基于半导体激光的光腔衰荡光谱装置测定水汽含量

搭建了一套基于光腔衰荡光谱技术的光学湿度计. 通过测量水分子在1.35和1.56 μm波段不同强度的吸收线,可测定水汽的相对含量,测量范围从10^-2到低至10^-12水平. 通过与商用冷镜式露点仪的对比测量,对该装置的定量精度进行了检验. 该系统所具备的高灵敏度使得水汽探测极限可达8 pptv     

光腔衰荡光谱方法探测痕量一氧化碳气体

基于通讯波段的分布式反馈半导体激光器(DFB),搭建了一套光腔衰荡光谱仪(CRDS)。衰荡光腔由一对反射率高于99.997%的高反镜组成,衰荡腔长约为130 cm,空腔衰荡时间约为150 μs。当光谱平均次数达到1 000次时,光谱仪灵敏度(最小可探测吸收系数)达到5×10-12 cm-1。利用热隔绝的方式稳定衰荡腔长,并使用衰荡光腔自身作为光学标准具,来标定光谱的频率：利用反馈式光谱扫描程序步进改变激光器频率,使之与衰荡腔的纵模频率逐一匹配,从而实现所测得光谱的自动标定。通过测量一氧化碳分子在1.565 μm附近的吸收光谱,测定气体中一氧化碳的含量。将光谱测量结果和标准样品中的一氧化碳含量进行对比,对装置的定量精度进行了检验,表明其对一氧化碳的探测极限达4 ppbv。利用该装置对实际大气中一氧化碳的含量进行了实时监测。     

单光束多组分温室气体的腔衰荡光谱同步检测

腔衰荡光谱技术(CRDS)作为一种具有高灵敏度高光谱分辨率的检测方法已被广泛用于痕量气体检测。而目前基于CRDS痕量气体检测多针对单一气体进行测量或通过多个激光器产生的多光束进行多种组分气体浓度测量。利用DFB激光器波长可调谐特性,通过强弱吸收峰结合,使用单光束实现了多种温室气体的腔衰荡光谱技术同步检测。由于大气中水汽和二氧化碳浓度较高,为实现同一衰荡系统对三种温室气体的同步测量,在平衡吸收损耗的基础上,选取1 653~1 654 nm内甲烷的强吸收峰与水汽、二氧化碳的弱吸收峰进行测量。通过光谱叠加反演矩阵,分别得到甲烷、水汽、二氧化碳的浓度。在计算测量灵敏度过程中发现,通过去除衰荡过程初期的部分数据点(过滤区间),会对噪声等效吸收系数产生影响。多数情况下,在测量灵敏度计算方面,列文伯格-马夸尔特算法(L-M)会优于离散傅里叶变换法(DFT);但当衰荡曲线的单指数性下降时,上述结论不一定成立。搭建了一个低精细度(F≈6×103)衰荡腔对上述结论进行了实验验证。相较于用于测量温室气体浓度的高精细度衰荡腔(F≈1×105),低精细度衰荡腔的衰荡速率较快,衰荡曲线的单指数性明显低于高精细度衰荡腔。实验表明,在过滤区间长度较短时,采用DFT算法计算得到的噪声等效吸收系数会小于L-M算法得到的结果。当过滤区间长度增加时,L-M算法得到的结果优于DFT算法。在受过滤区间长度影响方面,DFT算法的波动性要明显小于L-M算法。根据Allan方差分析,在512次采样平均(约8 s)下的最小噪声等效吸收系数进行计算,该CRDS装置测量灵敏度为2.4×10-10 cm-1。在25 ℃标准大气压下,对应甲烷、水汽、二氧化碳的测量灵敏度分别为0.64 ppbv,3.5 ppmv和4.0 ppmv。基于该CRDS装置,通过单光束多波长测量方法,利用光谱叠加反演矩阵,测得大气中甲烷、水汽、二氧化碳浓度分别为2.018,3 654和526 ppmv;而采用经典CRDS单波长测量得到的甲烷、水汽、二氧化碳浓度分别为2.037,3 898和630 ppmv。通过与温控调节波长,逐点扫描得到的光谱吸收曲线进行对比,采用多波长测量得到气体浓度进行复合拟合的光谱曲线残差小于单波长测量得到气体浓度进行简单拟合的光谱曲线残差。     

光腔衰荡法测量高反射率的实验研究

基于光腔衰荡光谱技术，建立了以共焦腔为衰荡腔的单波长反射率测量装置，该装置可用于精密测量全固体激光器高反射率腔镜的反射率，检测得到了高反腔镜在946nm的反射率。实验测得平凹镜和平面镜衰荡时间的平均值分别为1．624μs和821ns，平凹镜的反射率为99．794％，相对误差精确到10^-5；平面反射镜的反射率为99．800％，相对误差精确到10^-4。结果表明，光腔衰荡法可用于高反射率腔镜反射率的测量，与分光光度计测得的结果相比，具有非常高的测量精度。     

连续波腔衰荡光谱系统的电路设计与应用

 为实现连续波腔衰荡光谱系统的工程化,设计了一套集信号调理、高速采样及数据处理为一体的高集成度数字信号处理(DSP)系统。该系统被用于取代常规连续波腔衰荡光谱系统中由高速数据采集卡及计算机组成的腔衰荡信号测试系统,完成对腔衰荡信号的获取与拟合。该系统最高能实现16 bits/80 MHz的信号采样,并能准确地由腔衰荡信号反演出腔衰荡时间。实验结果表明：结合现有的光反馈式连续波腔衰荡光谱系统,该系统能实现等噪声测量灵敏度为1.0×10^-8 cm^-1的吸收光谱测量,其重复测量精度可达3‰。     

2.7～3.0μm波段高反镜反射率测量研究

中红外激光领域广泛使用高性能高反射光学元件,高反射率高精度测试技术是制备高性能反射光学元件的基础。针对2.7～3.0μm波段光学元件高反射率测量的实际需求,基于量子级联激光器建立了连续光腔衰荡反射率测试实验装置,通过优选2.7～3.0μm波段反射带内水汽吸收较弱的测试波长,分析空气中水汽吸收对衰荡时间和反射率测量的影响,并比较空气和氮气环境下反射率测量结果,实现了2.7～3.0μm波段高反镜反射率的准确测量,在反射率约99.95%时绝对测量精度优于2×10-5。实验结果显示,采用测试波长2.9μm并在测量时保证初始腔和测试腔腔长相同,无需使用氮气环境,直接在实验室空气环境可实现高反射率的精确测量。     

Ba原子6s6p1P1←6s6s1S0跃迁的光腔衰荡光谱

建立了一套光腔衰荡原子束吸收光谱测量装置,并对Ba原子的6s6p¹P₁←6s6s¹S₀吸收谱线用光腔衰荡光谱方法进行了测量,得到了Ba原子在553.548nm不同温度下的吸收谱线线型.实验结果表明,该装置测量吸收灵敏度达到6×10^-7. 关键词： 光腔衰荡 吸收光谱 Ba原子     

基于低增益低噪声光纤腔衰荡技术的湿度测量方法

提出了一种基于腔内带有低增益低噪声掺铒光纤放大器的光纤环形腔衰荡光谱技术测量湿度的方法,并进行了实验证明.比较分析了光纤环形腔中有无掺铒光纤放大器对衰荡脉冲数量的影响.在掺铒光纤放大器中使用长度为2m的低增益和低噪声掺铒光纤来减少波形失真并补偿腔内噪声衰减.利用光纤环腔衰荡光谱技术对空气相对湿度进行测量,记录分析环形腔中光脉冲的衰减时间τ得到相对湿度的变化.结果表明:相对湿度和衰减时间τ在相对湿度30%~100%的范围内满足良好的线性关系,并且光纤环腔衰荡系统的灵敏度和线性拟合度分别为3.826 79μs/RH和0.994 77.采用腔内带有低增益低噪声掺铒光纤放大器的光纤腔衰荡技术在工业检测、环境检测以及医学诊断等领域进行湿度测量将具有良好的应用前景.     

光学反馈线性腔衰荡光谱技术不确定性

腔衰荡光谱技术是一种高灵敏的腔增强分子吸收光谱测量技术,由于激光频率噪声大,导致激光到腔耦合效率低,严重限制了其对痕量气体的探测灵敏度.光学反馈可以有效压窄半导体激光器的线宽,提高激光到外部谐振腔的耦合效率.本文基于精细度为7800的Fabry-Pérot腔,发展了光学反馈线性腔衰荡光谱技术.首先从光场相位的角度给出了线性腔光学反馈的原理,然后分析了影响测量不确定性的因素,包括光学反馈率、衰荡信号触发阈值、探测器相对透射汇聚光斑位置等.实验结果表明,通过设置低反馈率(3%自由光谱区间)、高衰荡信号触发阈值(90%腔模幅度)以及将光斑聚焦到探测器有效面中心等措施,结合光学反馈效应,可将空腔衰荡时间的相对不确定度提升至0.026%,远优于传统腔衰荡技术获得的典型值.系统在积分时间为180 s时,获得探测灵敏度为1.3×10^–10 cm^–1,对应甲烷的最小可探测吸收体积浓度为0.35×10^–9,从而满足了碳监测的要求.     

光外差腔衰荡光谱理论研究

提出了简化的光外差腔衰荡光谱技术，避免了通常腔衰荡光谱对衰荡时间的直接测量，同时消除了腔镜损耗的共模直流信号的测量.理论上其测量灵敏度可以达到量子噪声极限，而且技术实现相对简单，更适合于分子振转光谱研究.此外，还在理论上分析了该光谱技术具有的Gauss线型的一次微分光谱线型的特点，并讨论了一些实验参量对谱线强度和线型的影响，进而给出了最佳实验参量. 关键词： 光外差 腔衰荡光谱     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.     

Direction-of-arrival estimation using matrix spatial prefiltering approach

An approach to direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation for multiple narrowband farfield signals is proposed. The technique uses a novel matrix spatial prefiltering approach. Specifically, a matrix filter is designed to spatially filter the incoming data snapshots. The un-wanted components arriving from the stopband angular sectors are attenuated and the desired components from the angular sector of interest pass with minimal distortion. The matrix filter spatially filters the element-space data and the output reserves the element-space data property, which makes it very useful by passing sensor data through a spatial prefilter prior to applying many other array processors to attenuate interferences and improve system performance. Several examples of DOA estimation problem are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed spatial prefiltering approach. Results of simulation and real data show that the pre-filter can efficiently attenuate the spatial interferences and significantly improve the estimation and resolution capability of DOA estimators at low signal-to-noise ratios for the sources located inside the passband sector. In addition, the use of spatial prefilter makes it possible to estimate DOAs for multiple sources more than the number of the elements of an array.     

Quantum efficiency calibration of opto-electronic detector by means of correlated photons method

A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal.An absolute calibration system of detector quantum efficiency is performed.And its principle and experimental setup are introduced.A continuouswave (CW) ultraviolet (351 nm),diode-pumped,frequency-doubled,and solid-state laser is used to pump BBO crystal.The quantum efficiencies of the photomultiplier at 633,702,and 789 nm are measured respectively.The coincidence peaks are observed using coincidence circuit.Some measurement factors including the filter bandwidth of trigger channel,the detector position alignment and polarization of the pump light are analyzed.The uncertainties of this calibration method are also analyzed,and the relative uncertainties of total calibration are less than 5.8%.The accuracy of this method could be improved in the future.