新型聚合硼酸酯表面活性剂PBE的合成及其性能

以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,用N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、硼酸三乙酯和N,N-二羟乙基十二烷基胺直接聚合合成了新型聚合硼酸酯表面活性剂PBE。采用红外光谱、核磁共振和凝胶色谱测试技术对其进行了结构表征;考察了PBE及其硼酸酯单体MBE的抗水解性、热稳定性、乳化力等性能,并由表面张力测定研究了PBE在不同溶液pH值下的表面性质。结果表明,由直接聚合合成反应,经提纯后可得白色或淡黄色固体粉末PBE,反应收率为77.2%,产物重均分子量可达Mw=28400g/mol。PBE抗水解性能强,热分解温度可达320℃,稳定性相比单体MBE有所提高。PBE的HLB值在10~13,其对石蜡油、松节油、甲苯和石油醚的乳化力明显优于单体MBE和乳化剂Tween-85。在25℃时,随溶液pH值的增大,PBE临界胶束浓度CMC明显降低,pH值在6~7时,CMC降低幅度最大,但溶液pH对γCMC影响较小;其中pH=7时,PBE临界胶束浓度CMC达到0.12g/L,γCMC为31.2mN/m,其表面活性与常规低分子量表面活性剂的应用水平相似,而优于聚乙烯醇、聚氧化乙烯-氧化丙烯嵌段共聚物Pluronic104等常规高分子表面活性剂。     

可聚合囊泡体系(烯丙基-二甲基-十二烷基溴化胺和十二烷基硫酸钠)在溶液中的盐效应

高稳定的囊泡广泛用于制作生物模型、药物输送以及合成纳米材料的模板。获得高稳定囊泡结构的重要方法之一是用聚合反应固定囊泡结构。作为可聚合囊泡制备的前期基础工作,研究了一种可聚合的囊泡体系：1-丙烯基－2,2,二甲基－十二烷基溴化胺（ADDB）和ADDB与十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）的等摩尔比混合体系。该囊泡体系即使在高浓度盐水中也能够自发地形成均相的囊泡溶液。在聚合之前,采用动态激光光散射（DLS）、冷冻蚀刻透射电镜（FF-TEM）技术研究了可聚合囊泡的盐效应。DLS测试发现没有盐存在时,囊泡大小为83 nm,盐的浓度增加到250 mmol/L时,囊泡尺寸增大到250 nm。然而继续增大盐浓度到1000 mmol/L, 囊泡尺寸减小到180nm. FF-TEM结果发现盐浓度小于150 mM时, 单个囊泡为70 nm左右,然而明显存在囊泡的絮凝与融合;当盐浓度增加到400 mM时,单个囊泡尺寸减小到20 nm. 因此DLS 观测到囊泡尺寸增大的原因是由于囊泡的絮凝与融合;而尺寸减小的原因是由于在高盐浓度下,盐屏蔽了带电颗粒之间的静电相互作用,在熵增的驱使下,大囊泡变成小囊泡。     

疏水缔合水溶性聚合物P(AM/NaAA/DiAC16)的合成与性能

以双烯丙基胺和1-溴代十六烷为原料合成了疏水单体N,N-双烯丙基十六胺,采取前加碱二元胶束共聚-后水解法合成了三元疏水缔合水溶性聚合物聚(丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸钠/N,N-双烯丙基十六胺)[P(AM/NaAA/DiAC16)],用FTIR、1H-NMR进行了结构表征;以芘为荧光探针,利用稳态荧光光谱法、粘度法研究了P(AM/NaAA/DiAC16)在水溶液的缔合行为.当x(DiAC16)=0.10～0.40 %时,在30℃、1mol·L-1NaCl溶液中,其Huggins常数KH小于0.80(144～0.294),表明稀溶液中缔合作用较弱.随聚合物浓度、疏水单体用量的增加,P(AM/NaAA/DiAC16)在二次蒸馏水中、1.000 mol·L-1 NaCl水溶液中,I1/I3值减少;在矿化度为19 334 μg/g盐水溶液中,水溶液的表观粘度增加、临界缔合浓度降低.结果表明,P(AM/NaAA/DiAC16)缔合行为取决于聚合物浓度、疏水单体用量及介质的极性.     

黄原胶的数均分子量研究

用改良型Bruss膜渗透计测定了黄原胶超声波碎片的6个分级试样的数均分子量M_n及第二维利系数A_2,黄原胶在0.1mol/L NaCl水溶液中的M_n值大约是镉乙二胺饱和水溶液(cadoxen)中M_n的2倍,表明它在0.1 mol/L NaCl水溶液中为双螺旋链同时共存少量单链分子的双或多股缔合体,而在cadoxen中则变为单无规线团,在cadoxen/水混合液中当cadoxen重量分数W_(cad)为0.6左右时,黄原胶双螺旋链及缔合分子解开成单股链的过程基本完成。     

高分子微泡的研究——Ⅰ.二烯丙基二(十二烷基)季铵盐的合成与聚合

本文合成了二烯丙基二(十二烷基)溴化铵(DADD),用超声波分散其水溶液而形成微泡。用γ射线、偶氮二异丁睛(AIBN)、过硫酸铵(APS)引发使微泡发生聚合,井对所得的微泡进行表征。实验结果证明:用γ射线引发能使微泡双分子膜发生全部聚合、而用AIBN,APS引发则只能发生部分聚合,聚合后,微泡的形状(态),渗透性行为、相转变温度等都未发生变化,但其稳定性却提高了,用断裂电镜证实了本文所合成的微泡是单室的双分子膜微泡。     

金属配位诱导体系Ca(DS)_2/C_(14)DMAO/H_2O的相行为和流变学

在室温(25.0±0.1℃)下,对十二烷基硫酸钙(Ca(DS)2)/十四烷基二甲基氧化胺(C14DMAO)体系在两种表面活性剂不同比例r(r=nCa(DS)2/nC14DMAO)下的水溶液进行了表面活性考察.当Ca(DS)2和C14DMAO结合形成复配体系时,溶液CMC值及在CMC时的表面张力都远低于C14DMAO溶液,说明Ca(DS)2和C14DMAO的缔合结构在水-空气界面的结合比单一表面活性剂更为紧密.在所考察的比例中,当r=2.0:10.0时,溶液CMC值及在CMC时的表面张力达到最低值,该比例处于囊泡相区域.当C14DMAO浓度固定时,随着Ca(DS)2的加入,首先形成了球状胶束相(L1-相),然后球状生长得到蠕虫状胶束相(L1-相),接着出现L1/Lα两相区,之后随Ca(DS)2浓度的进一步增大,得到了具有双折射现象的囊泡相区(Lαv-相),而后是凝胶相(gel),最后当Ca(DS)2过量时,不溶的Ca(DS)2在溶液中形成了沉淀.对囊泡相样品进行负染色透射电镜表征,观察到了多分散的囊泡结构,囊泡直径分布约在50～200nm范围内.各相区受温度影响变化非常显著.当温度升高时,在相同C14DMAO浓...     

三维宏观网络状囊泡薄膜的分级自组装研究

分别合成以疏水性超支化聚醚(HBPO)为核,以亲水性聚环氧乙烷(EO)和聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)为臂的两亲性超支化多臂共聚物HBPO-star-PEO和HBPO-star-PDMAEMA.通过两者在水溶液中的复合自组装制备得到具有pH响应性的巨型聚合物囊泡(1~10μm),并用zeta电位仪,激光共聚焦显微镜及光学显微镜对囊泡的自组装行为进行了研究.结果表明,在等电点以前,复合囊泡始终以单个囊泡形式存在;随着溶液pH的升高,囊泡逐步线型缔合成串珠结构;在更高的pH下,囊泡进一步二次聚集形成具有宏观尺度的三维蜘蛛网状超分子结构,这是一类新的自组装体.     

表面力仪的改进及溶液中DLVO理论的验证

改进了现有表面力仪,使之具有更低的造价和更高的实验精度.利用改进后的表面力仪测量了0.1mol/L的NaCl溶液中两云母表面间的作用力-距离曲线;通过与计算得到的曲线对比验证了DLVO理论.结果表明:在0.1mol/L的NaCl溶液中,两云母表面间在距离较大时的作用力测量值与DLVO理论值相符合,但在距离较小时测量值出现附加的短程斥力,且此斥力呈现指数衰减规律.     

有机过氧化物与N,N-二羟烷基对甲苯胺引发体系的研究

<正> 有机过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)与N,N-二甲基苯胺(DMA)组成的引发体系称为有机氧化还原引发体系.为了提高聚合速度和聚合物的颜色稳定性,发展了BPO-DMT(N,N-二甲基对甲苯胺)引发体系,并已应用于医用高分子的齿科材料和骨水泥中.文献[3]曾简单提到N,N-二2-羟乙基苯胺(DHEA)作为促进剂,其活性与DMA相似;另外BPO可分别与N,N-二(2-羟乙基)对甲苯胺(DHET)和N,N-二(2-羟丙基)对甲苯胺(DHPT)组成引发体系,作为烯类自由基聚合的室温固化剂,但对聚合速度和聚合动力学报道甚少.由于DHPT熔点较高又无刺激味道,因而很适用于自凝齿科林     

电聚合苯胺过程的在线紫外-可见光谱

用在线紫外-可见光谱电化学的方法对0.5mol/L硫酸水溶液中苯胺在ITO导电玻璃电极上的电化学聚的过程进行了研究.结果表明在循环伏安条件下苯胺发生了电聚合,聚合速率与苯胺浓度成正关系;而且在线紫外-可见电化学光谱表明,在0.01mol/L苯胺溶液的电聚合过程的诱导期较长.恒电位条件下的在线紫外-可见电化学光谱显示苯胺浓度为0.05mol/L,电位为0.8V时,在ITO电极上苯胺低聚合物中间体可能产生于聚苯胺形成之前;而0.01mol/L苯胺在0.8V电位下不发生聚合,但在线紫外-可见光谱又显示此时在电极上可能存在小的苯胺低聚物的中间体;在线紫外-可见光谱表明这种中间体是可能产生并存在电极表面上的.     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定镉、铅、铜和锌

 研究了meso-四（对羟基苯基）卟啉为柱前衍生化试剂与Cd2+,Pb2+,Cu2+和Zn2+离子的配合反应条件及配合物在C18色谱柱上的分离条件,建立了反相高效液相色谱快速分离光度检测Cd2+,Pb2+,Cu2+和Zn2+的新方法。配合物和试剂在15 min内出峰完毕。4种离子的检出限为: Cd2+0.02 ng,Pb2+0.02 ng, Cu2+0.02 ng,Zn2+0.12 ng;线性范围为:Cd2+0.8 μg/L～150 μg/L,Pb2+0.8 μg/L～300 μg/L,Cu2+0.8 μg/L～500 μg/L,Zn2+5.0 μg/L～1 000 μg/L;方法的日内相对标准偏差为:2.8%～4.8%,测定低、中、高3个浓度的日间相对标准偏差为3.7%～9.7%。     

基于氧化型谷胱甘肽保护的荧光金纳米团簇的制备及其对Fe~(3+)的检测

利用氧化型谷胱甘肽作为还原剂和稳定剂,通过绿色合成法制备了具有良好生物相容性的金纳米团簇(GSSG-Au NCs),其平均粒径大小为2.9 nm。以其为荧光探针实现了对Fe~(3+)的高灵敏检测,且对干扰离子具有高度选择性,线性范围宽(0.1~30μmol/L),检出限为0.03μmol/L。该方法用于实际水样(自来水、湖水和河水)中Fe~(3+)的测定,结果满意。     

流动注射在线氧化荧光法结合透析采样研究盐酸硫利达嗪与牛血清白蛋白的结合作用

利用流动注射在线氧化结合在线透析采样技术建立了荧光法测定血浆中游离盐酸硫利达嗪的新方法, 并将其应用于盐酸硫利达嗪与牛血清白蛋白作用机制的研究. 将盐酸硫利达嗪与牛血清白蛋白以不同比例混合并在37 ℃下培养, 以流动注射透析采样技术从混合液中分离出游离盐酸硫利达嗪, 在线氧化为强荧光化合物后测定其浓度; 应用Scrathard方程分析所测数据, 求得盐酸硫利达嗪和牛血清白蛋白的结合常数为1.2×104 L/mol, 结合位点数为0.98; 根据热力学参数推断, 盐酸硫利达嗪与牛血清白蛋白之间以疏水作用力为主; 进一步基于荧光猝灭现象和Fster非辐射能量转移理论, 得到盐酸硫利达嗪小分子与牛血清白蛋白之间的能量转移效率(E=0.497)和结合距离(r0=3.27 nm).     

Thermodynamically stable vesicle formation from glycolipid biosurfactant sponge phase

Thermodynamically stable vesicle (L(alpha1)) formation from glycolipid biosurfactant sponge phase (L(3)) and its mechanism were investigated using a "natural" biocompatible mannosyl-erythritol lipid-A (MEL-A)/L-alpha-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) mixture by varying the composition. The trapping efficiency for calcein and turbidity measurements clearly indicated the existence of three regions: while the trapping efficiencies of the mixed MEL-A/DLPC assemblies at the compositions with X(DLPC)< or =0.1 or X(DLPC)> or =0.8 were almost zero, the mixed assemblies at the compositions with 0.1 or =0.8 were multilamellar vesicles (L(alpha)) with diameter from 2 to 10 microm. Meanwhile, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement revealed that the average size of the vesicles at the composition of X(DLPC)=0.3 was 633.2 nm, which is remarkably small compared to other compositions. Moreover, the mixed vesicle solution at the composition of X(DLPC)=0.3 was slightly bluish and turbid and kept its dispersion stability at 25 degrees C for more than 3 months, indicating the formation of a thermodynamically stable vesicle (L(alpha1)). These results exhibited the formation of a thermodynamically stable vesicle (L(alpha1)) with a high dispersibility from the MEL-A/DLPC mixture. The asymmetric distribution of MEL-A and DLPC in the two vesicle monolayers caused by the difference in geometrical structures is very likely to have changed their self-assembled structure from a sponge phase (L(3)) to a thermodynamically stable vesicle (L(alpha1)).     

The effect of water or salt solution on thin hydrophobic films

Hydrophobic films of polystyrene synthesized in bulk (PS) and by emulsion polymerization in the presence of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (PS-CTAB) or the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (PS-SDS) were characterized by means of ellipsometry, contact angle measurements, and atomic force microscopy. Thin (approximately 65 nm) and thick (approximately 300 nm) films were spin-coated on hydrophilic silicon wafers. PS films presented scarcely tiny holes, while PS-CTAB and PS-SDS films presented holes and protuberances. The former were attributed to dewetting effects and the latter to surfactant clusters. The films were exposed to water or to a 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution for 24 h. Ex situ measurements evidenced strong topographic alterations after the exposure to the fluid. A model based on the diffusion of water (or electrolyte) molecules to the polymer/silcon dioxide interface through holes or defects on the film edges was proposed to explain the appearance of wrinkles and protuberances. In situ ellipsometric measurements were performed and compared with simulations, which considered either a water layer between a polymer and a silcon dioxide layer or an air layer between a polymer and water (medium). In the case of thin PS films, the ellipsometric angles evidenced a very thin (0.5-1.0 nm) air layer between water and the PS films. Upon increasing the PS film thickness, no air layer could be observed by ellipsometry. Regardless of the thickness, the ellipsometric data obtained for PS-CTAB and PS-SDS films did not indicate the presence of an air layer between them and the aqueous media. The dramatic changes in the topography of PS, PS-CTAB, and PS-SDS after immersion in salt solution were explained with proposed models. From a practical point of view, this study is particularly relevant because many hydrophobic polymers are used as substrates for biomedical purposes, where the physiological ionic strength is 0.15 mol/L NaCl.     

牛血清蛋白在NaCl水溶液中渗透压的研究

将NaCl水溶液中带电蛋白质分子间的静电排斥作用用Yukawa位能函数描述,蛋白质分子间的色散作用用Lennard-Jones位能函数描述,代替了经典DLVO理论。基于McMillan-Mayer渗透压统计理论,将Duh和Mier-Y-Teran的Yukawa状态方程与Cotterman等的Lennard-Jones微扰公式相结合,建立了一个新的状态方程,并采用该状态方程研究了含有NaCl的牛血清蛋白(简称BSA)水溶液的渗透压,依据BSA在0.15mol/LNaCl水溶液中的回归参数可预测其在1～5mol/LNaCl水溶液中的渗透压。该状态方程采用了两个回归参数(硬球直径和LJ参数),具有一定的关联和预测效果,并与己有的其它理论模型进行了比较。     

毛细管胶束电动色谱法分析PTH氨基酸

建立了用毛细管胶束电动色谱法（MEKC）分离19种PTH氨基酸的方法,并探讨了电压、pH值、温度、胶束浓度对氨基酸迁移时间的影响。方法具有速度快、灵敏度高、样品用量少的优点。     

纳米PbO/Ti电极催化还原偏硼酸锂制备硼氢化锂

在乙二醇甲醚溶液中电解铅片,制备了铅醇盐配合物,然后将溶液直接水解、凝胶,再通过提拉法涂抹在钛丝表面,450 ℃煅烧2 h制备纳米PbO/Ti电极。 将PbO/Ti电极在0.2~1.0 mol/L LiOH+0.1~0.5 mol/L LiBO2溶液测试催化还原性能,研究了影响电解还原LiBO2制备硼氢化锂(LiBH4)的主要因素,如LiBO2和LiOH浓度等。 通过X射线粉末衍射和扫描电子显微镜对PbO/Ti电极和LiBH4进行了表征。 实验表明,纳米PbO/Ti电极表面颗粒分散较好,修饰电极催化性能稳定,放电电流较大,产率和电流效率分别达15.6%和25.3%。     

Spontaneous vesicle formation in aqueous solution of zwitterionic and anionic surfactant mixture

Vesicles form spontaneously in the aqueous mixtures of dodecyl sulfonate betaine (DSB) and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT (AOT)) at certain mixing ratios, which has been demonstrated by microcalorimeter, negative-staining transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) and quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) methods. The addition of NaCl will expand the range of vesicle formation, and monodispersed vesicles are obtained in the solution from the salinity of 0.03 to 0.09 M at the mixing molar ratio of 7/3 (DSB/AOT, mol/mol), with the polydispersity of the system lower than 0.1. To learn more about the structural change in the mixture, ultrasonic was employed finally. Meanwhile analysis was made from the viewpoint of molecular geometry structure.     

Effect of Chemical Structure and Charge Distribution on Behavior of Polyzwitterions in Solution

Summary: The hydrodynamic and conformational properties of polyelectrolyte poly(N,N-diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride) and its corresponding polybetaine poly(2-diallyl(methyl)ammonio)acetate) molecules in aqueous solutions with various ionic strength and pH, were studied by viscometry, static and dynamic light scattering methods. It was established that a 1 M NaCl solution is a thermodynamically good solvent for poly(N,N-diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride). In water solutions conformation of poly(2-diallyl(methyl)ammonio)acetate) molecules corresponds to polymer coil under θ–conditions. An increase in the concentration of NaCl in water and 0.1M NaOH solutions from 0 to 1 mol/l brings about a sharp gain in the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer and in the hydrodynamic radius of molecules. This effect results from the decomposition of zwitterion pairs responsible for the compact conformation of polymer molecules in water and 0.1 M NaOH. The Kuhn segment length for poly(2-diallyl(methyl)ammonio)acetate) molecules A = 6.3 nm determined in water and in 0.1 M NaOH solutions practically coincided with A value 6.6 nm, received in 1 M NaCl and in 0.1 M NaOH/1M NaCl. For poly(N,N-diallyl-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride) molecules in 1 M NaCl solutions A = 3.9 nm.