反拱水垫塘底板块上举力变化规律的试验研究

：反拱水垫塘是一种新型消能防冲结构，拟在我国溪洛渡等300m级高拱坝中采用，其稳定性是其在高水头、大流量作用下能否安全运用的关键技术之一。结合溪洛渡拱坝，试验研究了拱坝坝身泄量达30000m^3／s，反拱圈横缝止水设施破坏，动水压力贯入底板缝隙，基岩锚固力失效的极端情况下，反拱水垫塘底板块上举力，得出底板块上举力分布规律，脉动上举力谱密度特性等，并推算出拱端的极限推力。研究成果对反拱水垫塘设计、运用和稳定研究具有理论和实际意义。     

无拉力Winkler地基梁静力分析的线性互补法

提出了无拉力Ｗｉｎｋｌｅｒ地基梁弯曲的线性互补法．将地基反力作为未知量而获得了一组地基与梁之间相对竖向位移和反力的线性互补方程．计算结果表明本文解与文［２，３］解吻合良好。     

考虑地基侧向永久位移的钢筋混凝土框架结构地震反应分析

定量评价场地破坏对建筑物震害的影响是一个亟需解决的难点问题,现阶段结构震害预测以及灾情再现等震害防御技术中多未考虑场地破坏的影响。地基侧向永久位移（变形）是场地破坏的一种典型破坏形式,往往会引起较严重的建（构）筑物震害。采用OpenSees软件构建一个简化的6层2跨钢筋混凝土框架结构模型,通过输入不同强度且含有永久位移的位移时程,模拟地震中地基侧向永久位移对结构震害的影响。分析结果显示：（1）地基侧向永久位移对结构底层的最大层间位移角起控制作用,即使地基产生0.05 m的侧向永久位移,在地震动强度小于0.4g情况下,底层的最大层间位移角远大于地基未发生永久位移的工况;在地震动强度为0.4g时,结构的最大层间位移角发生在第二层,此时地震动强度决定结构的破坏状态;（2）地基发生0.1 m的永久位移时,永久位移对结构的破坏等级起决定性影响,且影响主要体现在底层的层间位移角,对其他楼层破坏等级影响较小;（3）通过简化模型的数值计算,分析地基侧向永久位移对结构震害等级的影响,解释了地震中场地破坏多会加重房屋结构震害的现象。     

载荷作用下对称结构的内力和位移

对称结构在对称载荷作用下,内力和位移对称;在反对称载荷作用下,内力和位移反对称.这是利用对称性简化结构计算的根据.该文用更能反映对称性数学本质的方法,证明了上述结论.这一工作将使结构力学中对称性利用的叙述更简洁,逻辑更严密.以此为基础,对载荷作用下对称结构的内力和位移的理论进行了整理.     

多维地震激励下地基与结构相互作用系统动力反应耦联分析

为研究多维地震作用下地基与结构相互作用系统动力反应的基本规律,进行密肋复合墙结构与地基相互作用系统的模型振动台试验,测试了输入El-Centro波及天津波时地基与结构的加速度及位移反应,观测了地基开裂破坏现象。依据相互作用体系中上部结构的动力反应耦联模式,分析了结构加速度与位移反应耦联效应随高度的变化规律,研究了相互作用体系中结构振动耦联机制。结果表明:随测点高度的增加,加速度耦联效应系数除在顶层发生突变外,其余各测点的值均较为接近,且多数加载工况下位移耦联效应系数随高度的变化不明显;随着输入地震波烈度的提高,地基土先开裂而后略密实,结构顶部动力反应的耦联效应系数先增大后减小,相同烈度不同加载工况对应的值相差在10%以内。由此可见,在地震作用下地基的开裂破坏,导致地基与上部结构的接触发生变化,使结构在多维地震波作用下的动力反应发生耦联。     

考虑相邻建筑物影响的结构动力性能分析

本文采用通用子结构法分析了结构——土——结构相互作用问题的动力性能,并给出了考虑地基土和基础底板在接触界面上发生相对位移时的系统的运动方程式。相邻的二个建筑物,当二者之间距离很近时,将通过地基土大大地改变它们原来的动力性能。对于一个较低矮的建筑物邻近于一个较高耸的建筑物而言,情况尤其如此。然而,随着二者之间距离的增大,结构动力性能的变化将迅速地减小。     

圆柱体形地基模型及与结构相互作用的样条函数解法

本文根据工程中大量遇到的圆形截面结构,建立了圆柱体形地基模型,并用B样条基函数来表征模型的位移。由于所设函数的合理性,使在一般荷载作用下圆心处的位移保持连续,应力应变不再奇异,且具有待定系数少、精度高等特点,使庞大的三维问题能在一般微机上求解。文中对地基-结构相互作用时地基人工边界的设置及范围进行了大量计算,得到了一些规律性的结果。     

饱和土埋置力源的三维动力Lamb问题解答

基于一组弹性土波动方程，应用Fourier级数展开和Hankel积分变换，得到了三维问题饱和土骨架与孔隙水的应力及位移分量在变换域内的积分形式通解．考虑地基表面透水情形，由边界条件导出了半空间饱和土体在埋置力源作用下的三维动力Lamb问题的解答．给出了埋置水平力作用下地基表面竖向位移、径向位移及周向位移的数值解．该研究为运用边界元法求解饱和地基的动力响应课题奠定了理论基础．     

一种适用于下承式钢桁结合桥计算的板梁组合单元

下承式钢桁结合桥具有建筑高度较低、行车时燥声、震动较小、刚度较大等优点,是高速铁路桥梁中比较理想的结构形式之一。为了能较合理和方便地分析下承式钢桁结合桥的力学行为,本文提出了一种考虑板梁共同作用和相对滑移的板梁组合单元。该单元以矩形板的4个结点的结点位移和板梁结合面3个点的相对滑移作为单元的基本自由度,板的位移模式通过对常规4结点矩形平板壳单元的形函数修正得到,梁的位移模式则根据板和梁之间的变形协调条件来确定。文末的算例表明,本文的解与试验结果和通用工程软件解较为吻合,说明了本文理论和方法的正确性。     

非饱和弹性半空间地基的稳态响应半解析法研究

应用半解析法研究简谐荷载下非饱和弹性半空间地基的稳态响应。基于非饱和土的动力控制方程以及非饱和弹性半空间的边界条件,建立地基层单元的半解析函数,应用加权残数法得到在简谐荷载下非饱和弹性半空间地基的稳态响应半解析方程。对半解析方程求解,得到了竖向简谐荷载作用下非饱和弹性地基水平位移和竖向位移幅值,数值分析了饱和度和地基深度等参数对孔压和位移幅值的影响。研究结果表明,应用本文方法研究非饱和弹性半空间地基的稳态响应是切实有效的。     

Universal behaviour of a wave chaos based electromagnetic reverberation chamber

In this article, we present a numerical investigation of three-dimensional electromagnetic Sinai-like cavities. We computed around 600 eigenmodes for two different geometries: a parallelepipedic cavity with one half-sphere on one wall and a parallelepipedic cavity with one half-sphere and two spherical caps on three adjacent walls. We show that the statistical requirements of a well operating reverberation chamber are better satisfied in the more complex geometry without a mechanical mode-stirrer/tuner. This is due to the fact that our proposed cavities exhibit spatial and spectral statistical behaviours very close to those predicted by random matrix theory. More specifically, we show that in the range of frequency corresponding to the first few hundred modes, the suppression of non-generic modes (regarding their spatial statistics) can be achieved by reducing drastically the amount of parallel walls. Finally, we compare the influence of losses on the statistical complex response of the field inside a parallelepipedic and a chaotic cavity. We demonstrate that, in a chaotic cavity without any stirring process, the low frequency limit of a well operating reverberation chamber can be significantly reduced below the usual values obtained in mode-stirred reverberation chambers.     

超声速化学反应流动中燃料预喷研究述评

研制基于超声速燃烧的高效吸气式推进装置(运行Mach数在3.5以上)需要寻求改善混合效率的有效机制, 这对于采用常规碳氢燃料(特别是可以增加密度的液体燃料)的装置尤为重要. 延长混合时间的一种途径是在飞行器燃料室的上游喷入部分燃料. 壁面喷射一直是超声速气动力学最具挑战性的课题, 这里包括使比冲损失最小、改善燃料-空气的混合、减少入口段/燃烧室的相互作用以及增进火焰稳定性等. 综述了超声速入口段或燃烧室的隔离器中液体燃料(个别情况下为气体燃料)喷射的研究进展. 在这些研究中, 燃料都是从后掠型细支架尾迹中的壁面处喷射出来的, 动压比很低($q_{\rm {jet}}/q_{\rm {air}}$=0.6$\sim$1.5). 它们涉及入口段和燃烧室的隔离器中单个支架/喷射器的几何结构及其组合方式、各种各样的喷射条件、不同的引射剂, 并且评估了这些因素对于燃料羽流喷散、比冲损失以及混合效率的影响. 述评引用了46篇参考文献.     

横倾状态下地板表面形貌对人体步进摩擦的影响

人体在行走过程中足底与地面之间产生的间歇性摩擦现象称为步进摩擦，地板表面形貌作为步进摩擦的重要影响因素之一而受到广泛关注. 现有研究成果多是基于水平路面，对坡度道路，特别是横倾状态下地板表面形貌对人体步进摩擦的影响研究较少. 本文作者以普通碳钢作为地板材料，机械加工出不同的表面形貌，利用止滑试验机研究了水平状态下地板表面形貌与其能够提供的最大临界摩擦系数的关系，利用步进摩擦试验平台研究了横倾状态下地板表面形貌对人体步进摩擦的影响. 结果表明:水平状态下，随着表面粗糙度的增大和表面纹理间距的减小，临界摩擦系数与人体行走实际所产生的有效摩擦系数均增加，防滑性能提高；横倾状态下，随着路面横倾角度的增大，有效摩擦系数及其侧向分量增大，侧滑风险提高；地板表面纹理排列方向对有效摩擦系数的影响明显，横向分布的防滑性能优于纵向.      

Turbulence quantification and sediment resuspension in an oscillating grid chamber

An oscillating grid chamber has been developed to study sediment suspension, desorption of compounds from the resuspended sediment, and air–water mass transfer. The chamber is designed to allow researchers to study desorption of contaminants from cohesive sediments and the flux of those contaminants to the vapor phase. The chamber uses a single vertically oscillating grid driven by a DC motor and closed-loop controller. Sediment to be studied is placed in the bottom of the chamber and entrained into the water column by the turbulence generated by the oscillating grid. A two-component laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) was used to measure the turbulent velocity field inside the chamber. Detailed mapping of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) produced by this grid arrangement was compared with established grid-stirred systems. At distances closer to the grid than two grid bar spacings, large lateral gradients exist in the TKE. The suspension of cohesive sediments was also studied using this chamber. Steady-state suspended sediment concentrations were achieved within 30 min for a variety of turbulence levels. By adjusting the grid operating parameters, the TKE can be set to simulate the turbulence found either at the bed or free surface in open-channel flow systems. With some care, the oscillating grid chamber can be used as a simple laboratory analogue to study various environmental processes within the flow or at either the sediment–water or air–water interface.     

喷嘴结构对液氧煤油火箭发动机高频燃烧不稳定性的影响

为了筛选高压补燃循环液氧煤油火箭发动机的喷嘴,在喷注单元低压高频燃烧不稳定性模拟实验系统上开展实验,研究了喷嘴结构对燃烧稳定性边界的影响。实验使用气态空气与氧气的混合物作为氧化剂,加热的煤油蒸汽作为燃料;喷嘴为全尺寸气液同轴直流离心式喷嘴,模拟燃烧室与真实燃烧室的固有声学频率相等。根据测量模拟燃烧室内的脉动压力区分大幅振荡、小幅振荡和稳定工作。研究结果表明,喷嘴长度、缩进室长度和入口节流嘴直径对高频燃烧不稳定性裕量有很大影响,并存在相对最佳值。     

Focusing of weak shock waves in confined axisymmetric chambers

Theoretical study of a weak shock wave focusing process on a spherical region in confined 3-D axisymmetric chambers is presented. The chambers are elliptic or parabolic in the plane cross-section containing their axis of symmetry. In the elliptic case a spherical shock wave of constant strength generated at one of the focal points will reflect off the chamber wall and converge on a spherical region around the second focus of the chamber. It is shown that the pressure distribution on the converging spherical shock wave is not homogeneous. In the parabolic case two possibilities of shock generation are considered. In the first one a plane shock wave of constant intensity is send in the inner of the chamber. This shock wave with the plane perpendicular to the symmetry axis will after the reflection off the chamber wall transform to a spherical shock with non-homogeneous pressure distribution. Alternatively, a spherical shock of constant intensity generated at the focus of the paraboloidal chamber will after the reflection transform to a plane shock with non-homogeneous pressure distribution propagating in the outer of the chamber. The above mentioned problems are solved within the frame of the geometrical acoustics approximation and the flow fields as well as the non-uniform shock strengths behind the converging wave fronts are calculated.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Changes in modal parameters of a bridge during fatigue testing

The effects of high-cycle fatigue on the dynamic modal properties of a full-scale bridge test section are examined in this study. A span 30.5 m (100 ft) in length was salvaged from an interstate bridge for experimental testing to establish the fatigue performance of the retrofit procedures which could be used for future field repairs of the fatigue cracks. Horizontal cracks had formed in the webs of the twin bridge girders in the vicinity of the web-flange weld at or near the connections of the girders to the floor beams. An electrohydraulic vibration shaker was used to excite the test span in the torsional and bending modes to promote fatigue crack growth. In addition to the experimental evaluation of the retrofit procedures, the dynamic response characteristics of the test span during the high-cycle fatigue test were monitored. Experimental data have been used to establish mode shapes and modal damping ratios during the four-million-cycle fatigue test. Damping ratios ranged from 1.09 percent to 0.53 percent. Modal stiffnesses were calculated based on the experimental mode shapes. There is a modest correlation between the changes in stiffness and the observed cracking of the steel girders and the subsequent repairs. Paper was presented at the 1988 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in Porland, OR on June 5–10.     

Comparison of numerical methods and combustion models for LES of a ramjet

Ramjets are very sensitive to instabilities and their numerical predictions can only be addressed adequately by Large Eddy Simulation (LES). With this technique, solvers can be implicit or explicit and handle structured, unstructured or hybrid meshes, etc. Turbulence and combustion models are other sources of differences. The impact of these options is here investigated for the ONERA ramjet burner. To do so, two LES codes developed by ONERA and CERFACS compute one stable operating condition. Preliminary LES results of the two codes underline the overall robustness of LES. Mean flow features at the various critical sections are reasonably well predicted by both codes. Disagreement mainly appear in the chamber where combustion positions differ pointing to the importance of the combustion and subgrid mixing models. The two LES produce different energy containing motions. With CEDRE, a low frequency dominates while AVBP produces different ranges of low frequencies that can be linked with acoustic modes of the configuration. To cite this article: A. Roux et al., C. R. Mecanique 337 (2009).     

可缩液体汽车减振器装置研究

对一种新型可压缩液体汽车减振器的基本结构和工作原理进行了分析,给出其内特性的数学模型。指出可压缩液体减振器由于腔内充满可压缩液体,其动作连续可靠,其外特性不会发生高频高速畸变,并提供了该减振器外特性试验。     

Air flow exploration of abrasive feed tube

An abrasive water-jet cutting process is one in which water pressure is raised to a very high pressure and forced through a very small orifice to form a very thin high speed jet beam. This thin jet beam is then directed through a chamber and then fed into a secondary nozzle, or mixing tube. During this process, a vacuum is generated in the cham- ber, and garnet abrasives and air are pulled into the chamber, through an abrasive feed tube, and mixes with this high speed stream of water. Because of the restrictions introduced by the abrasive feed tube geometry, a vacuum gradient is generated along the tube. Although this phenomenon has been recog- nized and utilized as a way to monitor nozzle condition and abrasive flowing conditions, yet, until now, conditions inside the abrasive feed line have not been completely understood. A possible reason is that conditions inside the abrasive feed line are complicated. Not only compressible flow but also multi- phase, multi-component flow has been involved in inside of abrasive feed tube. This paper explored various aspects of the vacuum creation process in both the mixing chamber and the abrasive feed tube. Based on an experimental exploration, an analytical framework is presented to allow theoretical calculations of vacuum conditions in the abrasive feed tube.