球形压痕的残余变形分析

球形压痕技术在材料力学属性，诸如硬度，弹性模量等的测量中得到了广泛的应用。应用Twyman-Green及云纹干涉法并配合相移技术，本文对IN783合金进行了一系列的球形压痕实验研究，并对残余压痕的面内（u,v）及离面（w）变形场进行了定量测量和分析。应用面内变形测量结果，进一步对试件表面的应力一应变分布进行了分析和计算，并在离面变形场的基础上，确立了压痕周围的弹塑性边界，从而进一步应用面内的分析结果，得到材料的屈服强度。应用压痕实验的接触半径和压力并配合Tabor经验公式，本文进一步得到了材料的应力应变曲线。实验结果与已知的IN783合金相吻合。对所涉及的一系列压痕实验，本文也进行了二维有限元分析并得到了比较一致的结果。     

钻孔法测量残余应力中几个问题的探讨

本文针对钻孔法测量残余应力中一些不能用“释放”理论解释的问题,通过对钻孔法基本测量原理的分析和与其它传统电测方法对比,认为常用于测量残余应力的电测方法中钻孔法应定义为“干扰法”,切条法和套孔法为“释放法”,Sach＇s镗削法则为“干扰-释放法”.根据实验结果推荐公式=(λ-1)~(1/2)为预测钻孔深度的经验公式.同时应用“干扰”理论分析了压痕法测量残余应力的基本特性,提出压痕法与电测法结合将发展成为一种近似无损的测量残余应力的新方法.     

纳米压痕残余应力场拉曼光谱实验研究

本文采用纳米压入仪在晶向为〈111〉和〈100〉的两种单晶硅片表面压入1000nm,卸载后得到深度约为550~570nm的压痕。使用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪对压痕周边区域进行测量,采用场扫描成像技术得到了压痕周边拉曼频移、半高宽、峰强等拉曼信息,通过分析由频移求得残余应力场的分布。在实验的基础上讨论了残余应力场的分布,以及晶向对应力场分布的影响,近似给出了压痕边缘最大压应力与微裂纹尖端最大拉应力。对其他拉曼信息的分析表明,半高宽和峰强信息与材料晶格结构的变化相关,在一定程度上也可以反映残余应力的作用。     

球形压痕的残余变形分析(英文)

球形压痕技术在材料力学属性,诸如硬度,弹性模量等的测量中得到了广泛的应用。应用Twyman-Green及云纹干涉法并配合相移技术,本文对IN783合金进行了一系列的球形压痕实验研究,并对残余压痕的面内(u, v)及离面( w)变形场进行了定量测量和分析。应用面内变形测量结果,进一步对试件表面的应力-应变分布进行了分析和计算,并在离面变形场的基础上,确立了压痕周围的弹塑性边界,从而进一步应用面内的分析结果,得到材料的屈服强度。应用压痕实验的接触半径和压力并配合Tabor经验公式,本文进一步得到了材料的应力应变曲线。实验结果与已知的IN783合金相吻合。对所涉及的一系列压痕实验,本文也进行了二维有限元分析并得到了比较一致的结果。     

球形压痕的残余变形分析

球形压痕技术在材料力学属性,诸如硬度,弹性模量等的测量中得到了广泛的应用.应用Twyman-Green及云纹干涉法并配合相移技术,本文对IN783合金进行了一系列的球形压痕实验研究,并对残余压痕的面内(u, v)及离面(w)变形场进行了定量测量和分析.应用面内变形测量结果,进一步对试件表面的应力-应变分布进行了分析和计算,并在离面变形场的基础上,确立了压痕周围的弹塑性边界,从而进一步应用面内的分析结果,得到材料的屈服强度.应用压痕实验的接触半径和压力并配合Tabor经验公式,本文进一步得到了材料的应力应变曲线.实验结果与已知的IN783合金相吻合.对所涉及的一系列压痕实验,本文也进行了二维有限元分析并得到了比较一致的结果.     

发动机缸体铸铁件消应热处理工艺的评价

发动机缸体铸铁件生产过程中产生的铸造残余应力需要采取合适的热处理工艺消除,缸体热处理前后的残余应力变化情况可用于评价热处理工艺的有效性．文中首次采用压痕应变法与深孔法相结合,分别测量发动机缸体表面与内部残余应力分布规律,综合评价了发动机缸体铸铁件热处理前后的残余应力水平．两种不同型号缸体热处理前后残余应力测量结果表明,目前的热处理工艺并不能有效降低残余应力峰值,该热处理工艺需要进一步优化调整或考虑取消现有的热处理工艺方案．     

云纹干涉与钻孔法测量残余应力的实验方法与系统

应变片钻孔法是工程中应用最广的残余应力测量方法之一，由于应变片只能得到其长度范围内的平均应变，测量误差比较大，本文提出用云纹干涉法测量的位移信息代替应变片测量的应变信息来确定残余应力，用有限元建立位移与残余应力之间的关系，基于以上理论，开发了一种可以进行现场残余应力测量的便携式云纹干涉钻孔系统，并用该仪器进行了铝合金激光焊接接头的残余应力测量，得到了焊缝中心残余应力值。     

纳米压痕法测磁控溅射铝薄膜屈服应力

为了在考虑残余应力下测量出磁控溅射铝薄膜的屈服应力,提出了一种实验测量方法,通过曲率测试法和球形压头纳米压痕法测出磁控溅射铝薄膜的屈服应力．建立球形压痕力学模型,并用ANSYS对球形压痕进行力学有限元仿真,利用直流磁控溅射技术在硅基上淀积一层1 μm厚的铝薄膜,首先通过曲率测试法测量膜内等双轴残余应力,再利用最小二乘曲线拟合法从薄膜/基底系统的球形压头纳米压痕实验数据中提取出铝薄膜的屈服应力,测得磁控溅射铝薄膜的屈服应力为371 MPa．该方法也可以用来研究其他材料的薄膜和小体积材料的力学特性．     

大发小轿车发动机连杆的疲劳性能研究

本文对大发小轿车发动机连杆进行了疲劳性能测试，发现绝大部分连杆都在压痕根部处断裂，为此对压痕所造成的残余应力进行了测试和研究，提出了提高连杆疲劳性能的措施。本文在循环应力比Ｒ从２．５到—３之间进行了广泛的疲劳试验，并找到包括平均压应力范围等寿命曲线规律，对平均压应力在疲劳中的作用有了进一步认识。     

用压痕法研究玻璃的动疲劳强度

本文借助扫描电镜在对带压痕的钠钙硅玻璃试件的断面分析中，提出了理想的径向裂纹模型，分析了由压痕引起的表面接触残余应力裂纹长短对裂纹在开裂纹在开裂和亚监界扩展区的疲劳强度的影响，并设计了相应的强度实验进行了比较。     

利用锚杆轴力量测定围岩破坏区的方法

本文系统总结了锚杆轴力分布型式,分析了各轴力分布型式的力学机理。结果表明,在围岩不同区内,锚杆所受剪切力具有不同的特点,而且,锚杆所受剪切的特点在锚杆轴力分布中得到了反映。根据以上关系,提出了利用锚杆轴力量测确定围岩破坏区的方法。     

基于大型炉体焊接残余应力测试的盲孔法研究

为提高炉体焊接残余应力测试精度,对传统的盲孔法进行改进,即在测点打孔后多次扩孔并增加孔深;通过对SM400ZL钢焊接残余应力测试时的应变释放系数A,B进行实验标定,得出多组应变释放系数值,计算可得残余应力的估算值,并对不同状况下的残余应力值进行比较.通过大拉力标定试验得出SM400ZL钢盲孔的孔边塑性变形对测量精度的影响和塑性修正公式.结果表明,改进的盲孔法能够更准确地测得焊接残余应力值,测量结果经塑性修正,最大误差减小到2%以下.测试方法和结果可直接在相关的工程实际中应用.     

Intralaboratory Repeatability of Residual Stress Determined by the Slitting Method

This paper presents repeated slitting method measurements of the residual stress versus depth profile through the thickness of identically prepared samples, which were made to assess repeatability of the method. Measurements were made in five 17.8 mm thick blocks cut from a single plate of 316L stainless steel which had been uniformly laser peened to induce a deep residual stress field. Typical slitting method techniques were employed with a single metallic foil strain gage on the back face of the coupon and incremental cutting by wire EDM. Measured residual stress profiles were analyzed to assess variability of residual stress as a function of depth from the surface. The average depth profile had a maximum magnitude of −668 MPa at the peened surface. The maximum variability also occurred at the surface and had a standard deviation of 15 MPa and an absolute maximum deviation of 26 MPa. Since measured residual stress exceeded yield strength of the untreated plate, microhardness versus depth profiling and elastic–plastic finite element analysis were combined to bound measurement error from inelastic deformation.     

Whole-field residual stress measurement in rail using moiré interferometry and twyman/green interferometry via thermal annealing

A novel whole-field residual stress measurement technique is developed using moiré interferometry and Twyman/Green interferometry coupled with thermal annealing. The technique is successfully applied to residual stress measurement in rail. In the measurement, a high temperature resistant 1200-lines/mm cross grating is made on a rail transverse slice surface. The whole-field residual stress relief is achieved by thermal annealing. Moiré interferometry and Twyman/Green interferometry are employed to obtain the in-plane and out-of-plane deformations generated by the residual stress relaxation. The whole-field strain redistribution due to the residual stress relief is calculated, and the whole-field residual stress distribution, including the possible stress concentration, is then obtained. Because of the three-dimensional nature of the residual stress relaxation and the measurement, the three-dimensional residual stress reconstruction sometimes becomes possible based on some plausible assumptions. In this paper, the principle of the experimental theory, technique and procedures are described. Three-dimensional residual stress reconstruction in a rail using a transverse slice is shown. Its comparison to the hole-drilling method with moiré interferometry is also presented.     

反应堆贯穿件J形焊缝残余应力研究1）

焊接残余应力是引起应力腐蚀开裂的主要原因,准确地掌握残余应力的分布是对结构完整性评定的关键.为了探明反应堆压力容器顶盖控制棒驱动机构（control rod drive mechanism,CRDM）贯穿件J形焊缝残余应力的分布,本研究加工两个CRDM贯穿件实验模拟件,采用盲孔法测试两个J形接头的焊接残余应力.通过实验探明了CRDM贯穿件焊缝残余应力的分布规律,为反应堆压力容器结构完整性的研究提供必要参考.     

Mapping Multiple Components of the Residual Stress Tensor in a Large P91 Steel Pipe Girth Weld Using a Single Contour Cut

The contour method is applied in an innovative manner to measure the distribution of hoop residual stress in a large martensitic-ferritic steel pipe containing a multi-pass girth weld. First, a novel one-step wire electro-discharge machining cut is conducted to divide the pipe lengthways into two halves. The deformation of the cut halves is then measured and analysed in a way that simultaneously gives maps of hoop stress across the wall thickness on both sides of the pipe and automatically accounts for through-thickness hoop bending effects and how they may vary along the pipe. Finally the contour method results are combined with X-ray diffraction residual stress measurements using the principle of superposition to determine the distribution of the axial and radial residual stresses in the pipe. It is thereby demonstrated how the distribution of three direct components of the residual stress tensor in a welded pipe can be readily determined using a “hybrid” contour measurement approach.     

爆炸破碎区域划分的模糊数学方法

本文以最大径向应力,最大剪应力和最大切向应力为主要的破碎准则,利用二元分配法分析了诸破碎准则间权的分配,采用正态函数、降正态函数和升正态函数为各个破碎准则的录属函数,由此提出了爆炸破碎的过粉碎区,初始裂缝区和纯粹拉断区划分的综合评价方法。实例证明,对于大药量或小药量爆炸,以上方法均可成立。     

Microstructure Effect on the Lcr Elastic Wave for Welding Residual Stress Measurement

The ultrasonic residual stresses measurement is based on the acoustoelastic effect that refers to the change in velocity of the elastic waves when propagating in a stressed media. The experimental method using the longitudinal critically refracted (Lcr) waves requires an acoustoelastic calibration and an accuracy measurement of the time-of-flight on both stressed and unstressed media. The accuracy of this method is strongly related to that of the calibration parameters, namely the time-of-flight at free stress condition (t₀) and the acoustoelastic coefficient (K). These parameters should be obtained on a free stress sample that has an identical microstructure to that of the stressed media. Our study concerns the ultrasonic evaluation of the welding residual stresses. This assembly process induces three distinct microstructures in the weld seam: the melted zone (MZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and the parent metal (PM). Previously, the residual stresses evaluation in the steel welded plates, by the use of the Lcr wave method, was only possible in the MZ and in the PM zones. While in the HAZ, the residual stresses were incorrectly evaluated due to its small width impeding the extraction of the calibration sample. In this paper, we propose an original approach to solve this problem, which consists of reproducing the microstructure of this zone using a specific heat treatment. For the experimental part, P355 steel welded plates were used and the three zones were probed. The results compared with those obtained by the hole-drilling reference method show a proven potential of the ultrasonic method using the Lcr waves. The Lcr wave residual stresses measurements were made with sufficient accuracy, such as the variability of repeated measures was estimated on the order of ± 36 MPa.     

利用材料拉压异必无损检测残余应力的新方法

用实验手段研究了若干种材料在弹性范围内的拉压异性,发现某些材料的拉伸弹性模量与压缩弹必模量相差高达60%,从分析拉压异性产生的机理,描述了拉压导师性材料的应力应变关系,在此基础上提出了一种基于材料拉压异性的残余应力无损检测新方法,并进行了弯曲和扭转残余应力的典型实验,结果证明在某些条件下它是十分有效的,具有简便、精度高的特点。     

光弹性贴片盲孔测残余应力西田法之改进与厚度效应修正系数讨论

本文介绍了改进的光弹性贴片盲孔法测残余应力的计算公式,并与西田正孝计算公式进行了对比。进行了单向均匀拉伸板模拟残余应力试验验证,以及对接焊板残余应力实测。