鼻腔结构异常及其矫正术后气流场改变的数值分析

鼻腔结构的改变将伴随鼻腔空气动力学特性改变,进而促使下鼻甲等发生自适应性变化。选取鼻中隔偏曲患者并行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术,部分行下鼻甲骨折外移术,将术前和术后患者行鼻腔CT扫描,根据CT数据对鼻腔气道进行表面三维重建,运用计算流体动力学方法分析术前和术后鼻腔气道的空气动力学特征。通过研究发现,鼻腔结构矫正手术不是以双侧鼻腔气道容积对称为目的,而是应将整个鼻腔结构看作一个整体,尽可能地保护鼻腔的"绿化带",最终达到重塑鼻腔结构之目的,使鼻腔的生理功能恢复正常。     

THE NUMERICAL STUDY OF AIRFLOW ALTERATION CAUSED BY NASAL TEXTURAL ANOMALY AND DIORTHOSIS 1)

鼻腔结构的改变将伴随鼻腔空气动力学特性改变,进而促使下鼻甲等发生自适应性变化。选取鼻中隔偏曲患者并行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术,部分行下鼻甲骨折外移术,将术前和术后患者行鼻腔CT 扫描,根据CT数据对鼻腔气道进行表面三维重建,运用计算流体动力学方法分析术前和术后鼻腔气道的空气动力学特征。通过研究发现,鼻腔结构矫正手术不是以双侧鼻腔气道容积对称为目的,而是应将整个鼻腔结构看作一个整体,尽可能地保护鼻腔的\绿化带",最终达到重塑鼻腔结构之目的,使鼻腔的生理功能恢复正常。     

单层微通道热沉拓扑结构对芯片中心热点的降温效能研究

通过热流固耦合模拟分析得到了不同微通道结构热沉基底的温度场及微通道内速度场,研究了相同入流功率下不同单层微通道拓扑结构对中心有高热流密度热点芯片的散热能力。结果表明:相同入流功率(0.05W)下,不同结构的散热能力排序由高到低为Y分形、弯曲散射、直散射(双侧出流)、直螺旋、直散射(单侧出流)、圆螺旋、树状分形、直槽结构;采用中心入流可有效降低芯片中心热点附近的温度,对于中心入流的散射结构,采用对称出流结构可提升其流动传热性能;Y分形结构具有良好的流动传热特性,对于热源面和中心热点均具有良好的散热效果。     

变角度Y型分支管气力输送流量分配特性研究

以压缩空气为输送介质,粒径相同而密度不同的小米和空心玻璃珠为输送物料,在水平变角度Y型分支管气力输送试验台上对气固两相的流量分配特性进行了研究.试验结果表明,在保持发送压力恒定条件下,当两分支管路与主管夹角相同时,流动参数的变化对流量分配特性的影响不大.当两分支管路与主管夹角不同时,随变动支管与主管夹角增大,分配到变动支管内固相流量逐渐减少;同时发现,当表观气速处于高速区时,变动支管与主管夹角是影响固相流量分配的主要因素;而当表观气速处于低速区时,流量分配特性变化较大.最后,通过对比,发现固相密度对流量分配特性影响不大.     

控压钻井重力置换与溢流气侵判断准则分析

考虑重力置换的恒定性、气侵的可变性,提出了重力置换与溢流气侵的判断三准则,实现了计算机自动判断气体来源。借助计算机编程对准则求解,并将判断准则应用于某微流量控压钻井的溢流气侵和重力置换判断。结果表明:重力置换发生后,一定量的置换气体侵入环空,气体的侵入量主要受岩层渗透率、钻井液-岩层接触面积的影响,而溢流气侵发生后,气体的侵入量主要受地层欠压差影响;为达到衡压钻井目的,溢流气侵发生后不但要抑制气体滑脱产生的压降,更要平衡地层欠压差,而重力置换只需抑制气体滑脱产生的压降;溢流气侵发生后,环空中流体的流动先由0气流转换为混合流,经回压控制后,再由混合流转换为0气流,重力置换发生后,环空中流体的流动由0气流转换为混合流。     

气流作用下气道组织变形的流固耦合研究

悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)是一种治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)的常规外科手术,然而由于手术作用机制仍不清楚,手术成功率较低.现有的研究大多忽略了患者上气道的具体形态以及呼吸作用下气道软组织的弹性变形,不足以有效指导手术治疗.文章基于OSA患者在术前、术后的CT扫描图像,构建了精确的三维上气道模型,通过双向流固耦合(FSI)计算,模拟研究了呼吸作用下上气道软组织的弹性变形和气道内气流流动情况.比较手术成功案例和失败案例中OSA患者上气道的流速、压力分布及气道弹性变形情况,从气道流体流动状态和气道软组织变形的角度解释了OSA的发生原因与手术作用机制.结果表明,最小横截面积尺寸并不是UPPP手术成功与否的决定性因素,成功的手术应当是减轻气道壁负压力程度、降低气道进出口之间的压降.此外,使用双向FSI方法,文章进一步构建了简化的人体二维软腭模型,探究了软腭弹性模量对吸气过程的影响,发现当软腭的弹性模量在0.5～1.5 MPa的范围内时,刚度更小的软腭会改善流场的流动情况,但也更易发生变形塌陷.文章所发展的流固模型为个性化预测手术效果提供了研究工具.     

埋入式冲压空气进气口性能及影响因素研究

随着高性能航空电子设备在飞机上的大量应用,冷却空气需求量的不断增加,亟需发展高效节能的民机冲压空气系统。针对某飞机NACA型进气口,建立其物理模型并基于k-ω SST湍流模型开展其内外流场的耦合特性分析,研究了NACA埋入式进气口的进气机理。在此基础上,提出了采用反映进气口气流能量损失的关键性指标冲压效率及进气质量流量作为进气口性能的评价方法,并分析了飞行参数如马赫数、攻角和侧滑角对NACA埋入式进气口性能的影响。研究结果表明：马赫数从0.5增加到0.9时,冲压效率增加了9.26%,质量流量增加3.82 kg/s;攻角从0°增加到5°时,冲压效率增加了7.35%,质量流量增加0.38 kg/s;侧滑角从0°增加到4°,冲压效率降低6%,而质量流量呈先增大后减小的趋势。研究结果为我国大型民用飞机的自主研制提供一定的理论依据。     

一维准晶功能梯度层合圆柱壳热电弹性精确解

两种或多种不同性质材料组成的层状结构可以满足工业发展的需求. 然而, 材料属性在接触面的突变问题, 容易导致层间界面处产生应力集中、裂纹以及分层等问题. 功能梯度材料利用连续变化的组分梯度来代替突变界面, 可以消除界面处的物理性能突变, 提高结构的粘结强度. 本文以一维准晶功能梯度层合圆柱壳为研究对象, 利用类Stroh公式和传递矩阵方法, 建立了材料参数沿径向呈现幂函数变化的层合圆柱壳模型, 获得了简支边界条件对应的一维准晶功能梯度层合圆柱壳的热电弹性精确解. 数值算例中讨论了层合圆柱壳内外表面承受温度载荷时, 功能梯度指数因子对温度场、电场、声子场和相位子场的影响, 尤其是对层合圆柱壳内外表面的影响. 结果表明, 指数因子改变了材料参数的空间分布情况, 进而对温度场、电场、声子场和相位子场都有影响; 增加功能梯度指数因子, 可减小温度载荷引起的内表面变形, 进而提升结构强度. 本文得到的结果可以为功能梯度准晶层合圆柱壳的设计和制造提供可靠的理论依据.      

可降解性表面活性剂体系下水平管内气液两相螺旋流实验研究

通过气液两相螺旋流实验仪器,研究具有可降解性的天然椰子油新型添加剂对于气液两相螺旋流流型影响以及流型的转变规律,并与表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)进行对比研究。实验工况设定为:实验介质为空气和水,含气率10%~90%,气相折算速度0.01~4.0m/s,液相折算速度0.01~4.0m/s,表面活性剂采用从植物提取的可降解性椰子油和SDBS,起旋装置为叶轮。实验观察到天然椰子油对于螺旋轴状流、螺旋团状流、螺旋弥散流转换特性的影响与SDBS的效果相类似,该三种流型发生条件相比于以往都有所提前,且存在范围被拓宽。浓度为500ppm时椰子油体系下的主要流型为螺旋弥散流,而SDBS体系下则以螺旋团状流为主。     

复杂结构高层建筑火灾坍塌过程研究

为了探究具有多核心筒和中空结构的复杂高层建筑受火灾后的坍塌特征,采用颗粒流方法对建筑进行建模并实施火灾模拟。建筑为中空-四核心筒-框架结构,根据其特点设置了单侧火场和双侧火场两种方案,模拟温度为1000℃,1200℃,1400℃和1600℃。模拟上述情况下该建筑的坍塌过程,分析其坍塌特点和时间。总结坍塌现象发现,该类建筑在一侧受火灾作用坍塌情况下,较结构简单的高层建筑更易出现坐塌破坏,有利于坍塌范围控制;主要坐塌位置为两处,31m高变阶位置和火区上部;前期坍塌是由于火灾,后期是由于底部结构破坏而失稳坐塌;双侧火区与单侧相比,坍塌明显较快,因火灾坍塌的阶段时间较短,后期失稳坐塌时间较长。     

Computational fluid dynamics simulations of respiratory airflow in human nasal cavity and its characteristic dimension study

To study the airflow distribution in human nasal cavity during respiration and the characteristic parameters of nasal structure, three-dimensional, anatomically accurate representations of 30 adult nasal cavity models were recons- tructed based on processed tomography images collected from normal people. The airflow fields in nasal cavities were simulated by fluid dynamics with finite element software ANSYS. The results showed that the difference of human nasal cavity structure led to different airflow distribution in the nasal cavities and variation of the main airstream passing through the common nasal meatus. The nasal resistance in the regions of nasal valve and nasal vestibule accounted for more than half of the overall resistance. The characteristic model of nasal cavity was extracted on the basis of characteristic points and dimensions deduced from the original models. It showed that either the geometric structure or the airflow field of the two kinds of models was similar. The characteristic dimensions were the characteristic parameters of nasal cavity that could properly represent the original model in model studies on nasal cavity.     

Stereoscopic PIV measurements of flow in the nasal cavity with high flow therapy

Knowledge of the airflow characteristics within the nasal cavity with nasal high flow (NHF) therapy and during unassisted breathing is essential to understand the treatment’s efficacy. The distribution and velocity of the airflow in the nasal cavity with and without NHF cannula flow has been investigated using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry at steady peak expiration and inspiration. In vivo breathing flows were measured and dimensionally scaled to reproduce physiological conditions in vitro. A scaled model of the complete nasal cavity was constructed in transparent silicone and airflow simulated with an aqueous glycerine solution. NHF modifies nasal cavity flow patterns significantly, altering the proportion of inspiration and expiration through each passageway and producing jets with in vivo velocities up to 17.0 ms⁻¹ for 30 l/min cannula flow. Velocity magnitudes differed appreciably between the left and right sides of the nasal cavity. The importance of using a three-component measurement technique when investigating nasal flows has been highlighted.     

Numerical analysis of respiratory flow patterns within human upper airway

A computational fluid dynamics （CFD） approach is used to study the respiratory airflow dynamics within a human upper airway. The airway model which consists of the airway from nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and trachea to triple bifurcation is built based on the CT images of a healthy volunteer and the Weibel model. The flow character- istics of the whole upper airway are quantitatively described at any time level of respiratory cycle. Simulation results of respiratory flow show good agreement with the clinical mea- sures, experimental and computational results in the litera- ture. The air mainly passes through the floor of the nasal cavity in the common, middle and inferior nasal meatus. The higher airway resistance and wall shear stresses are distrib- uted on the posterior nasal valve. Although the airways of pharynx, larynx and bronchi experience low shear stresses, it is notable that relatively high shear stresses are distrib- uted on the wall of epiglottis and bronchial bifurcations. Besides, two-dimensional fluid-structure interaction models of normal and abnormal airways are built to discuss the flow-induced deformation in various anatomy models. The result shows that the wall deformation in normal airway is relatively small.     

鼻腔手术对OSAHS患者治疗效果的数值分析

对3名伴有鼻阻塞的OSAHS患者术前术后的上气道结构包含软腭组织进行三维重构,采用数值模拟的方法研究这3名患者手术前后,上气道气流分布以及软腭的运动情况,分析鼻腔手术对OSAHS患者的治疗效果.3名患者手术后鼻腔通气程度均得已改善.两名轻度OSAHS患者手术后上气道阻力减小,软腭位移均比术前减小,这些变化均有助于缓减呼吸时气流受限情况.而第3名重度患者手术后上气道阻力和软腭位移反而增加,这将会进一步加重气道的阻塞程度.鼻部手术对OSAHS患者的治疗效果取决于上游鼻腔通气程度的改善能否对下游咽腔产生有益的影响.数值模拟结果与PSG监测结果及其主诉情况相符,与现阶段临床有关的研究结论相一致,能够间接反映术后气道通气程度以及打鼾症状是否改善,为进一步解决临床的疑难问题提供了理论依据.     

Numerical simulation of soft palate movement and airflow in human upper airway by fluid-structure interaction method

In this paper, the authors present airflow field characteristics of human upper airway and soft palate movement attitude during breathing. On the basis of the data taken from the spiral computerized tomography images of a healthy person and a patient with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS), three-dimensional models of upper airway cavity and soft palate are reconstructed by the method of surface rendering. Numerical simulation is performed for airflow in the upper airway and displacement of soft palate by fluid-structure interaction analysis. The reconstructed three-dimensional models precisely preserve the original configuration of upper airways and soft palate. The results of the pressure and velocity distributions in the airflow field are quantitatively determined, and the displacement of soft palate is presented. Pressure gradients of airway are lower for the healthy person and the airflow distribution is quite uniform in the case of free breathing. However, the OSAHS patient remarkably escalates both the pressure and velocity in the upper airway, and causes higher displacement of the soft palate. The present study is useful in revealing pathogenesis and quantitative mutual relationship between configuration and function of the upper airway as well as in diagnosing diseases related to anatomical structure and function of the upper airway. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10672036, 10472025 and 10421002), the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (20032109). English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

铁路空调硬卧车内气流分布的数值模拟

建立了铁路空调硬卧车内CFD仿真模型,对车厢内流场、温度场和热舒适性评价指标进行了分析。采用稳态不可压缩雷诺时均N-S方程、k-ε湍流模型,应用控制容积法和交错网格进行离散。计算了空调硬卧车内三维空气流场和温度场,并与实验结果进行了对照,两者吻合较好。在此基础上分析了车厢内人体热舒适性,结果表明车厢中部和端部铺位PMV分布不同,端部人体热舒适感较好,中部较差;而且同一计算断面不同铺位的人体热舒适感差异较大:上铺有较大区域PMV<-1.0,人体感觉较凉;中铺大部分区域-0.51.0,人体感觉偏暖。     

Numerical analysis for the efficacy of nasal surgery in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

In the present study, we reconstructed upper airway and soft palate models of 3 obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome（OSAHS） patients with nasal obstruction. The airflow distribution and movement of the soft palate before and after surgery were described by a numerical simulation method. The curative effect of nasal surgery was evaluated for the three patients with OSAHS. The degree of nasal obstruction in the 3 patients was improved after surgery. For 2 patients with mild OSAHS, the upper airway resistance and soft palate displacement were reduced after surgery. These changes contributed to the mitigation of respiratory airflow limitation. For the patient with severe OSAHS, the upper airway resistance and soft palate displacement increased after surgery, which aggravated the airway obstruction. The effcacy of nasal surgery for patients with OSAHS is determined by the degree of improvement in nasal obstruction and whether the effects on the pharynx are beneficial. Numerical simulation results are consistent with the polysomnogram（PSG） test results, chief complaints, and clinical findings, and can indirectly reflect the degree of nasal patency and improvement of snoring symptoms, and further,provide a theoretical basis to solve relevant clinical problems.     

复合材料/金属混合结构热应力分布规律

以飞机机身典型部位复合材料与Z型长桁螺栓连接为研究对象,采用Python脚本语言编程,在ABAQUS平台建立了6种紧固长度有限元模型,模拟飞机在高空低温的飞行环境,得到了混合结构的应力、应变分布规律。数值仿真结果表明:铝梁顶部应变结果呈现中间高、两边低的现象,紧固螺栓应变结果则呈现出相反的趋势;末端紧固件承受的剪切载荷最大,而中心的紧固件剪切载荷最小;该温度场结果与已有文献的试验测试结果误差在3℃以内,对复合材料与金属混合结构的设计具有一定意义。     

多圈管冻结模型试验水热力分析研究

人工多圈管冻结过程中的温度场、应力场及水分场的相互作用,是一个非线性多场耦合问题,影响因素多. 本文以淮南顾北矿作为模型设计原型,通过模型试验对多圈管冻结土体过程的温度场、应力场及水分场变化进行研究,获得了冻结温度场、冻结压力及含水量随冻结时间的变化规律,其成果对建立水热力耦合数学模型提供可靠依据并能更好的指导矿井工程实践.