixtures of granular soils. For this purpose, various fractions of two fine sands were added to two coarse sands with the same particle size distribution, but different particle shape characteristics. Based on the results of 144 direct shear tests, it was found that fines participation in the load-bearing structure increases with fines content. At the same fines content, the participation of the fines in the load-carrying structure of loose mixtures is greater than in samples that were initially compacted. In addition, it was observed that fines participation rises with the increase in the average size of the fines fraction.     

Effects of timber skidding on chemical characteristics of herbaceous cover, forest floor and topsoil on skidroad in an oak (Quercus petrea L.) forest

This paper examines the effects of timber harvesting by skidding on some soil properties (sand, silt, clay, pH, organic carbon, bulk density and compaction), herbaceous cover (unit mass) and forest floor (unit weight) properties. Also N (%), P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn (ppm) were determined in all herbaceous cover, forest floor and two soil depth (0–5 cm and 5–10 cm) on skidroad of an oak (Quercus petrea L.) stand in Istanbul Belgrad Forest – Turkey. In this study, obtained results are; the forest floor and the herbaceous cover amount on the skidroad have been found considerably lower than undisturbed area. There were some crucial changes in the characteristics of the soil which has been investigated down to 10 cm depth. Soil bulk density was found quite high in the samples taken from the skidroad subject to compaction compared to the ones on the undisturbed area. Nevertheless, no important difference had been detected between the skidroad and the undisturbed area at both soil depths in terms of organic carbon contents. Moreover, the soil acidity (pH) values showed noteworthy differences in the analysis of soil samples taken from both soil depths on the skidroad and on the undisturbed area. Fe and Cu contents of herbaceous samples on skidroad were significantly higher than undisturbed area. Forest floor on skidroad had significantly higher K content, and significantly lower Zn, Mn and N content compared to undisturbed area. P, Fe, Zn and Mn contents were found significantly lower in 0–5 cm soil depth on skidroad than undisturbed area. In 5–10 cm soil depth, concentrations of N, P, Fe, Zn and Mn were significantly lower, while Mg and Cu contents were significantly higher than undisturbed area. Results indicate that long-term harvest using skidding techniques on these sites had adversely affected soil cation concentrations, physical soil conditions and mass of herbaceous cover and forest floor.     

NUMBER CONCENTRATION, SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND FINE PARTICLE FRACTION OF TROPOSPHERIC AND STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOLS

1. Introduction The number concentration and size distribution of at-mospheric particles are the two major parameters for aerosol radiative forcing calculation, as the aerosol bur-dens affect the radiative transfer of solar and terrestrial emissions, while the size distribution of atmospheric aerosol is critical to all climatic influences (IPCC, 2001). However most measurements on the characteristics of the number-size distribution were carried out near the earth surface, with only a few exte…     

High temperature strength and failure of the Ni-base superalloy PM 3030

The strength, fatigue life and fracture behavior of the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) nickel-base superalloy PM 3030 are investigated. The high Al content in PM 3030 leads to the formation of coherent γ′ particles and, thus, to additional precipitation strengthening. A coarse and elongated grain structure (R34) and two isotropic batches with mean grain sizes of 1 μm (R90) and 17 μm (R901315) are considered. Compressive constant strain rate tests and high cycle fatigue (HCF) tests are performed. Optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (OM, SEM and TEM) are carried out. The properties are compared with those of the solely oxide dispersion strengthened Ni-base alloy PM 1000 [Estrin, Y., Heilmaier, M., Drew, G., 1999. Creep properties of an oxide dispersion strengthened nickel-base alloy: the effect of grain orientation and grain aspect ratio. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 272(1), 163–173]. It is found that additional γ′ hardening provides an increase in quasi-static strength by about a factor 2 and in HCF life by about a factor 10²–10³ at temperatures up to 850 °C. When fatigue life is compared at a fixed ratio of stress amplitude-to-yield or ultimate compressive strength, R34 shows a fatigue life similar to that of PM 1000 at lower temperature (e.g. 600 °C) indicating that the quasi-static strength advantage is proportionally translated into improved fatigue performance; for higher temperatures (850 °C) however, R34 shows a shorter fatigue life as compared to PM 1000. Grain size reduction, as exemplified with the fine grain R90 batch, also provides an increase in strength up to the equicohesion temperature (T_E) [Dieter, G.E., 1986. Mechanical Metallurgy. SI Metric ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, London]. Above T_E, faster diffusion and grain boundary sliding [Raj, R., Ashby, M.F., 1971. On the grain boundary sliding and diffusional creep. Metall. Trans. 2, 1113–1127; Spingarn, J.R., Nix, W.D., 1978. Diffusional creep and diffusionally accommodated grain rearrangement. Acta Metall. 26, 1389–1398] lead to a drastic drop in strength for the R90 material. In contrast, the batch with intermediate grain size (R901315) shows strength comparable to that of R34 up to 850 °C. Furthermore, R901315 shows improved crack tolerance compared to its coarse grain counterpart R34. Due to premature crack initiating coarse oxide particles however, R901315 does not show any improvement in elongation to failure during tensile tests. Eliminating those coarse particles is expected to improve the ductility and toughness of this isotropic batch.     

水闸闸室结构三维样条边界元分析

用三维样边界元法分析水闸闸室结构。底板，闸墩和载水墙等为其子结构，交通桥，工作桥和胸墙等处理为内部支撑。地基和边载可以是任意的，只要能给定地表位移面力关系。在各种工况下，不论是设置平板门还是弧形门，是平底板是反拱底板，即使在稀疏剖分下也能给出高精度的位移场，应力场和地基反力场。     

ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE MASS CONCENTRATION, AEROSOL NUMBER CONCENTRATION AND VISIBILITY IN BEIJING

1.IntroductionAtmosphericaerosolsplayanimportantroleinatmos-phericvisibility,irradiationbalanceandclimate.Thenum-berconcentrationofsmallparticulatesisusuallyveryhigh,butitsmassconcentrationisrelativelylow.Buzoriusetal.(1999)andPetersetal.(1997)havereportedthatparticu-latehealtheffectsmaybemoresensitivetothenumberthantothemassconcentration.Thispaperstudiestheaverageddiurnalvariationsofparticulatemassconcentra-tion,numberconcentration,atmosphericvisibility,andtheaerosolsizedistribution,n(r),und…     

喷射沉积Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金GP区应变场的定量测试

为定量测试喷射沉积合金GP区周围的晶格应变的分布,利用喷射成形技术制备了Al12Zn2.4Mg1.1Cu合金。随后对合金进行热挤压、758K固溶2小时和393K时效20小时处理。利用高分辨透射电子显微镜(High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy,HRTEM)和几何相位分析(Geometric Phase Analysis,GPA)软件对GP区的结构和应变场进行了测量和分析。结果表明,GP区附近的应变值在各方向差别较大,沿GP区惯习面法线方向的应变最大(εxx=-0.092),与惯习面平行方向上的应变最小(εyy=-0.004)。该项结果可解释GP区附近位错运动的差异:由于应变场在各方向上存在较大差别,产生的应变强化效果不同,导致阻碍位错运动的能力也有所不同。     

不同细料含量土石混合料塑性行为离散元模拟

土石混合料是指由大粒径的块石和作为填充成分的细粒土组成的二元混合料, 其塑性行为与细料含量密切相关. 目前对细粒含量如何影响土石混合料塑性行为及其细观机制的研究尚不充分, 为此本文开展了不同细料含量土石混合料的二维离散元数值模拟, 基于二阶功失稳准则与细观力学理论, 探究了细料含量对石料骨架土石混合料失稳特性与非关联流动特性的影响, 并揭示了细料含量影响土石混合料塑性力学行为的细观机制. 研究结果表明, 细颗粒可通过限制集合体塑性变形从而起到促进集合体整体稳定的作用; 细颗粒控制颗粒集合体塑性变形的方向(即塑性势面法方向), 随着细料含量增大, 土石混合料的塑性势面法方向和屈服面法方向之间的夹角减小, 非关联流动性减弱, 材料分岔失稳区域变窄; 尽管加入到石颗粒中的部分细颗粒与石颗粒共同承担骨架作用, 但是细颗粒的加入不影响颗粒集合体的力学状态, 不改变材料屈服面法方向. 相关研究结果可为建立考虑细料含量的土石混合料弹塑性本构模型提供理论依据.      

Chemical composition of PM_(2.5) during winter in Tianjin,China

PM2.5 samples for 24 h were collected during winter in Tianjin,China. The ambient mass concentration and chemical composition of the PM2.5 were determined. Ionic species were analyzed by ion chromatog-raphy,while carbonaceous species were determined with the IMPROVE thermal optical reectance(TOR) method,and inorganic elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spec-trometer. The daily PM2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 48.2 to 319.2 g/m3 with an arithmetic average of 144.6 g/m3. ...     

STRUCTURE AND THERMODYNAMICS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS

颗粒介质由大量离散的粗颗粒聚集而成,如自然界中的粗砂和碎屑堆积体等. 在工程实践中,人们依据经验和实验数据建立了许多模型,虽然可以满意地描述某些力学现象,但是对颗粒介质力学性质全貌的认识以及颗粒介质物理本质的理解仍远远不够. 颗粒介质长程无序、短程有序的结构和复杂的能量转化过程,注定了其独特的力学性质. 该文综述了颗粒介质结构探测和表征技术、热力学理论和固态-流态转变方面的新进展,特别介绍了清华大学近5 年来开展的颗粒介质结构模型化方法和双颗粒温度热力学理论. 最后,提出了开展结构分析-热力学理论的联合研究思路,以期更加深入认识颗粒介质的力学特性,探究颗粒介质的热力学根源,改善现有唯象研究现状.     

Using Vorticity as an Indicator for the Generation of Optimal Coarse Grid Distribution

An improved vorticity-based gridding technique is presented and applied to create optimal non-uniform Cartesian coarse grid for numerical simulation of two-phase flow. The optimal coarse grid distribution (OCGD) is obtained in a manner to capture variations in both permeability and fluid velocity of the fine grid using a single physical quantity called “vorticity”. Only single-phase flow simulation on the fine grid is required to extract the vorticity. Based on the fine-scale vorticity information, several coarse grid models are generated for a given fine grid model. Then the vorticity map preservation error is used to predict how well each coarse grid model reproduces the fine-scale simulation results. The coarse grid model which best preserves the fine-scale vorticity, i.e. has the minimum vorticity map preservation error is recognized as an OCGD. The performance of vorticity-based optimal coarse grid is evaluated for two highly heterogeneous 2D formations. It is also shown that two-phase flow parameters such as mobility ratio have only minor impact on the performance of the predicted OCGD.     

离散颗粒集合体-Cosserat连续体模型的连接尺度方法

基于针对分子动力学-Cauchy连续体模型提出的连接尺度方法(BSM)[1,2],发展了耦合细尺度上基于离散颗粒集合体模型的离散单元法(DEM)和粗尺度上基于Cosserat连续体模型的有限元法(FEM)的BSM。仅在有限局部区域内采用DEM以从细观层次模拟非连续破坏现象,而在全域则采用花费计算时间和存储空间较少的FEM。通过连接尺度位移(包括平移和转动)分解,和基于作用于Cosserat连续体有限元节点和颗粒集合体颗粒形心的离散系统虚功原理,得到了具有解耦特征的粗细尺度耦合系统运动方程。讨论和提出了在准静态载荷条件下粗细尺度域的界面条件,以及动态载荷条件下可以有效消除粗细尺度域界面上虚假反射波的非反射界面条件(NRBC)。本文二维数值算例结果说明了所提出的颗粒材料BSM的可应用性和优越性,及所实施界面条件对模拟颗粒材料动力学响应的有效性。