聚合物太阳能电池活性层的形貌调控

聚合物太阳能电池由于制备工艺简单、重量轻、成本低廉、可制备大面积柔性器件等优点,成为新能源和材料科学中的重要研究方向.经过近10年的发展,聚合物太阳能电池的能量转换效率从2005年的5%提高到目前的10%左右,然而聚合物太阳能电池的活性层形貌仍是制约其能量转换效率的一个重要方面.本文围绕聚合物太阳能电池结构与性能的关系,重点介绍了活性层材料的分子设计(共轭主链调制、烷基侧链优化等)和加工方法(热退火、添加剂、三元溶剂、绿色溶剂等)对其微观形貌的影响,并展望了聚合物太阳能电池未来的发展趋势以及面临的关键挑战.     

高性能有机稠环电子受体光伏材料

正聚合物太阳能电池一般由氧化铟锡(ITO)透明正极、金属负极和夹在两电极之间的共混活性层所构成,具有结构和制备过程简单、成本低、重量轻、可制备成柔性和半透明器件等突出优点,近年来成为国内外研究热点.活性层是聚合物太阳能电池最重要的组成部分,通常由p-型共轭聚合物给体和n-型半导体受体材料组成.富勒烯衍生物是最为广泛使用的n-型受体材料.然而,富勒烯受体存在一些缺点,如     

高效率有机太阳能电池的界面工程研究

有机太阳能电池(OSC)为典型的三明治结构,是以共轭类有机化合物为活性层材料将太阳光转换为电能,通过两个电极输出电流。这些有机物具有来源广、质量轻和可再生等优点,使得有机太阳能电池在清洁新能源领域备受关注。当前研究的焦点仍然是提高电池的光电转换效率,主要通过改善活性层材料、优化器件结构和界面修饰等途径。本文重点介绍了作者课题组在界面工程方面所做的代表性工作,通过引入含磺酸基团或羧酸基团的超支化结构的聚合物阴极修饰层材料,获得了高效的OSCs;合成了新颖的非共轭有机小分子电解质修饰层,制备了高达10.02%效率的单结正型OSCs。此外,还研究了简单的极性溶剂处理,如甲醇能够优化活性层形貌,提高电池器件的性能。     

聚合物太阳能电池光伏材料的研究进展

聚合物太阳能电池由于成本低廉、轻薄灵活、光伏材料分子结构的可设计性等优点成为近年来太阳能电池研究与开发的热点.光电转化效率较低一直是制约此类电池商业化的关键问题,而影响效率的因素包括电池结构、光伏材料的选择、以及电池的组装技术等.本文简要介绍了聚合物太阳能电池的工作原理,对电池光敏层结构的研究进展以及给、受体材料的种类...     

铜铟镓硒太阳能电池的机遇与挑战

本文简要回顾了铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳能电池发展的历史,介绍了铜铟镓硒太阳能电池的基本结构、工作原理及相关的薄膜制备技术发展状况和机理研究的进展.在此基础上尝试提出对于未来铜铟镓硒太阳能电池产业化发展至关重要的3个问题：能带优化、铟替代和无镉化工艺.进而对铜铟镓硒太阳能电池在中国的产业化作出展望.     

铅卤钙钛矿敏化型太阳能电池的研究进展

铅卤钙钛矿太阳能电池由于其低廉的成本, 简易的制备工艺和具有商业化潜力的效率等优点, 在最近两年里成为太阳能领域广受关注的新星. 铅卤钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构, 材料合成和制作工业在短时期内发生多项革命性的变化. 铅卤钙钛矿敏化型太阳能电池从最初使用液体电解液的敏化电池, 演变为固态敏化电池. 铅卤钙钛矿也从最初沉积在介孔膜的空隙的传统敏化结构, 演变为介孔空隙填充和致密覆盖层结合的混合型敏化结构. 通过这些结构的演化和材料制备的进步, 敏化型铅卤钙钛矿太阳能电池具备了较高的稳定性和高效率的两大优点. 对铅卤钙钛矿敏化型太阳能电池的研究进展进行简要综述.     

结晶动力学策略在非富勒烯体系太阳能电池形貌调控领域的应用

非富勒烯体系太阳能电池具有吸收范围宽、半透明及可大面积溶液加工等优势,已在清洁能源领域占据重要地位。在高性能材料开发、活性层形貌及器件工艺优化的推动下,器件能量转换效率已经突破19%。非富勒烯体系太阳能电池的基本结构包括阴极、阳极、相应的界面层及活性层,其中活性层形貌对器件性能有着重要影响。然而,由于活性层中给体与受体分子均为半晶性分子,在成膜过程中两者结晶存在竞争耦合;此外,活性层的结晶和相分离往往同时发生,导致形貌可控性差。针对上述问题,本专论系统总结了通过控制共混体系结晶动力学,精细调控活性层形貌的相关进展,详细介绍了共混体系中分子扩散速率、成核与晶粒生长相对速率、结晶顺序等动力学行为对活性层相分离结构、相区尺寸、结晶度及分子取向等的影响,建立了活性层多层次结构与器件光物理过程间的构效关系,为制备高性能有机太阳能电池器件奠定了基础。     

A-D-A型小分子电子给体中的端基优化和高效率光伏器件

<正>相较于传统的无机太阳能电池,有机太阳能电池(OSCs)具备成本低、重量轻、可通过溶液加工方式制备柔性器件等诸多优点,已经成为具有重要应用前景的太阳能利用方式之一~(1,2)。自1995年俞刚等发明了具有本体异质结结构(BHJ)的OSC以来~3,采用共轭聚合物电子给体和小分子电子受体材料构建BHJ光伏活性层的电池能量转换效率     

有机太阳能电池性能衰减机理研究进展

近年来随着非富勒烯Y系列明星分子受体的出现, 单结有机太阳能电池的光电转换效率已经突破19%, 但是器件在运行条件下缺乏良好的稳定性, 严重制约了其商业化发展. 因此越来越多的研究聚焦于造成有机太阳能电池性能衰减的原因以及如何提高有机太阳能电池的稳定性. 由于有机太阳能电池复杂的器件结构、不尽相同的活性层材料以及在稳定性研究中条件的差异, 造成了对有机太阳能电池器件衰减研究的困难. 为了更全面地了解有机太阳能电池的衰减过程, 对近些年有机太阳能电池器件衰减过程的研究成果进行综述, 总结了由于给受体材料化学分解、活性层形貌变化、传输层和电极腐蚀以及界面反应等原因造成的器件性能衰减, 并介绍了近些年关于提高器件稳定性的一些策略, 最后对有机太阳能电池的未来发展进行了展望.     

呋喃衍生物:一类新兴的有机半导体材料

π-共轭分子广泛用于有机场效应晶体管、有机太阳能电池、染料敏化太阳能电池和有机发光二极管等领域中.在π-共轭分子中引入呋喃环可以显著的改变分子的光学、电化学、电荷传输等性质.π-共轭呋喃衍生物由于具有载流子迁移率高、荧光量子效率高以及溶解性好等特点,引起了国内外广泛的研究兴趣.实验和理论研究都已证明呋喃衍生物是一类优良的半导体材料,可以用于制得高性能的场效应晶体管、有机太阳能电池、染料敏化太阳能电池和有机发光二极管.作者在简单介绍呋喃衍生物特点的基础上,着重介绍了呋喃衍生物应用于制备有机场效应晶体管、有机太阳能电池、染料敏化太阳能电池和有机发光二极管等领域中的研究进展.     

Hybrid polymer/nanoparticle solar cells: preparation, principles and challenges

Hybrid polymer/nanoparticle solar cells have a light harvesting layer composed of semiconducting inorganic nanoparticles and a semiconducting conjugated polymer. They have potential to give high power conversion efficiencies (PCE). However, the PCE values reported for these solar cells are not currently as high as anticipated. This article reviews the main methods currently used for preparing hybrid polymer/nanoparticle solar cells from the colloid perspective. PCE data for the period of 2005-2011 are presented for hybrid polymer/nanoparticle solar cells and compared to those from polymer/fullerene cells. The key reasons for the relatively low PCE values for hybrid polymer/nanoparticle solar cells are uncontrolled aggregation and residual insulating ligands at the nanoparticle surface. Two hybrid polymer/nanoparticle systems studied at Manchester are considered in which the onset of aggregation and its affect on composite film morphology were studied from the colloidal perspective. It is concluded that step-change approaches are required to increase the PCEs of hybrid polymer/nanoparticle solar cells and move them toward the 10% value required for widespread commercialisation. A range of nanoparticles that have potential for application in possible longer term terawatt solar energy production are discussed.     

纳米晶/聚合物太阳能电池

纳米晶/聚合物太阳能电池作为一种新型光伏器件成为近年来的研究热点。通过改变纳米晶的形貌及尺寸来调节材料本身的带隙从而改善光吸收特性,并且无机半导体材料本身具有高的电子迁移率和良好的热稳定性,以上特性使该类电池具有巨大的发展潜力。本文从纳米晶的种类、形状和尺寸、表面配体及纳米晶与聚合物界面性能等方面综述了纳米晶/聚合物太阳能电池的研究现状。纳米晶形貌、太阳光利用率和载流子传输效率是影响电池效率的主要因素。文中指出开展窄带隙纳米晶的合成、优化纳米晶/聚合物电池结构、解析纳米晶与聚合物界面激子传输机理等改善该类电池性能的途径,旨在为提高纳米晶/聚合物太阳能电池的效率提供借鉴经验。     

高效聚合物光伏材料研究进展

聚合物光伏电池因具有重量轻、成本低以及可制成柔性大面积器件等优点而具有广阔的应用前景.近年来,采用共轭聚合物作为光伏电池活性层材料的研究进展十分迅速.本文介绍了聚合物光伏电池的工作原理和器件结构,综述了聚合物材料作为给体,在体相异质结型光伏器件中的最新研究进展,并对今后进一步提高这类电池的能量转换效率问题进行了探讨.     

含噻吩窄带隙共轭聚合物类太阳能电池材料的研究进展

含噻吩的窄带隙共轭聚合物类太阳能电池材料因其良好的稳定性和可加工性,已成为新型太阳能电池的研究热点。本论文主要介绍了用于太阳能电池的窄带隙共轭聚合物研究进展,按其结构特征分为烷基/烷氧基取代聚噻吩、含苯基聚噻吩、基于噻吩并吡嗪的共聚物、基于噻吩并噻唑的共聚物、基于噻吩并吩噻嗪的共聚物、基于烷基芴的共聚物以及其它种类的窄带隙的共轭聚合物,并对它们的结构特点、光学带隙、合成方法进行了归纳与总结。本文最后简要介绍了该研究领域目前所面临的一些问题,同时讨论了该类材料在此领域今后的发展趋势。     

共轭聚合物发光和光伏材料研究进展

聚合物光电功能材料与器件因其广阔的应用前景,1990年以年来吸引了世界各国学术界的广泛关注和兴趣.聚合物光电子器件主要包括聚合物电致发光二极管、聚合物场效应晶体管和聚合物太阳能电池等,其使用的关键材料是共轭聚合物光电子材料,包括共轭聚合物发光材料、场效应晶体管材料和光伏材料等.本文主要对共轭聚合物电致发光材料和光伏材料的研究进展进行综述,介绍了这些聚合物材料的种类、结构和性质以及在聚合物电致发光器件和聚合物太阳能电池中的应用.并讨论了当前共轭聚合物光电子材料中的关键科学问题和今后的发展方向.     

Heavy metal complex containing organic/polymer materials for bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic devices

The application of heavy-metal complexes in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is a promising new research field which has attracted increasing attention, due to their strong spin-orbit coupling for efficient singlet to triplet intersystem crossing. This review article focuses on recent advances of heavy metal complex containing organic and polymer materials as photovoltaic donors in BHJ solar cells. Platinum-acetylide containing oligomersor and polymers have been firstly illustrated due to the good solubility, square planar structure, as well as the fairly strong Pt-Pt interaction. Then the cyclometalated Pt or Ir complex containing conjugated oligomers and polymers are presented in which the triplet organometallic compounds are embedded into the organic/polymer backbone either through cyclometalated main ligand or the auxiliary ligand. Pure triplet small molecular cyclometalated Ir complex are also briefly introduced. Besides the chemical modification, physical doping of cyclometalated heavy metal complexes as additives into the photovoltaic active layers is finally demonstrated.     

Side-chain engineering of high-efficiency conjugated polymer photovoltaic materials

In recent years,conjugated polymers have attracted great attention in the application as photovoltaic donor materials in polymer solar cells(PSCs).Broad absorption,lower-energy bandgap,higher hole mobility,relatively lower HOMO energy levels,and higher solubility are important for the conjugated polymer donor materials to achieve high photovoltaic performance.Side-chain engineering plays a very important role in optimizing the physicochemical properties of the conjugated polymers.In this article,we review recent progress on the side-chain engineering of conjugated polymer donor materials,including the optimization of flexible side-chains for balancing solubility and intermolecular packing(aggregation),electron-withdrawing substituents for lowering HOMO energy levels,and two-dimension(2D)-conjugated polymers with conjugated side-chains for broadening absorption and enhancing hole mobility.After the molecular structural optimization by side-chain engineering,the2D-conjugated polymers based on benzodithiophene units demonstrated the best photovoltaic performance,with powerconversion efficiency higher than 9%.     

An Electron Acceptor with Porphyrin and Perylene Bisimides for Efficient Non‐Fullerene Solar Cells

A star‐shaped electron acceptor based on porphyrin as a core and perylene bisimide as end groups was constructed for application in non‐fullerene organic solar cells. The new conjugated molecule exhibits aligned energy levels, good electron mobility, and complementary absorption with a donor polymer. These advantages facilitate a high power conversion efficiency of 7.4 % in non‐fullerene solar cells, which represents the highest photovoltaic performance based on porphyrin derivatives as the acceptor.     

Multifunctional Conjugated Polymers with Main‐Chain Donors and Side‐Chain Acceptors for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) and Organic Photovoltaic Cells (OPVs)

A novel multifunctional conjugated polymer (RCP‐1) composed of an electron‐donating backbone (carbazole) and an electron‐accepting side chain (cyanoacetic acid) connected through conjugated vinylene and terthiophene has been synthesized and tested as a photosensitizer in two major molecule‐based solar cells, namely dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). Promising initial results on overall power conversion efficiencies of 4.11% and 1.04% are obtained from the basic structure of DSSCs and OPVs based on RCP‐1, respectively. The well‐defined donor (D)‐acceptor (A) structure of RCP‐1 has made it possible, for the first time, to reach over 4% of power conversion efficiency in DSSCs with an organic polymer sensitizer and good operation stability.     

An Isoindigo‐Based “Double‐Cable” Conjugated Polymer for Single‐ Component Polymer Solar Cells

An isoindigo‐based “double‐cable” conjugated polymer bearing perylene bisimide side units was developed via Stille polymerization for application in single‐component polymer solar cells, in which a power conversion efficiency of 1% with broad photo‐response from 300 nm to 800 nm was achieved. There is no evidence of large phase separation confirmed by AFM images and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The space charge limit current measurements and light intensity dependence measurements indicate that the low electron mobility and the significant recombination of photogenerated charge carriers in active layer mainly account for the low performance of our solar cells. Our results suggest that these “double‐cable” are promising candidates for use in single‐component polymer solar cells with NIR photoresponse.