气溶胶粒子散射和吸收特性对复折射率依赖性的数值研究

利用米散射理论数值计算分析了尺度参数为0.1~100时球形典型气溶胶粒子的散射和吸收特性对复折射率的依赖性关系。气溶胶粒子复折射率的实部和虚部是一个有机的整体,粒子复折射率的实部和虚部可以分别影响其散射和吸收特性。若实际大气气溶胶粒子大多是成核模态和积聚模态的小粒子,基于气溶胶的散射和吸收特性可以获得其复折射率的唯一解。但是,如果大气中存在大量的粗模态粒子时,气溶胶散射和吸收特性对其复折射率的依赖性较为复杂,只有选择有限的合适复折射率库区间,才有可能获得更合适的有效复折射率。     

Calculation of the absorption coefficients of optical materials by measuring the transmissivities and refractive indices

In this paper, a formula for accurate calculation of the absorption coefficient of optical material is deduced by the relationship of its transmissivity, refractive index and absorption coefficient. Because the values of transmissivity and refractive index of the optical material with a higher accuracy can be determined by the instruments or obtained directly from the references, the calculated results of the absorption coefficients with a higher accuracy is certified. The absorption coefficients of some optical materials are calculated with it, and the results are discussed.     

Intersubband optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in a parabolic cylinder quantum dot

Optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes associated with intersubband transition in a parabolic cylinder quantum dot are theoretically investigated. In this regard, the electronic structure of the dot is studied using the one band effective mass theory, and by means of the compact-density matrix approach the linear and nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes are calculated. The effects of the size of the dot, optical intensity and electromagnetic field polarization on the optical absorption coefficient and refractive index changes are investigated. It is found that absorption and refractive index changes are strongly affected not only by the size of the dot but also by optical intensity and the electromagnetic field polarization.     

Intersubband optical absorption coefficient changes and refractive index changes in a two-dimensional quantum pseudodot system

The optical absorption coefficient changes and refractive index changes associated with intersubband transitions in a two-dimensional quantum pseudodot system under the influence of a uniform magnetic field are theoretically investigated. In this regard, the electronic structure of the pseudodot system is studied using the one-band effective mass theory, and by means of the compact density matrix approach linear and nonlinear optical absorption coefficient and refractive index changes are calculated. The effects of an external magnetic field and the geometrical size of the pseudodot system on the optical absorption coefficient and refractive index changes are investigated. It is found that the absorption coefficient and refractive index changes are strongly affected not only by an external magnetic field but also by the geometrical size of the pseudodot system.     

Effect of the transition layer on ellipsometric measurement of nanodimensional layers

The results of numerical simulation of a nanodimensional film-transition layer-absorbing substrate structure are presented. It is found that the transition layer affects the accuracy of determining the refractive index and thickness of the nanodimensional coating. It is shown that the introduction of the effective values of the refractive index and absorption coefficient of the substrate improves the accuracy of ellipsometric measurements of the nanodimensional film parameters. Physical (full-scale) and numerical experiments demonstrate that, when the thickness and refractive index of a nanodimensional film on a substrate with an unknown transition layer comparable in thickness with the film are measured, it is appropriate to replace the substrate-transition layer structure by a substrate with effective optical parameters. It is found that a change in the thickness of the transition layer does not noticeably affect the accuracy of determining the thickness and refractive index of the film deposited when the effective values of the refractive index and absorption coefficient of the substrate are used.     

Optical properties of a new photorecording polymer based on 2,2-difluoro-4-(9-anthracyl)-6-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaborine

The optical properties of a new photorecording polymer based on 2,2-difluoro-4-(9-anthracyl)-6-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaborine have been investigated. This material is found to change its absorption coefficient and refractive index in the visible range under illumination with a wavelength λ = 405.9 nm. This circumstance makes it possible to record static holograms with a spatial frequency up to 2500 lines/mm, a diffraction efficiency above 60%, and a lifetime more than 6 months. A dynamic change in the effective refractive index of this material under 405.9-nm irradiation is found, due to which one can form control optical elements of the light-light type with a modulation frequency up to 50 Hz in it.     

红薯淀粉中添加剂明矾的定性和定量太赫兹时域光谱技术检测

应用太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)技术对红薯淀粉中的添加剂明矾进行了实验研究,获得了红薯淀粉和明矾的太赫兹时域光谱和频域光谱,通过计算得到二者的吸收系数谱和折射率谱,吸收系数谱显示明矾在太赫兹波段有明显的特征吸收峰,可以用THz-TDS技术对淀粉中的明矾进行特征识别。实验获得了红薯淀粉中掺杂不同百分比(质量分数)明矾的太赫兹时域光谱,计算得到吸收系数谱和折射率谱,发现随着明矾含量的增加吸收峰的幅度下降,折射率逐渐下降,说明THz-TDS技术可以用于淀粉中明矾的定性识别和定量检测。     

飞秒激光脉冲诱导透明介质的非线性吸收和折射率改变轮廓研究

实验研究了飞秒激光脉冲诱导熔融石英的非线性吸收特性,利用激光诱导自由电子等离子体浓度取决于多光子吸收系数和入射光强的关系;数值模拟了激光诱导折射率变化区域的大小,结合非线性吸收机理和飞秒激光脉冲与介质的相互作用,解释了飞秒激光脉冲超精细加工不受衍射极限的约束,可实现纳米级加工的机理结果表明,电介质的电离能越大,飞秒脉冲诱导的折射率变化区域就越小,但要求的激光脉冲能量也越大;为飞秒激光脉冲超精细加工的材料和激光参量选择提供了理论依据.     

小尺度表面粗糙度与介质吸收对介质折射率测量的影响

将介质表面的小尺度粗糙度等效为覆盖在理想光滑表面上的多层等厚折射率渐变的薄膜,并通过特征矩阵计算多层等效膜模型的P光反射率与入射角的关系.将吸收介质的折射率虚部带入菲涅尔公式进行计算.运用COMSOL Mutiphysics软件对表面粗糙度和介质吸收进行建模和仿真计算.计算结果表明,小尺度表面粗糙度与介质吸收都会导致折射率测量产生误差.分别考虑以布儒斯特角和全反角作为折射率测量的手段,为了得到优于10-5的测量准确度,测量表面粗糙介质的折射率时,采用全反角进行判定;测量具有吸收效应的介质折射率时,采用布儒斯特角进行判定.     

A refractive index interferometry method based on the X-ray crystallography

The absorption contrast image is very low for those weakly absorbing materials or weak phase object, such as the soft biological tissues, however, the phase item value of refractive index is a thousand larger than the absorption item, therefore the refractive index interferometry method is expected to be a new imaging tool for them. An interferometry method based on the X-ray crystallography is explored to the measurement of refractive index in this paper. The theoretical foundation, the optical design, the crystal transistor performance are the key parts to this interferometry method based on the X-ray crystallography. We give out a special refractive index detection scheme, using a laboratory hard X-ray source, and four single Si crystals. With this instrument, refractive index profile of those weak phase object can be unfolded accurately using this method. This refractive index interferometry method based on the X-ray crystallography will provide a new research tool for those special material properties or biological tissues study.     

Use of polyethylene glycol coatings for optical fibre humidity sensing

Humidity induced change in the refractive index and thickness of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings are in situ investigated for a range from 10 to 95%, using an optical waveguide spectroscopic technique. It is experimentally demonstrated that, upon humidity change, the optical and swelling characteristics of the PEG coatings can be employed to build a plastic fibre optic humidity sensor. The sensing mechanism is based on the humidity induced change in the refractive index of the PEG film, which is directly coated onto a polished segment of a plastic optical fibre with dip-coating method. It is observed that PEG, which is a highly hydrophilic material, shows no monotonic linear response to humidity but gives different characteristics for various ranges of humidity levels both in index of refraction and in thickness. It undergoes a physical phase change from a semi-crystalline structure to a gel one at around 80% relative humidity. At this phase change point, a drastic decrease occurs in the index of refraction as well as a drastic increase in the swelling of the PEG film. In addition, PEG coatings are hydrogenated in a vacuum chamber. It is observed that the hydrogen has a preventing effect on the humidity induced phase change in PEG coatings. Finally, the possibility of using PEG coatings in construction of a real plastic fibre optic humidity sensor is discussed.     

高压下LiYF4晶体光学性质的第一性原理研究

本文采用第一性原理方法,在100 GPa的压力范围内, 计算了LiYF4理想晶体和含空位点缺陷晶体的光学性质.吸收谱数据表明,在100 GPa范围内,压力和相变因素的存在不会改变LiYF4晶体在250-1000 nm的波段内没有光吸收的事实. 氟、钇空位点缺陷的出现会使得LiYF4的吸收边蓝移,而锂空位点缺陷将导致它的吸收边微弱红移(但在250-1000 nm的波段内它仍不具有光吸收行为).波长在532 nm处的折射率数据显示, 在LiYF4的三个结构相区,其折射率均随压力的增加而增大. LiYF4从白钨矿结构到褐钇铌矿结构的相变会使得其折射率略微增加,但从褐钇铌矿结构到类黑钨矿结构的相变将导致其折射率显著降低. 同时,空位缺陷的存在将引起LiYF4的折射率明显增大. 分析指明,LiYF4有成为冲击窗口材料的可能. 本文所获得的信息对未来的实验研究有参考作用.     

Humidity sensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance of multilayer thin films of gold nanoparticles linked with myoglobin

Layer-by-layer self-assembled multilayer thin films of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) linked with myoglobin (Mb) show substantial sensitivity to humidity at room temperature according to measurements of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption that relies on the interparticle interaction present in the film. The sensor response is reversible, with response and recovery times as low as 5 s. The sensing mechanism is as follows: as the ambient humidity changes, Mb molecules change their size, making the GNP-to-GNP spacing and thereby the interparticle interaction change; the change in the interparticle interaction causes a change in the LSPR absorption of the multilayer thin film. We found that the LSPR band of the multilayer thin film was almost insensitive to both the surrounding refractive index and the adlayer thickness, rendering the multilayer-film-based humidity sensor highly immune to ambient disturbances.     

高压下BaF2光学性质的模拟计算

探寻新的冲击窗口材料是高压科学领域中的一个重要课题.为此,在100 GPa范围内,通过第一性原理方法计算了BaF₂晶体的吸收谱以及在532 nm处的折射率.结果表明:1)压力和结构相变因素不会引起BaF₂晶体在可见光区域出现光吸收;氟和钡空位点缺陷的存在将使得BaF₂吸收谱的吸收边红移,但这些红移行为不会导致该材料在可见光区域内出现光吸收的现象,由此可以初步推测,BaF₂晶体有成为冲击窗口材料的可能. 2) BaF₂的折射率在其三个结构相区都随压力的增大而增大,并且BaF₂的高压相变也使得其折射率升高;钡空位点缺陷的存在将导致其折射率减小,而氟空位点缺陷却引起其折射率增加.     

吸收介质膜/金属空芯光纤的太赫兹波传输特性

介质/金属结构空芯光纤是一种有发展前景的太赫兹波传输媒质.介质膜在有效增加内面反射率从而降低传输损耗的同时,其材料吸收会引起附加损耗.讨论了介质材料吸收对太赫兹空芯光纤结构参数的影响.计算结果表明,相比于无吸收的理想介质,吸收介质的最优膜厚变小.最优折射率变大.综合考虑了光纤内直径、介质膜折射率和传输波长等因素,分析了介质膜的材料吸收容限.分析结果表明,吸收容限随光纤内直径减小或传输波长增大而减小.当光纤内直径很小或传输波长很大时,吸收容限可能不存在.分析结果对介质/金属太赫兹空芯光纤的设计和材料选择具有重要参考价值.     

4种过期感冒药品的太赫兹光谱研究

针对近期几起过期药品致病的负面消息,为进一步提高药品质量检测的速度,提出采用太赫兹时域光谱技术（THz-TDS）无损检测药品质量的新方法。首先,通过飞秒激光器以及THz-TDS系统（Z-3）检测过期阿莫西林胶囊、复方氨酚烷胺片、板蓝根颗粒和复方板蓝根颗粒等常用感冒药的太赫兹时域光谱。然后,通过快速傅里叶变换（FFT）,得到其太赫兹脉冲随频率变化的频谱图。接着,根据Dorney和Duvillaret等提出的THz-TDS提取光学参数模型,得到以上4种感冒药品的太赫兹特征吸收峰、吸收系数图谱和折射率。最后,将上述实验结果与相关文献报道的太赫兹特征吸收峰、吸收系数以及折射率进行对比。实验显示：过期阿莫西林胶囊和复方氨酚烷胺片在有效频段0.2~0.9 THz内的平均折射率分别为1.90和1.85,这比相关文献分别报道的最小折射率1.92和2.05小;过期板蓝根颗粒和复方板蓝根颗粒在有效频段0.2~1.4 THz内的平均折射率均为1.84,这较相关文献报道的最大折射率1.797略大;过期阿莫西林胶囊的5个太赫兹特征吸收峰均出现,但幅值有所降低;过期复方氨酚烷胺片的3个太赫兹特征吸收峰仍然存在,但幅值也有所降低,且在1.50 THz附近出现新的太赫兹特征吸收峰;过期板蓝根颗粒在1.43 THz出现新的太赫兹强特征吸收峰,且吸收系数减小;过期复方板蓝根颗粒在1.43,1.48和1.54 THz出现3个新的太赫兹特征吸收峰,且吸收系数也减小。结果表明：过期阿莫西林胶囊、复方氨酚烷胺片、板蓝根颗粒和复方板蓝根颗粒的有效成分均有所减少,部分化学成分已经发生改变;过期阿莫西林胶囊和复方氨酚烷胺片等西药的折射率会增大,而过期板蓝根颗粒和复方板蓝根颗粒等中药的折射率会减小;通过折射率的变化和太赫兹特征吸收峰位置的不同以及新出现的太赫兹特征吸收峰,可以区分以上4种过期药品,由此可以为太赫兹光谱技术区分过期药品提供参考。     

Intersubband optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in modulation-doped asymmetric double quantum well

The linear and the third-order nonlinear optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in a modulation-doped asymmetric double quantum well are studied theoretically. The electron energy levels and the envelope wave functions in this structure are calculated by the Schrödinger and Poisson equations self-consistently in the effective mass approximation. The analytical expressions of optical properties are obtained by using the compact density-matrix approach. In this regard, the linear, nonlinear and total intersubband absorption coefficients and refractive index changes are investigated as a function of right-well width (Lw₂) of asymmetric double quantum well. Our results show that the total absorption coefficients and refractive index changes shift toward higher energies as the right-well width decreases. In addition, the total optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes is strongly dependent on the incident optical intensity.     

Negative refractive index in non-resonance spectrum area

A new concept to realize negative refractive index in non-resonance spectrum using chiral metamaterial is proposed.A low-index metamaterial is added to diminish the effective refractive index of the combined structure.Simulation and material parameter retrieval procedures are carried out to determine material performances.Results show evidence of negative refractive index and strong optical activity in the new chiral metamaterial.     

Parametrically shielding electromagnetic fields by nonlinear metamaterials

An analytical theory is developed for parametric interactions in metamaterial multilayer structures with simultaneous nonlinear electronic and magnetic responses and with a near-zero refractive index. We demonstrate theoretically that electromagnetic fields of certain frequencies can be parametrically shielded by a nonlinear left-handed material slab, where the permittivity and permeability are both negative. The skin depth is tunable, and even in the absence of material absorption, can be much less than the wavelength of the electromagnetic field being shielded. This exotic behavior is a consequence of the intricate nonlinear response in the left-handed materials and vanishing optical refractive index at the pump frequency.     

Effect of position-dependent effective mass on linear and nonlinear optical properties of a cubic quantum dot

In this paper, we first obtain an analytic relation for studying the position-dependent effective mass in a GaAs/Al_xGa_1−xAs cubic quantum dot. Then, the effect of position-dependent effective mass on the intersubband optical absorption coefficient and the refractive index change in the quantum dot are studied. Our numerical calculations are performed using both a constant effective mass and the position-dependent effective mass. We calculate the linear, nonlinear and total intersubband absorption coefficient and refractive index change as a function of the incident optical intensity and structural parameters such as dot length. The results obtained from the present work show that spatially varying electron effective mass plays an important role in the intersubband optical absorption coefficient and refractive index change in a cubic quantum dot.