聚醚型非离子型表面活性剂的混合表面膜 Ⅰ.Triton X-100、Triton X-305与硬脂酸、十六醇、聚丙二醇的二元混合膜

非离子型表面活性剂在乳化、起泡、分散、润湿、洗涤,润滑、防锈、抑制水蒸发等许多重要过程中有着广泛的应用.这些应用的关键往往在于界面膜性质的有效控制.关于非离子型表面活性剂的表面膜虽有过一些研究,但很少注意混合膜的,而实践中涉及的界面膜一般都是混合型的.本文报道Triton X-100、Triton X-305与硬脂酸、十六醇、聚丙二醇所组成的二元混合物在水面上的单分子膜,并对结果作了初步解释.     

Triton X-100推动碱金属离子在液/液界面上转移的机制和伏安行为

本文用四电极循环伏安法研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100推动碱金属离子K^+, Na^+等在水/硝基苯, 水/1,2-二氯乙烷界面上的转移过程, 根据实验结果提出Triton X-100推动金属离子转移的一种机制, 推导了转移半波电位方程式, 并用实验进行了验证。     

AOT/Triton X-100混合反胶束体系中假丝酵母脂肪酶催化蓖麻油水解的活性

研究了二(2-乙基己基)琥珀酸磺酸钠(AOT)/Triton X-100混合反胶束体系中假丝酵母脂肪酶(candida rugosa lipase)催化蓖麻油水解的反应. 考察了Triton X-100占总表面活性剂的摩尔分数(x(Triton X-100))、水与总体表面活性剂的摩尔比(ω0)、pH值、反应温度以及底物蓖麻油的浓度等因素对酶活性的影响. 研究结果表明, 加入非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100可以使假丝酵母脂肪酶的活性得到显著提高, 但是当底物蓖麻油的浓度大于0.24 mol·L-1时, 会对假丝酵母脂肪酶产生抑制作用.     

Triton X-100推动碱金属离子在液/液界面上转移的机制和伏安行为

本文用四电极循环伏安法研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100推动碱金属离子K~+,Na~+等在水/硝基苯,水/1,2-二氯乙烷界面上的转移过程,根据实验结果提出Triton X-100推动金属离子转移的一种机制,推导了转移半波电位方程式,并用实验进行了验证。     

头孢唑酮与Triton X-100缔合体系的相互作用

抗生素头孢唑酮的加入使得非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100的表面活性降低. ¹H-NMR的结果表明，头孢唑酮增溶于胶束极性基团附近.头孢唑酮与Triton X-100胶束的结合常数随Triton X-100含量的增加而下降，但头孢唑酮在Triton X-100胶束相和水连续相之间的分配系数不随Triton X-100含量变化而变化.     

吸附与润湿 Ⅱ.Triton X-100和Triton X-305在炭黑/水和炭黑/环己烷界面上的吸附层结构

(1)测定了15℃和30℃时炭黑自水和环己烷中吸附非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100和Triton X-305的等温线;(2)计算了吸附过程的标准热力学函数△G~0、AH~0和△S~0;(3)测定了石墨/水/环己烷和石墨/水/空气的接触角与表面活性剂浓度的关系.分析所得结果,可得结论:在炭黑/水或石墨/水界面上,Triton型表面活性分子形成单分子吸附层,分子以憎水的iso-C_8H_(17)C_6H_4基团附着在表面,而以亲水的聚氧乙烯链伸入水相的方式取向;在炭黑/环己烷或石墨/环己烷界面上,分子是通过聚氧乙烯链吸附到表面上的,当浓度增加时分子在表面上可能通过聚氧乙烯链间的相互作用而发生聚集,即可能形成表面反式胶团.     

利用Triton X-100合成介孔二氧化硅及其形貌研究

以非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯为硅源,合成了介孔二氧化硅分子筛.利用XRD、N2吸附—脱附、SEM、以及TG-DTA对样品进行了表征,结果表明合成的材料具有有序介孔结构、高比表面积及高孔容。同时比较了不同条件下所得产物的形貌结构,并分析了它们的形成机理。     

吸附与润湿II.Triton X-100和Triton x-305在炭黑/水和炭黑/环己烷界面上的吸附层结构

测定了15℃和30℃时炭黑自水和环己烷中吸附非离子型表面活性剂TritonX-100和Triton X-305的等温线;计算了吸附过程的标准热力学函数;测定了石墨/水/环己烷和石墨/水/空气的接触角与表面活性剂浓度的关系, 分析所得结果,可得结论:在炭黑/水或石墨/水界面上,Triton型表面活性分子形成单分子吸附层,分子以憎水的iso-C8H17C6H4基团附着在表面,而以亲水的聚氧乙烯链伸入水相的方式取向;在炭黑/环已烷或石墨/环己烷界面上,分子是通过聚氧乙烯链吸附到表面上的,当浓度增加时分子在表面可能通过聚氧乙烯链间的相互作用而发生聚集,即可能形成表面反式胶团。     

Triton X-100/甲苯/水三元体系界面张力的耗散颗粒动力学模拟

采用耗散颗粒动力学方法在介观层次上模拟了非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100 在油/水界面上的分布行为, 并把用于油/水二元体系界面张力的计算方法拓展到含表面活性剂的三元体系. 利用该方法可以得到与实验数值吻合的界面张力数据. 另外, 模拟结果直观展示了表面活性剂界面张力与界面密度的关系, 为表面活性剂复配增效理论提供了依据. 该模拟方法给出的微观信息可以为驱油体系配方筛选和表面活性剂有效应用提供指导.     

Triton X-100/CTAB在乙二醇/水混合溶剂中的热力学性质和胶团化行为

利用表面张力法, 研究了非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100和离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)混合体系在混合极性溶剂乙二醇/水(乙二醇的体积分数分别为5%、10%和20%)中的热力学性质和胶团化行为. 结果表明, 混合体系在乙二醇水溶液中存在协同效应, 临界胶束浓度随乙二醇含量的增加而增大. 利用Rubingh和Maeda模型计算了混合物中各组分在胶团相中的组成、相互作用参数以及自由能的贡献. 在实验研究的乙二醇浓度范围内, 发现该非离子/离子混合体系在离子组分摩尔分数约为0.3时, 协同效应最强.     

聚醚型非离子表面活性剂的混合表面膜 II: 环氧乙烷环氧丙烷共聚物与异辛基苯酚聚氧乙烯加成物和聚丙二醇的混合膜

本文进一步测定了环氧乙烷环氧丙烷共聚物与异辛基苯酚聚氧乙烯加成物和聚丙二醇等分子混合物在40%NaNO3水溶液表面所成膜的表面压(π)-分子面积(a)关系. 结果表明组成混合膜的两种组份可能形成了完全混溶的二维溶液.     

The properties of a binary mixture of nonionic surfactants in water at the water/air interface

The behavior of mixed nonionic/nonionic surfactant solutions, that is, p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s Triton X-100 (TX100) and Triton X-165 (TX165) have been studied by surface tension and density measurements. The obtained results of the surface tension measurements were compared with those calculated from the relations derived by Joos, Miller, and co-workers. From the comparison, it appeared that by using these two approaches the adsorption behavior of TX100 and TX165 mixtures at different mole fractions can be predicted. The negative deviation from the linear relationship between the surface tension and composition of TX100 and TX165 mixtures in the concentration range corresponding to that of the saturated monolayer at the interface, the values of the parameters of molecular interaction, the activity coefficients, as well as the excess Gibbs energy of mixed monolayer formation calculated on the basis of Rosen and Motomura approaches proved that there is synergism in the reduction of the surface tension of aqueous solutions of TX100 and TX165 mixture when saturation of the monolayer is achieved. The negative parameters of intermolecular interaction in the mixed micelle and calculations based on MT theory of Blankschtein indicate that there is also synergism in the micelle formation for TX100 and TX165 mixture. It was also found that the values of the standard Gibbs energy of adsorption and micellization for the mixture of these two surfactants, which confirm the synergetic effect, can be predicted on the basis of the proposed equations, which include the values of the mole fraction of surfactant and excess Gibbs energy TX100 and TX165 in the monolayer and micelle.     

Wetting and adsorption: I. The structure of adsorbed layer of nonionic surfactants at SiO2/water and SiO2/cyclohexane interface

Based on the adsorption of Triton X-100 on silica/water and silica/cyclohexane interfaces and the adsorption of Triton X-305 on silica/water interface, two adsorption models have been proposed. On silica/cyclohexane interface, the adsorption of Triton X-100 is monomolecular layer. The molecules in the monolayer are presumed to be attached to the silica surface by their EO chain such that their hydrocarbon chain are exposed to the cyclohexane phase. On silica/water interface, the adsorption of Triton X-100 or Triton X-305 is bimolecular layer. The surfactant molecules orientated in the first layer are similar with that on the silica/cyclohexane interface. The molecules in the second layer are postulated to adsorb on those of the first in the opposite orientation, with EO chain directed toward the adsorption medium. The contact angle of quartz-water-cyclohexane (θ_W) as a function of the concentration of Triton X-100 and Triton X-305 in water has been measured with quartz plate employing the captive drop (cyclohexane) technique. The observed θ_W (measured through water) rose from < 10° to a maximum of about 120° for Triton X-100 and of about 40° for Triton X-305 as the concentration of surfactant in water increased, and then fell, as the concentration increased further. The results are consistent with the proposed adsorption models.     

Wettability of a polytetrafluoroethylene surface by an aqueous solution of two nonionic surfactant mixtures

Measurements of the advancing contact angle (theta) were carried out for an aqueous solution of p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxypoly(ethylene glycol)s (Triton X-100 (TX100) and Triton X-165 (TX165) mixtures) on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The obtained results indicate that the wettability of PTFE depends on the concentration and composition of the surfactant mixture. The minimum of the dependence between the contact angle and composition of the mixtures for PTFE for each concentration at a monomer mole fraction of TX100, alpha = 0.8, points to synergism in the wettability of PTFE. This effect was confirmed by the negative values of interaction parameters calculated on the basis of the contact angle and by the Rosen approach. In contrast to Zisman, there was no linear dependence between cos theta and the surface tension of an aqueous solution of TX100 and TX165 mixtures for all studied systems, but a linear dependence existed between the adhesional tension and surface tension for PTFE over the whole concentration range, the slope of which was -1, indicating that the surface excess of the surfactant concentration at the PTFE-solution interface was the same as that at the solution-air interface for a given bulk concentration. Similar values of monomer mole fractions of the surfactants at water-air and PTFE-water interfaces calculated on the basis of the surface tension and contact angles showed that adsorption at these two interfaces was the same. It was also found that the work of adhesion of an aqueous solution of surfactants to the PTFE surface did not depend on the type of surfactant and its concentration. This means that for the studied systems the interaction across the PTFE-solution interface was constant and was largely of Lifshitz-van der Waals type. On the basis of the surface tension of PTFE, the Young equation, and the thermodynamic analysis of the adhesion work of an aqueous solution of surfactant to the polymer surface, it was found that in the case of PTFE the changes in the contact angle as a function of the mixture concentration of two nonionic surfactants resulted only from changes in the polar component of the solution surface tension.     

Wettability of polymeric solids by ternary mixtures composed of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon nonionic surfactants

Contact angle (θ) measurements on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surface were carried out for the systems containing ternary mixtures of surfactants composed of: p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxypoly(ethylene glycols), Triton X-100 (TX100), Triton X-165 (TX165) and Triton X-114 (TX114), and fluorocarbon surfactants, Zonyl FSN100 (FSN100) and Zonyl FSO100 (FSO100). The aqueous solutions of ternary surfactant mixtures were prepared by adding TX114, FSN100 or FSO100 to binary mixtures of TX100+TX165, where the synergistic effect in the reduction of the surface tension of water (γ(LV)) was determined. From the obtained contact angle values, the relationships between cosθ, the adhesion tension and surface tension of solutions, cosθ and the reciprocal of the surface tension were determined. On the basis of these relationships, the correlation between the critical surface tension of PTFE and PMMA wetting and the surface tension of these polymers as well as the work of adhesion of aqueous solutions of ternary surfactant mixtures to PTFE and PMMA surface were discussed. The critical surface tension of PTFE and PMMA wetting, γ(C), determined from the contact angle measurements of aqueous solutions of surfactants including FSN100 or FSO100 was also discussed in the light of the surface tension changes of PTFE and PMMA under the influence of film formation by fluorocarbon surfactants on the surface of these polymers. The γ(C) values of the studied polymeric solids were found to be different for the mixtures composed of hydrocarbon surfactants in comparison with those of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon surfactants. In the solutions containing fluorocarbon surfactants, the γ(C) values were different taking into account the contact angle in the range of FSN100 and FSO100 concentration corresponding to their unsaturated monolayer at water-air interface or to that saturated.     

Wettability of a glass surface in the presence of two nonionic surfactant mixtures

Measurements of the advancing contact angle (theta) were carried out for aqueous solution of p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxypoly(ethylene glycol), Triton X-100 (TX100), and Triton X-165 (TX165) mixtures on glass. The obtained results indicate that the wettability of glass depends on the concentration and composition of the surfactant mixture. The relationship between the contact angle and concentration suggests that the lowest wettability corresponds to the concentration of TX100 and TX165 and their mixture near the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The minimum of the dependence between the contact angle and composition of the mixtures for each concentration at a monomer mole fraction of TX100, alpha, equals 0.2 and 0.4 points to synergism in the wettability of the glass surface. In contrast to the results of Zisman ( Zisman, W. A. In Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion; Gould, R. F., Ed.; Advances in Chemistry Series 43; American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1964; p 1 ) there was no linear dependence between cos theta and the surface tension of aqueous solutions of TX100 and TX165 mixtures for all studied systems, but a linear dependence exists between the adhesional tension and surface tension for glass, practically, in the whole concentration range of surfactants studied, the slopes of which are positive in the range of 0.43-0.67. These positive slopes indicate that the interactions between the water molecules and glass surface might be stronger than those between the surface and surfactant molecules. So, the surface excess of surfactant concentration at the glass-water interface is probably negative, and the possibility for surfactant to adsorb at the glass/water film-water interface is higher than that at the glass-water interface. This conclusion is confirmed by the values of the work of adhesion of "pure" surfactants, aqueous solutions of surfactants, and aqueous solutions of their mixtures to the glass surface and by the negative values of glass-water interfacial tension determined from the Young equation in the range of surfactant concentrations corresponding to their unsaturated monolayer at the water-air interface.     

Adsorption kinetics of octylphenyl ethers of poly(ethylene glycol)s on the solution—air interface

We studied the dynamic surface tension of aqueous solutions of Triton X-100 and Triton X-405 by the maximum bubble pressure and the inclined plate methods in the lifetime range from 0.001 s up to 10 s. It is established that in the region of large and ultimately small surface pressure and time the adsorption follows diffusion kinetics, but in the region of intermediate values of lifetime and surface pressure both the surfactants decrease the surface tension faster than predicted by the existing diffusion theory. We offer a model that provides for the ability of poly(ethylene glycol) chains to adsorb on the water-air interface and to change the area that a molecule occupies on the surface. For this model we achieve full coincidence of the measured values and the values calculated according to the diffusion theory of the dynamic surface tension.

It is ascertained that the Triton X-405 molecule can exist in the surface layer in different states: with the poly(ethylene glycol) chain fully expanded or with it partially or fully submerged in solution. The first state is most probable at surface pressures less than 5 mN m⁻¹, and the second is probable at a pressure of about 8–10 mN m⁻¹. At pressures larger than 15–20 mN m⁻¹, the poly(ethylene glycol) chain is fully submerged in the solution. The Triton X-100 molecule can also expand its poly(ethylene glycol) chain at low pressures and fully submerges it in the solution at higher values of the surface pressure.     

Triton X-100在乙二醇中的胶体性质

表面活性剂在非水溶剂中聚集态的研究所见的报导与水体系相比要少得多．然而近年来对非水体系的研究日益增多．这是因为表面活性剂在非水溶剂中的应用日趋增加，但与水体系相反，对非水体系的性质了解甚少．对表面活性剂非水体系的研究还有助于对其聚集体的共溶剂效应有更深的认识．TritonX－100（以下简写为TX－100）是典型的非离子表面活性剂，在工业上有着广泛的应用．乙二醇在多醇中与水的化学结构最相近问，然而它却是水结构的破坏剂，加入少量的乙二醇会使水的冰点急剧下降．乙二醇又是蛋白质的变性溶剂．表面活性剂在乙二醇中的胶…     

Effect of surface composition on the adsorption of photosystem I onto alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on gold

We have used self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared from omega-terminated alkanethiols on gold to generate model surfaces and examine the effect of surface composition on the adsorption of Photosystem I (PSI), stabilized in aqueous solution by Triton X-100. Triton-stabilized PSI adsorbs to high-energy surfaces prepared from HO- and HO2C-terminated alkanethiols but does not adsorb to low-energy surfaces. The inhibition of PSI adsorption at low-energy surfaces is consistent with the presence of a layer of Triton X-100 that adsorbs atop the hydrophobic SAM and presents a protein-resistant poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) surface. While the presence of the PEG surface prevents the adsorption of PSI, the displacement of the inhibiting layer of Triton X-100 by dodecanol, a more active surfactant, greatly enhances the adsorption of PSI. This inhibiting effect by Triton X-100 can be extended to other protein systems such as bovine serum albumin.