生命体中的磁性纳米颗粒

主要介绍了国内外对生命体中的磁性纲伙粒子的研究工作,７０年代发现的分布在趋磁细菌华丽人的磁性纳米颗粒,将生物与磁的关系确切地联系起来,文章简要介绍了趋磁细菌内部的磁性颗粒的晶体形貌、排列方式等等。同时还介绍了石鳖齿舌中的磁性纲伙颗粒的形成过程,及蜜蜂腹部的超顺磁磋性颗粒的分布与神经系统的联系,介绍了“磁接受器”的概念与理论模型,最后提到人类大脑中也具有磁性纳米颗粒,并且探讨了它们可能具有功能。     

大脑中的磁性物质

很多生物体内存在磁铁矿粒子,人类大脑中同样存在磁性物质,并且测量结果表明,无论是成人还是胎儿,大脑的海马部位都表现出较明显的磁性,其他测量部位没有表现出超出仪器灵敏度的明显的磁性.这种生物体内磁性矿物可以作为磁接收器载体,并与生物的运动和记忆有着密切的关系.     

磁性材料的磁结构、磁畴结构和拓扑磁结构

首先简要地介绍了磁性材料中磁结构、磁畴结构和拓扑磁结构以及相互之间的关系. 一方面, 磁畴结构由材料的磁结构、内禀磁性和微结构因素决定; 另一方面, 磁畴结构决定了材料磁化和退磁化过程以及技术磁性. 拓扑学与材料物理、材料性能的联系越来越紧密. 最近的研究兴趣集中在一些拓扑磁性组态, 如涡旋、磁泡、麦纫、斯格米子等. 研究发现这些拓扑磁结构的拓扑性质与磁性能密切相关. 然后从尺寸效应、缺陷、晶界三个方面介绍国际学术界在磁结构、磁畴结构和拓扑磁结构方面的进展. 最后介绍了在稀土永磁薄膜材料的微观结构、磁畴结构和磁性能关系、交换耦合纳米盘中的拓扑磁结构及其动力学行为方面的工作. 通过对文献的评述, 得到以下结论: 开展各向异性纳米复合稀土永磁材料的研究对更好地利用稀土资源具有重要的意义. 可以有目的地改变材料的微结构, 可控地进行磁性材料的磁畴工程, 最终获得优秀的磁性能. 拓扑学的概念正在应用于越来越多的学科领域, 在越来越多的材料中发现拓扑学的贡献. 研究磁畴结构、拓扑磁性基态或者激发态的形成规律以及动力学行为对理解量子拓扑相变以及其他与拓扑相关的物理效应是十分重要的. 也会帮助理解不同拓扑学态之间相互作用的物理机制及其与磁性能之间的关系, 同时拓展拓扑学在新型磁性材料中的应用.     

生物磁铁矿的磁各向异性与磁接收器

磁铁矿是分布广泛且非常重要的亚铁磁材料,也广泛分布在生物体中。生物体中的磁铁矿具有完美的晶体结构,大多为超顺磁颗粒或单畴颗粒,且大多呈链状分布,具有明显的磁各向异性。生物体中存在“磁接收器”,生物磁铁矿是“磁接收器”的生物物理基础。本文中,从超顺磁磁铁矿颗粒和单畴磁铁矿颗粒的物理特性出发,主要是从它们的磁各向异性特性的基础上描述了生物磁铁矿和“磁接收器”的工作机制,即在某些条件下,在外界地磁场强度量级的磁场作用下,超顺磁颗粒或单畴颗粒可以诱导产生足够强的磁场,使邻近的晶体可以相互吸引或排斥,这些粒子间的相互作用可以改变晶体颗粒束所在的外围机体形状,而神经系统可以探测到单独的粒子束或一列粒子束的扩张或收缩,因此生物体就可以探测到磁场的方向以及强度等磁场参量。     

生物磁铁矿的磁各向异性与磁接收器

磁铁矿是分布广泛且非常重要的亚铁磁材料,也广泛分布在生物体中。生物体中的磁铁矿具有完美的晶体结构,大多为超顺磁颗粒或单畴颗粒,且大多呈链状分布,具有明显的磁各向异性。生物体中存在“磁接收器”,生物磁铁矿是“磁接收器”的生物物理基础。本文中,从超顺磁磁铁矿颗粒和单畴磁铁矿颗粒的物理特性出发,主要是从它们的磁各向异性特性的基础上描述了生物磁铁矿和“磁接收器”的工作机制, 即在某些条件下,在外界地磁场强度量级的磁场作用下,超顺磁颗粒或单畴颗粒可以诱导产生足够强的磁场,使邻近的晶体可以相互吸引或排斥, 这些粒子间的相互作用可以改变晶体颗粒束所在的外围机体形状,而神经系统可以探测到单独的粒子束或一列粒子束的扩张或收缩,因此生物体就可以探测到磁场的方向以及强度等磁场参量。     

引入纳米氧化层的CoFe/Pd双层膜结构中增强的垂直磁各向异性研究

制备了CoFe/Pd双层结构的界面处或CoFe层 内部引入纳米氧化层后的系列薄膜. 研究结果显示, 引入纳米氧化层后, 可以使薄膜的磁各向异性在退火后从面内转到垂直膜面方向. 并且对于在CoFe层内部引入纳米氧化层的这类样品, 其强烈的垂直磁性可以在相当宽的有效磁性层厚度范围内(1.2-2 nm)维持. 在保持垂直磁性的前提下, 这种特殊的双层膜结构中CoFe磁性层厚度比常规CoFe/Pd 多层膜中的CoFe层厚度至少多出1.4 nm. 本文的研究有助于制备出具有较高热稳定性的垂直磁性器件电极.     

磁畴壁手性和磁斯格明子的拓扑性表征及其调控

磁性斯格明子由于拓扑的保护性,具有很高的稳定性和较小的临界驱动电流,有望应用于未来的赛道存储器件中.而在中心对称体系,由于偶极作用的各向同性,磁泡的拓扑性和螺旋度都呈现出多样性的特征.其中非平庸的磁泡即等同于磁性斯格明子.我们通过近期实验结果,结合微磁学模拟的方法,发现在中心对称体系中磁斯格明子的拓扑性会受到体系垂直各向异性的调控.另外在加磁场的演变过程中,会很大程度上依赖于基态畴的畴壁特性.磁场的倾斜或者一定的面内各向异性也会改变磁斯格明子的形态.通过对材料的基态磁结构及磁各向异性的调节,辅助以面内分量的控制,可以对基态磁畴、进而对磁斯格明子的拓扑性实现调控.这对磁斯格明子在电流驱动存储器件中的应用具有重要意义.     

Co/Ni多层膜垂直磁各向异性的研究

采用直流磁控溅射法在玻璃基片上制备了Pt底层的Co/Ni多层膜样品, 对影响样品垂直磁各向异性的各因素进行了调制, 通过样品的反常霍尔效应系统的研究了Co/Ni多层膜的垂直磁各向异性. 结果表明, 多层膜中各层的厚度及周期数对样品的反常霍尔效应和磁性有重要的影响. 通过对多层膜各个参数的调制优化, 最终获得了具有良好的垂直磁各向异性的Co/Ni多层膜最佳样品Pt(2.0)/Co(0.2)/Ni(0.4)/Co(0.2)/Pt(2.0), 经计算, 该样品的各向异性常数K_eff 达到了3.6×10⁵ J/m³, 说明样品具备良好的垂直磁各向异性. 最佳样品磁性层厚度仅为0.8 nm, 样品总厚度在5 nm以内, 可更为深入的研究其与元件的集成性.     

磁性液体中非磁性小球与磁性纳米颗粒的相互作用及磁组装

利用磁性液体与聚苯乙烯小球溶液混合得到的复合磁性液体, 研究了聚苯乙烯小球和磁性纳米颗粒在外加磁场作用下的动力学过程. 实验结果表明, 当外加磁场的方向平行于样品平面时, 聚苯乙烯小球在沿着磁场的方向上表现出相互吸引而形成链状结构, 其动力学过程可分为聚苯乙烯小球被反磁化产生相互吸引而形成短链的快过程以及短链间相互吸引形成长链的慢过程; 当外加磁场的方向垂直于样品平面时, 相邻聚苯乙烯小球表现出排斥的相互作用而形成短程有序的二维结构, 当磁场强度增加到一定的阈值时, 聚苯乙烯小球和磁性纳米颗粒形成的团簇会产生相互吸引而组装成复合式的花瓣结构. 关键词： 磁性液体 磁组装 非磁性颗粒     

具有条纹磁畴结构的NiFe薄膜的制备与磁各向异性研究

具有条纹磁畴结构的磁性薄膜表现出面内转动磁各向异性,对于解决高频电子器件的方向性问题起着至关重要的作用.本文采用射频磁控溅射的方法,研究了NiFe薄膜的厚度、溅射功率密度、溅射气压等制备工艺参数对条纹磁畴结构、面内静态磁各向异性、面内转动磁各向异性、垂直磁各向异性的影响规律.研究发现,在功率密度15.6 W/cm~2与溅射气压2 mTorr(1 Torr=1.33322×102Pa)下生长的NiFe薄膜,表现出条纹磁畴的临界厚度在250 nm到300 nm之间.厚度为300 nm的薄膜比250 nm薄膜的垂直磁各向异性场增大近一倍,从而磁矩偏离膜面形成条纹磁畴结构,并表现出面内转动磁各向异性.高溅射功率密度可以降低薄膜出现条纹磁畴的临界厚度.在相同功率密度15.6 W/cm~2下生长300 nm的NiFe薄膜,随着溅射气压由2 mTorr增大到9 mTorr,NiFe薄膜的垂直磁各向异性场逐渐由1247.8 Oe(1 Oe=79.5775 A/m)增大到3248.0 Oe,面内转动磁各向异性场由72.5 Oe增大到141.9 Oe,条纹磁畴周期从0.53μm单调减小到0.24μm.NiFe薄膜的断面结构表明柱状晶的形成是表现出条纹磁畴结构的本质原因,高功率密度下低溅射气压有利于柱状晶结构的形成,表现出规整的条纹磁畴结构,高溅射气压会导致柱状晶纤细化,面内转动磁各向异性与面外垂直磁各向异性增强,条纹磁畴结构变得混乱.     

Magnetotaxis and magnetic particles in bacteria

Magnetotactic bacteria contain magnetic particles that constitute a permanent magnetic dipole and cause each cell to orient and migrate along geomagnetic field lines. Recent results relevant to the biomineralization process and to the function of magnetotaxis are discussed.     

Magnetotactic bacteria

Magnetotactic bacteria are aquatic microorganisms with the ability to swim along the field lines of a magnetic field, which in their natural environment is provided by the magnetic field of the Earth. They do so with the help of specialized magnetic organelles called magnetosomes, vesicles containing magnetic crystals. Magnetosomes are aligned along cytoskeletal filaments to give linear structures that can function as intracellular compass needles. The predominant viewpoint is that the cells passively align with an external magnetic field, just like a macroscopic compass needle, but swim actively along the field lines, propelled by their flagella. In this minireview, we give an introduction to this intriguing bacterial behavior and discuss recent advances in understanding it, with a focus on the swimming directionality, which is not only affected by magnetic fields, but also by gradients of the oxygen concentration.     

Comparison of magnetite nanocrystal formed by biomineralization and chemosynthesis

Magnetite nanocrystal has been widely used in many fields. Recently, a new magnetite nanocrystal, called magnetosome, has been found in magnetotactic bacteria. In this article, we compared properties of magnetites prepared by co-precipitation with those of magnetosomes isolated from MSR-1 in detail, such as crystalline, morphology, crystal-size distributions, vitro cytotoxicity, and magnetic properties and quantified primary amino groups on the magnetosomes membrane surface by fluorescamine assay for the first time. From the results, it was clear that the magnetosomes might have potential in the biomedical applications in the future.     

Magnetization processes in magnetotactic bacteria systems

In low fields, the magnetization of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) culture is affected by chemotaxis and can be described by the Langevin function which depends on magnetic field strength and chemotaxis energy. In moderate fields, bacteria magnetization switching occurs as the second-order phase transition induced by increasing the field applied opposite the MTB magnetic moments. For bacteria containing one or two chains of magnetosomes we calculated the switching field as a function of the gap between magnetic particles.     

Plasma Response to Resonant Perturbations at Tokamak Edge

In certain circumstances, plasma response suppresses magnetic islands expected at perturbed resonant magnetic surfaces. We investigate the plasma response to the resonant magnetic perturbations in a large aspect ratio tokamak perturbed by external resonant helical windings, considering polar toroidal coordinates for which analytical toroidal equilibrium solutions and perturbing fields are available. We apply an empirical approach to mimic the plasma screening effects by introducing presumed plasma current sheets on the resonance surfaces to cancel the RMP effects. Numerical examples show the effect of plasma response reducing magnetic islands at the plasma edge and also regularizing field lines around the resonant surface. The distribution of connection lengths along the plasma cross section indicates that the plasma response increases the connection lengths since more toroidal turns are performed until a field line reaches the tokamak wall.     

Calculations of magnetic susceptibility of magnetotactic bacteria culture

Calculations of magnetic susceptibility of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) culture are reported. The model was elaborated with regard to the effect of chemotaxis for two different geometrical compositions of the experiment. The results obtained allow one to determine concentration of MTB from magnetic measurements. It was shown that the characteristic parameters of chemotaxis can be extracted from the dependencies of the susceptibility on magnetic field strength.     

Magnetosomes and magnetite crystals produced by magnetotactic bacteria as resolved by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used in concert with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to image magnetotactic bacteria (Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1 and Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1), magnetosomes, and purified Mms6 proteins. Mms6 is a protein that is associated with magnetosomes in M. magneticum AMB-1 and is believed to control the synthesis of magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) within the magnetosome. We demonstrated how AFM can be used to capture high-resolution images of live bacteria and achieved nanometer resolution when imaging Mms6 protein molecules on magnetite. We used AFM to acquire simultaneous topography and amplitude images of cells that were combined to provide a three-dimensional reconstructed image of M. gryphiswaldense MSR-1. TEM was used in combination with AFM to image M. gryphiswaldense MSR-1 and magnetite-containing magnetosomes that were isolated from the bacteria. AFM provided information, such as size, location and morphology, which was complementary to the TEM images.     

Flexible ferromagnetic filaments and the interface with biology

Flexible ferromagnetic filaments are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Two main deformation modes of the filament at magnetic field inversion are theoretically described and observed experimentally by using DNA-linked chains of ferromagnetic particles. Anomalous orientation of ferromagnetic filaments perpendicular to AC field with a frequency which is high enough is predicted and confirmed experimentally. By experimental studies of magnetotactic bacteria it is demonstrated how these properties of ferromagnetic filaments may be used to measure the flexibility of the chain of magnetosomes.     

地面附近架高线缆HEMP响应计算的Agrawal和Taylor模型比较

研究在高空核爆电磁脉冲(HEMP)的作用下,地面附近架高线缆感应瞬态电压、电流的传输线模型计算方法并进行比较。考虑到有耗地面的电气参数,列举了Agrawal和Taylor两种传输线理论模型的异同,应用格林函数求积分和叠加定理,分别采用两种模型,计算并比较了不同入射波和线缆布放状态下的电压、电流响应,以及各场分量(水平电场、垂直电场和水平磁场)单独存在时对电流、电压响应的贡献。结果显示,Agrawal和Taylor模型得到的电压、电流响应是一致的,可以考虑在有界波电磁脉冲模拟器中进行短线缆的效应实验;由于相同的场分量在不同的模型中对电压、电流响应的贡献并不相同,因此在阐述某一场分量对线缆响应贡献大小时,应该首先说明所采用的传输线模型。     

Most electron heat transport is not anomalous; it is a paleoclassical process in toroidal plasmas

It is hypothesized that radial electron heat transport in magnetically confined toroidal plasmas results from paleoclassical Coulomb collision processes (parallel electron heat conduction and magnetic field diffusion). In such plasmas the electron temperature is equilibrated along magnetic field lines a long length L (> poloidal periodicity length piR0q), which is the minimum of the electron collision length and an effective field line length. Thus, diffusing field lines induce a radial electron heat diffusivity M identical with L/(piR0q) approximately 10>1 times the magnetic field diffusivity eta/mu0 approximately nue(c/omegap)2.