原状黄土显微结构特征与湿陷性状分析

基于原状黄土的显微结构扫描电镜及室内湿陷性试验,分析了黄土的微结构特性和不同压力不同含水量下黄土的湿陷性状及其之间的内在联系,结果表明:随着埋藏深度的增加,由支架大孔微胶结结构逐渐变为镶嵌微孔半胶结结构,支架大孔孔隙发育逐渐变为粒间孔隙发育,再为微孔孔隙发育;黄土在增湿情况下其湿陷系数-压力关系曲线由三部分组成,初始压缩变形阶段,是结构强度发挥阶段,变形较小,黄土微结构没有遭到破坏;曲线第一转折点δs=0.015后,原有结构破坏,微结构发生变化,颗粒重新排列,湿陷速率增大,是湿陷变形主要阶段;达到峰值后,颗粒间形成了新的结构,湿陷变形幅度减小;随着骨架颗粒连接逐渐变为非架空的镶嵌排列,湿陷起始压力及峰值湿陷压力值随着埋藏深度的增加而增加,而峰值湿陷系数和湿陷变形量的压力范围随着埋藏深度的增加而变小;骨架颗粒特征和孔隙特征是黄土湿陷性的内在影响因素,而胶结物的多寡及胶结状态是黄土湿陷性强弱的主要影响因素之一。     

考虑颗粒形状和破碎的胶结钙质砂力学行为离散元模拟研究

质砂作为一种建筑材料,近年来广泛应用于我国南海岛礁工程建设中。本文通过建立考虑钙质砂真实颗粒形状和颗粒破碎的胶结钙质砂离散元模型,研究了二维剪切条件下试样的宏微观力学行为,包括应力-应变行为、颗粒破碎、胶结破坏、位移场和裂纹随剪应变的演化规律,讨论了颗粒形状、颗粒粒径范围、颗粒强度和水泥胶结强度对胶结钙质砂力学行为的影响规律。结果表明,钙质砂颗粒粒径区间越宽,胶结钙质砂的强度越高。同一级配条件下,考虑真实颗粒形状的胶结钙质砂试样比圆颗粒试样的强度更高,试样总体颗粒破碎率也更高。钙质砂颗粒的强度越高,胶结钙质砂的性能越好。但是提高水泥的强度对胶结钙质砂力学性能的影响并不显著。本文的研究结果可为实际工程中钙质砂的加固提供理论依据。     

龙游石窟岩面水岩作用研究

在龙游石窟砂岩胶结物的粘土矿物类型及特性研究的基础上,对窟内的积水、洞室顶部的裂隙渗水、地表水及衢江水等水样进行化学分析,结果表明石窟砂岩的矿物组成及构造, 决定了洞室渗水的水质,是造成水质不同的主要原因。对石窟洞室砂岩试样分别浸沉在上述水及蒸馏水中,并定期对浸沉水样进行化学分析,研究了石窟砂岩与水的相互作用机理,结果表明：由大气降水入渗而形成的渗透水对石窟的影响主要是渗透过程中发生的水化、溶脱、氧化等反应,从而导致洞室砂岩的矿物组成及构造产生变化,同时也直接影响了渗透水的水质。因此,粘土矿物与水之间有着相互制约,相互影响的作用,但是岩石中所含粘土矿物特性是使砂岩发生风化的主要原因。     

某公路路基填土工程地质性质研究

盱眙地区软土成因复杂,矿物成分特殊,本文通过对其矿物成分、化学成分、颗粒分析、物理指标、膨胀性、压缩性等试验研究,对该软土的工程性质取得一些认识。结果认为该类软土中粘土矿物含量高、亲水性强,填土液塑限高、有机质含量高;在含水量高时碾压成饼状,含水量低时坚硬难以破碎,不能直接做路基填料,采用常规的掺灰处理效果不理想,是一种特殊性软土。     

三峡库区巴东组（T2b）紫红色泥岩工程地质特征研究

在三峡工程库区广泛分布一种三叠系中统巴东组的紫红色泥岩 ,在库区常被称为“易滑地层”。这种岩土体还具有一定膨胀性 ,致使一些边坡防护工程发生变形破坏。三峡工程库区移民区巴东、巫山、奉节等新城址出现的许多工程地质问题往往与此有关。本文在对巴东、巫山、奉节等地紫红色泥岩的基本地质特征研究基础上 ,对该地层的膨胀性、风化规律、水-岩相互作用等进行系统试验研究 ,为三峡工程库区滑坡防治和移民迁建工程提供科学依据。研究表明 :该地层粘土矿物含量一般为 1 7.9%左右 ,其中 ,有效蒙脱石含量一般在 1 .2 7～ 6 .0 1 %之间 ,混层矿物占粘土矿物的一半以上 ,具中 -强胶结 ,有弱膨胀性。岩石的风化以机械风化为主 ,沿剖面化学成分变化不大。沿剖面物理力学性质的变化除受风化作用制约外 ,受岩石颗粒组成的影响更为明显 ,因此可能出现深度异常现象。水对该地层岩石力学性质影响比较显著 ,应当特别关注水库蓄水初期库水位显著变化对边坡和地基土稳定性的影响     

改良黄土强度特性与工程处置试验研究

本文针对山西朔州典型黄土,利用素黄土与石灰粉煤灰、石灰水泥、水泥粉煤灰三种改良黄土,进行了击实特性、抗剪强度特性及崩解特性试验研究,提出了黄土改良的最佳方案,并采用该方案对山西某煤矿电梯井填方段进行了数值模拟分析,验证了石灰粉煤灰改良黄土工程应用的可行性。试验结果表明:粉煤灰与黄土形成致密的混合结构,石灰的掺入,激活了粉煤灰的活性,发生了一系列的水化反应,使改良黄土的强度大大提高,改良黄土在物理力学性质方面有明显改善。     

大庆地区湿陷性黑土研究

大庆南部地区分布着一种颜色发黑、结构松散、成分复杂、对水极度敏感的工程性质极差的地质材料 ,它兼有湿陷性土、有机质土、碱土和分散土等诸多特殊土的劣质特性。通过野外调查、原位测试和室内各种试验研究 ,对这种黑土的野外特性、成分结构、物理力学性质、承载力和湿陷特性、地层年代等进行了较系统的阐述和分析 ,并通过综合比较 ,将其定名为湿陷性黑土.     

宁夏南部黄土的特殊工程性质及防治综述

黄土高原北部的宁南黄土以其强的Ⅱ-Ⅲ级自重湿陷性在我国黄土中占独特地位。究其原因:黄土内部的孔隙结构,粒度组成和胶结类型间的紧密联系,是引起黄土湿陷性强弱或湿陷敏感性高低的内因。影响场地土湿陷敏感性的外因如土层厚度、埋藏深度、水平垂直向渗透系数等又与土的孔隙度和结构类型有关,结构差异将导制湿陷敏感性的差异。黄土湿陷性及湿陷敏感性随深度的增加而递减,通过对该区黄土产生湿陷性机理进行的分析,提出相应的工程防治措施。     

等离子喷涂纳米FeS涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用等离子喷涂技术在GCr15钢表面制备出纳米FeS固体润滑涂层,采用MHK-500型摩擦磨损试验机评价了FeS涂层在油润滑和干摩擦2种条件下的摩擦磨损性能,用扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪观察分析了涂层的形貌、结构、物相组成和磨损表面形貌.结果表明,纳米FeS涂层的物相主要为六方FeS,还有少量Fe1-xS和氧化物,涂层由尺寸在50～100 nm的颗粒组成.与GCr15钢相比,纳米FeS涂层的减摩耐磨性明显提高,尤其在油润滑条件下摩擦系数降低1倍,在高载荷(375 N)条件下磨痕宽度降低近1倍.在油润滑和干摩擦条件下,FeS涂层的主要磨损失效形式均为塑性变形.     

甘肃引洮供水工程饱和黄土工程地质研究

当黄土分布区地下水埋深较浅时,黄土常呈饱和状态,不具湿陷性,简称饱和黄土,甘肃引洮供水一期工程总干渠13#、14#、15#隧洞通过饱和黄土,通过常规土工和扫描电子显微镜等综合测试,对饱和黄土的显微结构及化学成分进行了研究,并探讨了其微观结构与物理力学性质及工程特性之间的关系,认为应选择盾构法进行饱和黄土隧洞开挖。     

上海软粘土微观特性及在土体变形与地面沉降中的作用研究

对上海软粘土的颗粒及集合体成分、孔径分布、微结构、孔隙溶液与阳离子交换性作了分析 ,对固结前后的孔径变化与人工回灌对土体性质可能带来的影响作了探讨 ,从物理化学角度阐述了软粘土微观特性对土体固结变形及地面沉降的影响.     

钙质砂的胶结性及对力学性质影响的实验研究

对南海钙质砂进行了三轴实验研究,重点针对不同胶结情况下的力学性质,如不同胶结材料和含量的变化对强度和应力应变特性的影响等。研究表明,钙质砂具有与陆源砂不同的性质,它的内摩擦角高达48°,远大于一般陆源砂的35°左右;在低围压下钙质砂表现出剪胀性,但随围压增加剪胀性降低;利用硅酸盐水泥作为胶结材料效果较好;随着水泥含量的增加,钙质砂试样的强度增加。     

Multi-scale modeling of grouted sand behavior

The mechanical properties of sand: stiffness, cohesion and, to a less extent, friction angle can be increased through the process of grouting. A constitutive model adapted for cohesive-frictional materials from a homogenization technique which allowed us to integrate constitutive relations at the grain level has been developed to obtain constitutive equations for the equivalent continuous granular medium. A representative volume was obtained by mobilizing particle contacts in all orientations. Thus, the stress–strain relationship could be derived as an average of the behavior of these local contact planes. The local behavior was assumed to obey a stress-dependent elastic law and Mohr–Coulomb’s plastic law. The influence of the cement grout was modeled by means of adhesive forces between grains in contact, which were added to the contact forces created by an external load. The intensity of these adhesive forces is a function of nature and amount of grout present inside the material and can be reduced due to a damage mechanism at the grain contact during loading. In this paper, we present several examples of simulation which show that the model can reproduce with sufficient accuracy the mechanical improvement induced by grouting as well as the damage of the grain cementation during loading.     

Micromechanics-based model for cement-treated clays

Cementation is produced by mixing a certain amount of cement with the saturated clay. The purpose of this paper is to model the cementation effect on the mechanical behavior of cement-treated clay. A micromechanical stress-strain model is developed considering explicitly the cementation at inter-cluster contacts. The inter-cluster bonding and debonding during mechanical loading are introduced in two ways: an additional cohesion in the shear sliding and a higher yield stress in normal compression. The model is used to simulate isotropic compression and undrained triaxial tests under various confining stresses on cement-treated Singapore clay with various cement contents. The applicability of the present model is evaluated through comparisons between numerical and experimental results. The evolution of local stresses and local strains in inter-cluster planes is discussed in order to explain the induced anisotropy due to debonding at contact level under the applied loads.     

聚丙烯纤维和水泥对粘性土强度的影响及机理研究

选取聚丙烯纤维和水泥作为加固材料,在室内试验的基础上,研究了单独的纤维和水泥对粘性土强度的影响及其的综合作用,分析了它们的作用机理。试验中,3种不同百分比(0.05%,0.15%和0.25%素土重)的纤维和两种不同百分比的(5%和8%素土重)水泥分别掺入到粘土试样中,配制了12组试样,进行了无侧限抗压试验。试验结果表明,纤维和水泥均能够提高土体的强度,纤维的加入改善了水泥土样的脆性破坏模式;纤维水泥土样的强度远远高于相同掺量下的纯纤维土和纯水泥的强度,甚至高于它们的强度之和。运用扫描电镜(SEM)从微观层次上分析了纤维和水泥加固粘性土的力学机理,发现纤维表面与土介质之间的粘结力和摩擦力对加固效果有直接影响。     

Connectivity of Pore Space as a Control on Two-Phase Flow Properties of Tight-Gas Sandstones

We predict capillary-pressure (drainage) curves in tight-gas sandstones which have little matrix or microporosity using a quantitative grain-scale model. The model accounts for the geometric results of some depositional and diagenetic processes important for porosity and permeability reduction in tight-gas sandstones, such as deformation of ductile grains during burial and quartz cementation. The model represents the original sediment as a dense, disordered packing of spheres. We simulated the evolution of this model sediment into a low-porosity sandstone by applying different amounts of ductile grains and quartz precipitation. A substantial fraction of original pore throats in the sediment is closed by the simulated diagenetic alteration. Because the percolation threshold corresponds to closure of half of the pore throats, the pore space in this type of tight-gas sandstone is poorly connected and is often close to being completely disconnected. The drainage curve for different model rocks was computed using invasion percolation in a network taken directly from the grain-scale geometry and topology of the model. Some general trends follow classical expectations and were confirmed by experimental measurements: increasing the amount of cement shifts the drainage curve to larger pressures. This is related to reduction of the connectivity of pore space resulting from closure of throats. Existence of ductile grains in the ductile grain model also reduces the connectivity of pore space but it treats the throats distribution differently causing the drainage curves to be shifted to larger irreducible water saturation when cement is added to the model. The range of porosities in which these connectivity effects are important corresponds to the range of porosities common for tight gas sandstones. Consequently these rocks can exhibit small effective permeability to gas even at large gas saturations. This problem occurs at larger porosities in rocks with significant content of ductile grains because ductile deformation blocks a significant fraction of pore throats even before cementation begins. Predicted drainage curves agree with measurements on two samples with little microporosity, one dominated by rigid grains, the other containing a significant fraction of ductile grains. We conclude that connectivity of the matrix pore space is an important factor for an understanding of flow properties of tight-gas sandstones.     

陕北晋西黄土滑塌灾害的初步研究——以西气东输工程为例

黄土滑塌灾害是黄土高原北部地区的-种特殊斜坡变形破坏类型。由于其突发性和频繁发生的特点, 常造成大批窑洞、房屋倒塌和人员伤亡, 并给该区铁路、公路和长输管道建设造成严重危害。由于黄土滑塌灾害具有“滑坡”和“崩塌”两种机制和“先滑后塌”的变形破坏过程, 以往常把它们作为“滑坡”或“崩塌”来研究。作者通过陕西靖边县至山西蒲县间 30 0km黄土地质灾害的野外调查和室内的微观分析, 发现黄土滑塌灾害的发生主要受黄土粘粒含量的控制, 因此在空间上具有鲜明的地域性:<0.0 0 5mm粘粒含量 <10 %的砂黄土区是滑塌灾害严重发育区; <0.0 0 5mm粘粒含量在 10 %～ 2 0 %之间的典型黄土区是滑塌灾害弱发育区; <0.0 0 5mm粘粒含量≥ 2 0 %的粘黄土区是滑塌灾害不发育区。作者在黄土滑塌灾害产生机理和形成条件研究的基础上提出了相应的工程对策。